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Lecture 8: Intonation

• Definition

• Tune shapes

• Functions of intonation

• The basic English tunes

• The falling tune – The glide down

• The first rising tune – The glide up

• The second rising tune – The take off

• The falling-rising tune – The dive

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Definition• Intonation is the pattern of pitch changes that occurs

over a phrase which may be a complete sentence.

When he came, I greeted him

I bought some bananas, oranges, apples and grapes

• The part of a sentence over which a particular pattern

extends is called a tone group. A short sentence often

forms a single tone group, while longer ones are made

up of two or more.

• Within the tone group, there is usually a single syllable

that stands out because it carries a major pitch change.

A syllable of this kind is called the tonic syllable.

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Tonic syllable

• It is usually impossible to predict which syllable will be

the tonic syllable in a tone group. It depends on what

the speaker considers important. In general, new

information is more likely to receive a tonic stress than

material that has already been mentioned.

Water is a liquid Water is a liquid

How was he? He was very boring

Was he boring? He was very boring

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Tune shapes• The shape of a tune is decided partly by the number of

important words in the group, and partly by the exact

attitude you wish to express. Important words are

words which carry the most meaning in a word group.

Important words must be stressed, but not all stressed

words are important. Examples:

• How was John?

He was in an appallingly bad temper

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• Was John in a good temper?

He was in an appallingly bad temper

• Was John in a bad temper?

He was in an appallingly bad temper

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Functions of intonation

1. Attitudinal function.

Intonation enables us to epxress emotions and

attitudes as we speak, and this adds a special kind of

meaning to spoken language. This is called the

attitudinal function of intonation. E.g.

Thank you.

• Starts high and ends low → shows real gratitude

• Starts low and ends high → casual acknowledgement

of something not very important.

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• Where did you go?

• Sounds more business like, interested in the Subject.

• Where did you go?

• Interested in both the Subject of the conversation and the other speaker.

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2. Accentual function

Intonation helps to produce the effect of prominence

on syllables that need to be perceived as stressed,

and in particular the placing of tonic stress on a

particular syllble marks out the word to which it

belongs as the most important in the tone unit. This

has been called the accentual function of intonation.

I want to know where he’s travelling to.

He was very boring

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3. Grammatical function.

The listener is better able to recognize the grammar

and syntactic structure of what is being said by using

the information contained in the intonation. For

example, such things as the placement of boundaries

between phrases, clauses and sentences, the

difference between questions and statements and the

use of grammatical subordination may be indicated.

This is called the grammatical function of intonation.

Those who sold quickly made a profit.

My son John and my daughter.

She’s dead

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4. Discourse function

Looking at the act of speaking in a broader way, we

can see that intonation can signal to the listener what

is to be taken as ‘new’ information and what is

already ‘given’, can suggest when the speaker is

indicating some sort of contrast or link with material in

another tone unit and, in conversation, can convey to

the listener what kind of response is expected.

You love her, don’t you?

Since the last time we met when we had that huge

dinner, I’ve been on a diet.

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The basic English tunes

• The falling tune – The glide down

• The first rising tune – The glide up

• The second rising tune – The take off

• The falling-rising tune – The dive

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The falling tune – The glide down

1. Definition

The falling tune is the intonation pattern consisting of

a fall in the voice from a fairly high pitch to a very low

one.

1. How the voice falls.

a. If there is one important word

• On a single syllabe, the voice falls within the syllable.

No Two

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• On more than one syllable, the voice either falls within

the stressed syllable or it jumps from that syllable to the

next. Unstressed syllables at the end are very low.

Wonderful Photography

• If there are other words following the falls, they may still

have stress, but they are still said on that very low pitch

just like the unstressed syllable.

Susan’s knocking at the door

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b. When there is more than one important word: the last

one has the fall, but the other ones are treated

differently.

• The stressed syllable of the first important word is

high and any unstressed syllables following it are on

the same pitch.

• The stressed syllable of the second important word is

a little lower and any unstressed syllables following it

are on the same pitch.

