Liban Trends in UAVpropulsion

8/11/2019 Liban Trends in UAVpropulsion

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EDMATECH

Trends in UAV

Propulsion

Liban Emanuel


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EDMATECH

Trends in UAV Propulsion


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EDMATECH

UAV Propulsion Requirements

Reliability

High power to weight ratio

High efficiency in the flight envelope

Low emission of IR ,Radar and Noise signatures

High Electrical Output for the UAV function and payloads

Low LCC

Complaince to Civil Aviation Regulation


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EDMATECH

Domain of usage of different

propulsion technologies

Turbo- Fan

0.1

1

10

100

0.1 1 10 100 1000

Payload (Kg)

Endurance

(Hr)

Hybrid Solar

Electrical

(Batteries)

Hybrid Solar

InternalCombustion

Engines

Hybrid

( IC& Electrical)

Hybrid (Battery

& Electrical)

R l i ffi i i f


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Relative efficiencies ofenginesdifferent

Load [%]

10

20

30

40

50

20 40 60 80 1000

0

Otto

Diesel

Turbo-Fan

ThermalEfficien

cy[%]

Turbo Jet


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EDMATECH

BenchmarkingEnginesIC

Simple

InstalationWeight

Power to

weight

Ratio

Fuel

consump

tion

LifeMTBFNoiseLCCFeature

++++

)5(

++++

)5(

++++

)5(+++++++++++++

Two

Stroke

(2)

+++++++++++++++++++++++++Four

Stroke

++++++++++++++++++Wankel

(1)

+++++++++++++++++++++++

Diesel

(3)

1. Expensive and unique parts Legend: ++++ The best

2. Simple and cheap

3. Expensive ,Exellent SFC &LCC,Heavy

4. Advantage for low HP and Air- Cooling.


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EDMATECH

Four Stroke Engine


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Two (2) stroke engine


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EngineWANKEL


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Volkswagen TSI engine

IC Turbo - charging

BMW- Tri Turbo

Diesel engine

VanDyne- Turbo

compound


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EDMATECH

Direct Fuel Injection

Very-High pressure

fuel system


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Valves control (Semi -Atkinson Cycle)

Active valve opening

control (Atkinson cycle)

Adaptation of thermo

cycle to loads and

power needs.

5-15%Efficiency gain

FIAT Multiair


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Starter - Alternator

Efficient

High Power and Moment

Built In structure

Reliable

Enables Hybrid Propulsion


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Electric Wheel Drive


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EDMATECH

IC UAV Systems

EFI/ DFIHeatExchangers

Scoops

Transmission

Exhaust

System

Fuel And

Oil

Systems

Intake

system

Turbo-ChargerShock Mounts

Starter

Alternator

Kwh=1 L.fuel

Propellor(Noise &

Efficiency)Health Monitoring

Systems


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EDMATECH

G

TR TR

Battery

ChargerTR

MotorControls Battery

KV400

=56%

=0.98%

=0.97%

3000V

220v

-

=0.95%

AC\DC =0.8%

Battery Supply

& Disposal

Battery

manufactureWeight

Total well to wheel efficiency 26 %

Thermal efficiency of electrical propulsion

TR

=0.98%

=0.98%

=0.95%=0.9%=0.8%

C


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EDMATECH

KW)

Electrical propulsionTrends

Efficient high -torque electrical motors with power to weight ratio of 8+ Increased demand for a/c electrical consumption for payloads.

"Intelligent control of power sources and usage

High voltage systems

Batteries / Fuel cells with power to weigh ratio 300 --- 600 Watts/Kg

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040

Entry Into Service

Direct Energy

Weapon

Laser

Weapons

B-767A-340

A-380

B-787

EDMATECH


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Energy Density - Elec. Drive Vs. IC Engine

Fuel TankBattery

The ratio between Energy density of IC/ Fuel and

Elec. Battery/Motor is 2030 to 1 !!

