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Global change, sustainability, ecosystem services, ecological footprint

Limits of S ecies Distributions Biogeograhy, niche, factors limiting distribution

Taxonomy of Ecosystems , ,

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Temperature, energy input, seasons, greenhouse ,

patterns

Regional Climate patterns

Microclimate

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Why is there a general pattern for the location of the major terrestrial biomes?

Climate: the average state of the weather at a particular location

Weather: the instantaneous state of the weather at a particular location

Five main components o c imate an weat er Light Energy

Precipitation Relative Humidity

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T m r t r : Wh t i it? intensive state variable of a material related to energy content through mass specific functions

Temperature changes are caused by altered net storage

sensible heat fluxes energy exchange that involves a

temperature change

evaporation or transpiration of water without a temperature change

Temperature and the energy budget of organisms or the land surface are measured because of interest:

Organism to ecosystem water relations, the physiological,

phenological, and lifecycle sensitivities of organisms to their environment

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Temperature . o a ean empera ure reen ouse e ec

- also affects day/night variation in temp.

UV, visible andshort-waveinfrared radiation

Long-waveinfraredradiation

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Atmospheric North South Circulation: Global Wind Patterns

Hadley cells: as originally proposed

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North South Circulation: Global Wind Patterns and Distribution of Terrestrial Biomes

Rotation East to West

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Arctic

60N

Circle

Westerlies

0

Northeast tradesDoldrums

30S

Westerlies

Southeast trades

60SAntarcticCircle

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The impact of the prevailing windsand their potential to link eventsamong con nen s s us ra e ythe movement of dust in theatmosphere and the enrichment of

Atlantic Ocean by nutrients fromAfrica!

Dust storm from the Gobi Desertmoving across the Korean Peninsulaand Japan.

The dust crosses thePacific Ocean and hitsCalifornia.

The remnants of the dustaffect the air on the EastCoast of the U.S.

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Mountains, water bodies, land cover

Microclimate

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Re ional E ects

on

Climate

Various features

of

the

landscape

contribute

to

local variations in climate

Topography (Mountains) Bodies of water Land cover

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Mountains

Changes in altitude affect: e amount o sun g t reac ng an area Local temperature

Mountains cause orographic effects Rainfall patterns Mountain valley effects

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Orographic Effects

Winddirection

East

Ocean

Sierra

CoastRange

Nevada

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Bodies of Water

Oceans and their currents and large lakes

environmentsLand heats up and cools more quickly than do large bodies of water.

The high specific heat of water slows warming and cooling.

(Maritime climate) than do regions on the interior of continents (Continental climate).

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Fig. 52 122

3Air cools at

high elevation.Cooler

air sinks Warm air

over land rises.1over water.

4 Cool air over watermoves inland, replacing

rising warm air over land.

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More vegetation

Cooler, higher relative humidity, more precipitation

Less Vegetation Warmer, lower relative humidit , less reci itation

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Urban Heat Island

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Regional Societal, Vegetation, mate e at ons ps

Tem eratureIncomeIncreasing Variable

Vegetation

Jenerette et

al.

2007

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croc ma e Fine scale topography plant shading

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Microclimate

Microclimate is determined by fine scale

Aspect: direction of slope face

North facing

slopes

are

cooler

/ wetter

South facing slopes are warmer / drier

Plant Shading:Underneath a plant canopy

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Early Spring Day

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Lecture 3

Review

Global Climate Patterns Temperature, energy input, greenhouse effect, major

atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns

Regional Climate patterns oun a ns, wa er o es, an cover

Microclimate aspect, plant shading

Thought question: Is a north facing slope in the southern hemisphere warmer or colder

than a corresponding South facing slope?