• The falls starts at the same pitch as the syllable just

before it.

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How can I possibly pay him two hundred pounds?

• Notes

• If there are any unstressed syllables before the

stressed syllable of the first important word, these are

all said on a rather low pitch.

• Also any stressed syllable near the beginning which

belongs to a word which is not important is said on that

rather low pitch.

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I’ll s see you on Thursday night

You can phone me at any time of the day or night

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3. Symbols

• Before the stressed syllalbe where the voice falls, we

put ( \ )

• Before the stressed syllable of each other important

word, we put ( ' ).

• Unstressed syllables at the beginning have no mark

before them.

• If there is a low-pitched stress near the beginning, it is

marked by ( < ). And the same mark is used for

stressed syllables which come after the fall.

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I waited almost twenty five minutes for the wretched man

4. How to use the glide down.

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The first rising tune - The glide up1. Definition

The glide up is the intonation pattern consisting of a

rise at the end of a sentence but the tune starts at a

high pitch.

2. How the voice rises

• All syllables, either stressed or unstressed, before the

rise ( the stressed syllable of the last imporant word)

are treated exactly the same as in the glide down.

• At the stressed syllable of the last important word, the

voice rises from a low pitch to one just above the

middle of the voice.

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• All the syllables, stressed as well as unstressed) after

the stressed syllable of the last important word are on

the rise.

Is it true that you’re changing your job?

Did you say it was your twentieth birthday today?

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• If the sentence consists of only one important word, the

voice starts at a very low pitch.

Forty of them were there?

3. Symbols

• We use ( / ) before the stressed syllable of the last

important word to show where the rise starts.

• We use ( • ) before any stressed syllable within the rise

• We put ( ' ) before the stressed syllable of each

important word.

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• Have you been at work today John?

• Could I borrow this book for a day or two?

• Would you mind if I brought my mother in low to see you?

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4. How to use the glide up

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The second rising tune - The take off1. Definition

• The take off is the intonation pattern that ends with a

rise in the voice like the Glide up but any words or

syllables before the rise are low.

• We call it the take off because like an aeroplane

taking off, it starts by running along at a low level and

finally rises into the air.

2. How the voice take off

• The rise starts at the stressed syllable of the last

important word.

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• All the syllables before the rise are said on the same

low pitch as the beginning of the rise.

• Each syllable after the rise is a bit higher.

I was only trying help him with it.

• I wasn’t expecting him at six o’clock in the morning

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3. The symbols

• We use ( / ) before the rise.

• Any stressed syllable after this have ( • )

• Any stressed syllables before this have ( < )

You shouldn’t have given him all that money you silly boy

4. How to use the take off

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The falling-rising tune – The dive

1. Definition

The dive is the intonation pattern consisting of a fall

from a rather high pitch to a low one and then a rise

to about the middle of the voice.

2. How the voice falls and rises

• The fall-rise is also connected with the stressed

syllable of the last important word.

• If that syllable is finalin the group, the fall-rise is

completed on that syllable. Five

Soon

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• If there is one or several syllables following, the fall

and the rise are separated. The fall is on the

stressed syllable of the last important word and the

rise on the last syllable of all.

Seventy of them

• If there are stressed syllables of unimportant words

following the fall, the rise at the end is from the last

stressed syllable. Mary would probably tell you

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• Words or syllables before the fall are said in the same

way as for the glide down and glide up.

I may be able to come on Monday

• Note that the fall of the fall-rise is always from a fairly

high note.

3. Symbols

• If the stressed syllable of the last important word is

the final in the group, or it is followed only by

unstressed syllables, we but ( v ) before it.

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• But if the fall is followed by one or more stressed

syllables, we mark the fall with ( \ ) and we put ( / )

before the last stressed syllable of all. Other stressed

syllables between the fall and the rise have ( ) before

them.

• Other intonation marks are the same for the gilde down

and the glide up.

John told me he was going to holiday next week

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4. How to use the dive