Lesson 9 - Future Developments and New Technologies
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Transcript of Lesson 9 - Future Developments and New Technologies
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Master in Advanced Power Electrical Engineering
Copyright 2005
Techno-economic
aspects of power systemsRonnie BelmansDirk Van Hertem
Stijn Cole
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Lesson 1: Liberalization
Lesson 2: Players, Functions and Tasks
Lesson 3: Markets
Lesson 4: Present generation park
Lesson 5: Future generation park
Lesson 6: Introduction to power systems
Lesson 7: Power system analysis and control
Lesson 8: Power system dynamics and
security Lesson 9: Future grid technologies: FACTS
and HVDC
Lesson 10: Distributed generation
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Power system control
Why? How?
FACTS
Voltage control
Angle control Impedance control
Combination
HVDC
Classic
Voltage source converter based
Overview
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Power transfer through a line
How?
Active power transfer:
Phase angle
Problems with long distance transport
o Phase angle differences have to be limited
o Power transfer ==> power losses
Reactive power transfer
Voltage amplitude
Problems:
o Voltage has to remain within limits
o Only locally controlled
By changing voltage, impedance or phase angle, the power flow can be altered ==>FACTS
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Power transfer through aline:
distancX~
1 2
2
1 1 2
P= sin
Q= cos
U U
X
U U U
X X
Power transfer through a line
Theory
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UK
F CH
IE
B
D
35
%
A
NL
18
%
13%
8
%
34 %
34 %
20 %
10 % 3 %
11 %
European power flows
transport France ==> Germany
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Overview
Power system control
Why? How?
FACTS
Voltage control
Angle control Impedance control
Combination
HVDC
Classic
Voltage source converter based
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Application
Voltage magnitude control
Phase angle control
Impedance Combination of the above
Divisions within FACTS
Implementation
Series
Shunt
Combined
HVDC
Energy storage Yes or no
Switching technology
Mechanical
Thyristor
IGBT/GTO: Voltage Source Converter
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Application domain FACTS
Transmission level Power flow control
Regulation of slow power flow variations
Voltage regulation
Local control of voltage profile
Power system stability improvement
Angle stability
o Caused by large and/or small perturbations
Voltage stability
o Short and long term
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Application domain FACTS
Distribution level
Quality improvement of the delivered voltage to sensitive loads Voltage drops
Overvoltages
Harmonic disturbances
Unbalanced 3-phase voltages
Reduction of power quality interferences Current harmonics
Unbalanced current flows
High reactive power usage
Flicker caused by power usage fluctuations
Improvement of distribution system functioning
Power factor improvement, voltage control, soft start,...
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1 2
2
1 1 2
P= sin
Q= cos
U U
X
U U U
X X
Voltage magnitude adjustment
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Different configurations:
Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)
Thyristor Switched Reactor (TSR)
Mechanical Switched Capacitor (MSC)
Mechanical Switched Reactor (MSR)
Often a combination
Static Var Compensation - SVC
Variable thyristor controlled shunt impedance
Variable reactive power source Provides ancillary services
o Maintains a smooth voltage profile
o Increases transfer capability
o Reduces losses Mitigates active power oscillations
Controls dynamic voltage swings under various systemconditions
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STATic COMpensator
STATCOM
Shunt voltage injection
Voltage Source Convertor (VSC)
Low harmonic content
Very fast switching
More expensive than SVC
Energy storage? (SMES, supercap)
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Price comparison voltage regulation
Cost of voltage regulation capabilities dependent on:
Speed
Continuous or discrete regulation
Control application
300 MVAr
150 kV
Capacitor banks: 6 M (min)
SVC: 9 17 M (# periods)
Statcom: 31 M (ms)
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1 2
2
1 1 2
P= sin
Q= cos
U U+
XU U U
+X X
Phase shifting transformer
Voltage angle adjustment.