Fuel Energy Density- 12 kwh/kg

Efficiency: Otto= 0.3

Efficiency: Diesel= 0.4

Energy output:

Otto - 12x0.3 = 3.6 kwh/kg

Diesel - 12x0.4 = 4.8 kwh/kg

Electrical Propulsion Battery Energy density 0.2 kwh/kg

Controller Eff. = 0.9

Motor eff. = 0.9

Energy Output:

0.2x0.9x0.9 = 0.16 kwh/kg

EDMATECH


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EDMATECH

UAV IC / Electrical hybrid

Data link to\from A\C commandPower Control

Controller

Propellor

Battery pack /control

Fuel Cell

dry-fuel cartridges

Hydrides

lIquid H 2

Compressed H2

H2

Generator

I.CEn

gine

=13%, =27%, =37%

Elecrtical

Motor

EDMATECH


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Electrical Propulsion

Elec. Motors Weight to power ratio 1:8 Hp/Kg

Efficiency (0.95)

Axial Flux/ Halbach

Laser-- Radiated Energy ,HF

Very low efficiency )3.5%(

At starting point

EDMATECH


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System Consideration

Motor /Propellor optimisation Max. Efficiency @ Design point

Optimal Useage and Control of Energy Sources

Efficiency

Noise

Power Flight /

Energy Control

Battery A

Battery B

Fuel

Cell

Energy

ControlECUEl. Motor

Prop.

Power(Max-Nominal)

Efficiency

Heatremoval

Power Control

Residual Energy

Routing of energy Sources

Energy Consumption optimisation

EDMATECH


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Fuel Cells for UAV s

Advantages Higher Energy Density than

battery

Fuel Tank Concept

Shortcomings Complexity

Price.

Technology not yet mature

Trends Hydrogen storage improvements

Onboard Hyrogen generation

Use of Methanol

Closed loop water system

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UAV - Airborne Fuel Cell

EDMATECH


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Fuel Cells Application

Technologies

PEM

Hydrides/PEM

Methanol DMFC

Propane /SOFC

EDMATECH


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Photovoltaic hybrid propulsion

EDMATECH


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Hybrid Propulsion

EDMATECH


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High Altitude Application Unlimited Time on station

Technology of PV cells and batteries are not yet mature

for this application

PV Propulsion

EDMATECH
http://current.com/http://www.greenpacks.org/2008/09/01/solar-plane-breaks-record-83-hours-of-flight/


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Bio Propulsion

Golden Plover UAV

Consumption - 70 gr. of Fat = Fuel

Flight of 4000 km non- stop 88 hrs / 250,000 Wing Flaps

Take-off

weight 2 gr

Landing

weight

130 gr.

EDMATECH


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Future Trends

Albatros

EDMATECH


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We try to understand and learn?

Propulsion-Bio

Low Reynolds Aerodynamics

Airfoils

Materials

Smart structures

EDMATECH
http://localhost/var/www/apps/COD1.avi


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Summary of trends IC Engines

I.C Engines will continue to dominate UAVPropulsiondue to the high energy density/contentof the HydrocarbonFuel.

UAV Engines benefit from the developments in

Automotive Industries.

More and more UAVS will require Heavy Fuelcapability.

EDMATECH

Summary of trends Electrical


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Summary of trends Electrical

Propulsion

Break Through in Energy capacity and power toweight ratio of batteries is needed .

The portable I.T. devices as well as automotive

applications are taking the lead.

Usage for small UAVS with limited flight duration.

Important achievements in Electrical Motors and

Generators.

EDMATECH


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Summary of trends Fuel Cells

Promising technology with higher energy density thanbatteries(600 wh/kg. and up)

Bottled high pressure hydrogen with PM are practical

solution for small longrange UAVS.

Cryogene-hydrogen systems can increase range andpayload.

Other Fuel- Cell systems are complex and requireconsiderable effort to mature and to reach reliability.

In next year or two we shall see Automotive Fuel cells onthe market and maybe these technologies can be used inUAV propulsion.

EDMATECH

Summary of trends Photovoltaic


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Summary of trends -Photovoltaic

Propulsion

Need further advances in:

Lighter structures.

Lighter and higher efficiency of P.V cells. Batteries or Fuel- Cells back-up need much higher

power density.

Flexible wing flight controls.

Efficient Low-speed Propellers.

EDMATECH

Summary of trends Hybrid


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Summary of trends Hybrid

Systems (I.C and Electrical)

Important load fluctuations.

Big difference between the requirement for

duration of High- Power (T.O) and the cruise

power.

The A/C design and structure dictates

distributed electrical propulsion.

Automotive Industry is leading.

EDMATECH


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The dream

EDMATECH


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Summary

We still have a lot to learn

Thank You

Liban Trends in UAVpropulsion

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