Lecture 2 Infection Control

8/3/2019 Lecture 2 Infection Control

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Lecture 2 Infection Control, Microbial Taxonomy,

Bacterial Genetics, Host Microbe Interaction

I. Nosocomial Infections

A. Nosocomial infections approximately 35 million

patients http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/NNIS/@nnis.htm

Reportshttp://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/NNIS/2002NNISReport_AJIC.PDF data and

definitionshttp://www.apic.org/pdf/cdcdefs.pdf

B. Sites
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/NNIS/@nnis.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/NNIS/2002NNISReport_AJIC.PDFhttp://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/NNIS/2002NNISReport_AJIC.PDFhttp://www.apic.org/pdf/cdcdefs.pdfhttp://www.apic.org/pdf/cdcdefs.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/NNIS/2002NNISReport_AJIC.PDFhttp://www.apic.org/pdf/cdcdefs.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/NNIS/@nnis.htm


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C. Major Sites - organisms - risk factors

1. UTI - Gram Negatives - E.coli, GPC, & Candida - risk factors - female, age,

diabetes, indwelling catheter, immune status

2. Pneumonia - GNR, S. aureus - risk factors - age, chronic lung disease, immune

status, intubation,


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3. Wounds - most occur after discharge - GPC, GNR, Candida - risk factors - age,

obesity, invasive procedure, diabetes, extended procedures

4. Septicemia - GPC and Yeast - risk factors - immune status, invasive procedures, ,

indwelling devices, length of stay

D. SUperbugs - the rise of resistant

species http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/795_antibio.html

1. Staph - MRSA, VRSA

2. VRE

3. Pseudomonas

4. PPNG

5. MDRTb

II. Reportable diseases
http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/795_antibio.htmlhttp://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/795_antibio.html


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Reportable Diseases

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)Amebiasis *ANTHRAX *

Arboviral infection * (e.g., EEE, LAC,SLV, WNV)

BOTULISM *Brucellosis *Campylobacterinfection *Chancroid *ChickenpoxChlamydia trachomatis infection *CHOLERA *Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease if 25 ug/dl in a person 16 years ofage or older.

III. Microbial Taxonomy Bible of Taxonomy ?

Based upon?


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A. Cell Wall

B. Gram Positive


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C. Gram Negative


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D. AFB


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E .Mycoplasma and L Forms

F. Bacterial Structures and Eukaryotes

Structure Description Function Example Found inEukaryotes

Cytoplasmic

Membrane

Phospholipid bilayer Barrier, selective

membrane- semi-

permeable

all bacteria Yes

Cell wall Gram Positive

Gram Negative

all bacteria ;

not L-forms &

Mycoplasma

different cell

wall in fungi &

plants
http://www2.bc.cc.ca.us/bio16/3_bacterial_cell_wall.htmhttp://www2.bc.cc.ca.us/bio16/3_bacterial_cell_wall.htm


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Glycocalyx loose,irregular, capsule protection

attachment

Streptococcusmutans

No

Capsule like above but distinctand gelatinous

protection

attachment

Streptococcus

pneumoniae

No - rare in yeast

Flagella whip-like structures locomotion Salmonella

Pseudomonas

Helicobacter pylori

different in

eukaryotes

Pili shorter, thinner,

hair-like structures

attachment

movement

sex

Neisseria

gonorrhea

NO

Chromosome Single stranded circular

DNA molecule

inheritance all bacteria Eukaryotic are

2N paired

chromosomes

Ribosomes

RNA Work-benches for

protein synthesis

all bacteria

differ fromEukaryotic

Inclusions Clumps of particular

substaces

Contains gas or

specific

substances e.g.

glycogen or gas

Specific to species

Endospore Unique dormantsurvival capsule

resistant,

protective,

survival structures

Bacillus sp.

Clostridium sp.

Eukaryote =

reproductive

spores
http://www2.bc.cc.ca.us/bio16/3_capsules.htmhttp://www2.bc.cc.ca.us/bio16/3_capsules.htmhttp://www2.bc.cc.ca.us/bio16/3_capsules.htmhttp://www2.bc.cc.ca.us/bio16/pal/lecture%202.htm#Prokaryotic%20Anatomyhttp://www2.bc.cc.ca.us/bio16/3_capsules.htmhttp://www2.bc.cc.ca.us/bio16/3_capsules.htmhttp://www2.bc.cc.ca.us/bio16/3_capsules.htmhttp://www2.bc.cc.ca.us/bio16/pal/lecture%202.htm#Prokaryotic%20Anatomy


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IV. Eukaryotic Anatomy


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V. Bacterial Genetics

A. Mutations

1. Spontaneous mutations - occur 1/10,000 to 1/10 trillion cell divisions, enzymes

correct mistakes and damaged DNA

2. Mutagens - agents that increase the rate of mutation

3. Transposons - jumping genes

4. Induced mutations - intentional mutations to study the expression of the gene

a. Chemicals - nitrous acid, alkylating agents

b. base analogs - compounds that resemble the A,G,C,T or U and displace the proper

base, AZT (replaces T), by attacking U we can kill some RNA only viruses

c. Radiation - UV irradiation T-T dimer; X-rays delete bases causing mutations


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B. Repairing damaged DNA

1. DNA polymerase proofreads for base errors

2. DNA ligase cuts out mismatched pairs

3. T-T dimers - can be repaired or removed


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C. Transformation - Pieces of DNA are absorbed into a competent cell


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D. Transduction - a virus infects to bacteria carrying genetic material form one

bacteria to another


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What does this tell us about the virulence factor added by the capsule?

Transformation with the Jellyfish Gene


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VIII. Microbe Host Relationship

A. Normal Flora http://www.microbelibrary.org/FactSheet.asp?

SubmissionID=559&LS=
http://www.microbelibrary.org/FactSheet.asp?SubmissionID=559&LS=http://www.microbelibrary.org/FactSheet.asp?SubmissionID=559&LS=http://www.microbelibrary.org/FactSheet.asp?SubmissionID=559&LS=http://www.microbelibrary.org/FactSheet.asp?SubmissionID=559&LS=


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http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact303/Bact303normalflora

B. Disease Status & Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact303/Bact303normalflorahttp://www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact303/Bact303normalflora


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1. Adhesins

2. Secretions that produce cellular changes


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3. M cell conduit


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4. Interference with Complement


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a. Defeating phagocytosis


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b. Capsules as anti-phagocytic approaches


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6. Exotoxins


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7. Exotoxins versus endotoxins


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Bakersfield College |Kern Community College District |Janet Fulks

1801 Panorama Dr. - Bakersfield, CA 93305 - (661)395-4011
http://www2.bc.cc.ca.us/bio16/default.htmhttp://www.bakersfieldcollege.edu/http://www.kccd.cc.ca.us/http://www.kccd.cc.ca.us/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www2.bc.cc.ca.us/bio16/default.htmhttp://www.bakersfieldcollege.edu/http://www.kccd.cc.ca.us/mailto:[email protected]

Lecture 2 Infection Control

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