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1 2 sin
PST
UUP= +X+X
Phase shifting transformer
Allows for some control over active power flows
Mechanically switched ==> minutes
Ph hifti t f (II)
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D U
25 ==> 10 % voltage rise
==> 40 kV @ 400 kV
Phase shifting transformer (II)
Principles
Injection of a voltage in quadrature ofthe phase voltage
One active part or two active parts
Asymmetric Symmetric
Ph hifti t f (III)
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2
1'
31
1
2
32'3' 3'
Voltages overcoils on thesame
transformerleg are inphase
Phase shifting transformer (III)
One active part
Series voltage injection
In quadrature to the phase voltage
One active part: low power/low voltage (high
shortcircuit currents at low angle)
Ph hifti t f
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Phase shifting transformer
Regulating
Changing injected voltage:
Tap changing transformer Slow changing of tap position: min
Control of the injected voltage:
Centrally controlled calculations
Updates every 15 minutes Often remote controlled
Can be integrated in WAMS/WACS
system
Ph hift i fl
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GGGGGGGG
GGG
A B
C
1018 MW
Flow of A to B getsdistributedaccording to the
impedances
173.5 MW 170.4 MW
344.3 MW
800 MW
800 MW
500 MW
500 MW
1000 MW
losses: 18MW
Slack bus
Phase shifter influence
Base case
Ph hift i fl
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GGGGGGGG
GGG
A B
C
1024.6 MW
Flow of A to B istaken mostly by
line A-B
33 MW32.8 MW
491.8 MW
800 MW
800 MW
500 MW
500 MW
1000 MW
losses: 24.6MW
15
Phase shifter influence
1 phase shifter placed
Phase shifter infl ence
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GGGGGGGG
GGG
A B
C
1034 MW
Overcompensationcauses a
circulation current
41.4 MW42.3 MW
580 MW
800 MW
800 MW
500 MW
500 MW
1000 MW
losses: 34
MW
30
Phase shifter influence1 phase shifter placed: overcompensation
Ph hift i fl
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GGGGGGGG
GGG
A B
C
1052.3 MW
The phase shiftingtransformers can
cancel their effects
238.4 MW221 MW
313.9 MW
800 MW
800 MW
500 MW
500 MW
1000 MW
losses: 52.3MW
15
15
Phase shifter influence
2 phase shifters: cancelling
Phase shifter infl ence
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GGGGGGGG
GGG
A B
C
1052.3 MW
238.4 MW221 MW
313.9 MW
800 MW
800 MW
500 MW
500 MW
1000 MW
Additionallosses: + 34.4MW
15
15 -8.8 %
+14.6 %+18.8 %
FLOWS relative to base case (no PS)
When badlycontrolled, little
influence on flows,more on losses
Phase shifter influence
2 phase shifters: cancelling
Phase shifter influence
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GGGGGGGG
GGG
A B
C
1054 MW
The phase shiftingtransformers can
`fight'
294.3 MW259.7 MW
259.7 MW
800 MW
800 MW
500 MW
500 MW
1000 MW
losses: 54
MW
15
30
GGGGGGGG
GGG
A B
C
1052.3 MW
238.4 MW221 MW
313.9 MW
800 MW
800 MW
500 MW
500 MW
1000 MW
Additionallosses: + 34.4
MW
15
15 -8.8 %
+14.6 %+18.8 %
FLOWS relative to base case (no PS)
When badlycontrolled, little
influence on flows,more on losses
Phase shifter influence
2 phase shifters: fighting
Phase shifter influence
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GGGGGGGG
GGG
A B
C
1054 MW
The phase shiftingtransformers can
`fight'
294.3 MW259.7 MW
259.7 MW
800 MW
800 MW
500 MW
500 MW
1000 MW
losses: 54MW
30
15
+35 %
-24.5 %
+28 %
FLOWS relative to base case (no PS)
Phase shifter influence
2 phase shifters: fighting
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Phase shifters in Belgium
Zandvliet Zandvliet
Meerhout Maasbracht (NL) Gramme Maasbracht (NL)
400 kV
+/- 25 no load
1400 MVA
1.5 step (34 steps)
Chooz (F) Monceau B
220/150 kV
+10/-10 * 1.5% V (21 steps)
+10/-10 * 1,2 (21 steps) 400 MVA
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Power system control
Why? How?
FACTS
Voltage control
Angle control
Impedance control
Combination
HVDC
Classic
Voltage source converter based
Overview
Series compensation
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1 2
21 1 2
P= sin
= cos
U U
X
U U U
X X
Series compensation
Line impedance adjustment
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Series Compensation SC and TCSC
Balances the reactance of a power line
Can be thyristor controlled
o TCSC Thyristor Controlled Series
Compensation
Can be used for power oscillation damping
Unified Power Flow Controller
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1 2
2
1 1 2
P= sin
= cos
U U
X
U U U
X X
U
Unified Power Flow Controller
Ultimate flow control
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UPFC - Unified Power Flow Controller
Voltage source converter-based (no thyristors)
o Superior performance
o Versatility
o Higher cost ~25%
Concurrent control of
o Line power flows
o Voltage magnitudes
o Voltage phase angles
Benefits in steady state and emergency situations
o Rapid redirection power flows and/or damping of poweroscillations
Unified Power Flow Controller (II)
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Ps h u n t
= Pseri es
21
Unified Power Flow Controller (II)
Ultimate flow control
Two voltage source converters
Series flow control
Parallel voltage control
Very fast response time
Power oscillation damper
Interline Power Flow Controller
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Pse rie s 1
= Pse rie s 2
1
3
2
Interline Power Flow Controller
IPFC
Two voltage source converters
2 Series flow controllers in separate lines
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Overview
Power system control
Why? How?
FACTS
Voltage control
Angle control
Impedance control
Combination
HVDC
Classic
Voltage source converter based
High Voltage Direct Current
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DC DCP = U I
High voltage DC connection
No reactive losseso No stability distance limitation
o No limit to underground cable length
o Lower electrical losses
2 cables instead of 3
Synchronism is not needed
o Connecting different frequencies
o Asynchronous grids (UCTE UK)
o Black startcapability? (New types, HVDC light)
Power flow (injection) can be fully controlled
Renewed attention of the power industry
High Voltage Direct Current
HVDC
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History of HVDC
HVDC Configurations:
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Back to back
Multiterminal Bipolar
Monopolar
(Sea)
+
-
HVDC Configurations:
Transmission modes (I)
HVDC Configurations:
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HVDC Configurations:
Transmission modes (II)
LCC HVDC
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LCC HVDC
Thyristor or
mercury-arc valves
Reactive power
source needed
Large harmonicfilters needed
VSC HVDC
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VSC HVDC
IGBT valves
P and Q (or U)
control
Can feed in
passive networks
Smaller footprint
Less filters needed
HVDC Example
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HVDC Example
Norned cable
HVDC Example
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HVDC Example
Norned cable: schema
HVDC Example
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HVDC Example
Norned cable: sea cable
HVDC Example
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HVDC Example
Garabi back to back
HVDC Example
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p
Garabi back to back (4x)
VSC HVDC
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Commissioning
year:2002
Power rating: 220
MW AC
Voltage:132/220 kV
DC Voltage:+/- 150
kV
DC Current: 739 A
Length of DC cable:2x 180 km
example: Murray link
VSC HVDC
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example: Troll
Commissioning year:2005
Power rating: 2 x 42MW AC Voltage:132kV at Kollsnes, 56 kVat Troll
DC Voltage: +/- 60kV
DC Current: 350 A
Length of DC cable:4x 70 km
HVDC:
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Current sizes
LCC VSC
Voltage (kV) 600 150
Current (kA) 3.93 1.175
Power (MW) 2 x 3150 350
Length (km) 1000 2 x 180
References
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References
Understanding Facts: Concepts and Technology of
Flexible AC Transmission Systems, Narain G.Hingorani, Laszlo Gyugyi
Flexible AC transmission systems, Song & Johns
Thyristor-based FACTS controllers for electrical
transmission systems, Mathur Vama
Power system stability and control, Phraba Kundur,
1994, EPRI
