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Commercial Space Technologies - London OfficeGerry Webb - General DirectorContact: Mali Perera

67 Shakespeare Rd, HanwellLondon W7 1LU, UK

Tel: +44 020 8840 1082 (UK)Fax: +44 020 840 7776 (UK)E-mail: cst@commercialspace.co.uk

Commercial Space Technologies - Moscow OfficeNina Pestmal - Director, Moscow OfficeContact: Irina Silantieva

6 Kosmodemyanskih, Flat 116125171 Moscow, Russia

Tel/Fax: +7095 415 7732 (Russia)Tel/Fax: +7095 150 8855 (Russia)E-mail: cstm@aha.ru

SSC03-II-8Launching Small Satellites in the

Former Soviet UnionG. M. Webb

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CST CAPABILITIES

•SPACE TECHNOLOGY ANDPOLICY CONSULTANCY

•TECHNICAL EQUPMENTMARKETING AND TRADING

•MANAGEMENT, REPRESENTATION AND LOGISTICS IN RUSSIA

•LAUNCHER SERVICES BROKERING

•SPACE COMMUNICATIONS EXPERTISE

•INSURANCE AND RISK ASSESSMENT ISSUES

•QUALITY ASSURANCE ANDSTANDARTISATION ISSUES

•ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS

CST has developed the full range of contactsand methodology necessary to perform therange of services needed by customerswishing to use FSU launchers, including:

1. Launcher brokerage in a straight forwardway ‘across the board’ obtaining the bestachievable prices and conditions

2. Local management, progressmeetings, etc on the spot

3. Construction of launch servicesagreements

4.Provision of logistical services inside Russia

5. Consultancy services to enable potentialcustomers to access the technologies andability to do business of the relevant Russianorganisations

6. Arrangement of insurance, legal, financialand other services

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Commercial Space Technologies Ltd

Rapideye + others either scheduled or in negotiationLauncher unassigned2006

Gemini-1Proton (1 piggy-back)First half2005

DemeterTopSat+ChinaSat/DMC-3

Dnepr (main in cluster)Cosmos (2 in cluster)

AprilJuly

2004

NigeriaSat-1, BilSat-1 and UK-DMC/DMC-2

Cosmos (3 in cluster)September2003

Future Schedule

Alsat/DMC-1Cosmos (1 piggy-back)November 282002

Tiung SatDnepr (1 piggy-back payload)September 262000

Tsinghua 1+SnapCosmos (2 piggy-back payloads)June 282000

Uo Sat 12Dnepr (1 dedicated)April 211999

Fasat Bravo + TM satZenit (2 piggy-back)July101998

Fasat AlphaTsyklon (1 piggy-back)August 311995

Completed

HISTORY OF CST LAUNCH ARRANGEMENTS

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Why FSU Launchers?

• Even though now considerably reduced from its past Soviet glories, FSU space activity is still vast and multifarious.

• Russian and Ukrainian activity involves a variety and quantity of launches to all the orbits required by small satellites (except, perhaps, equatorial).

• Due to the recently tough financial conditions in the FSU, prices are favourable and companies eager to please and competitive.

• The de-commissioning of a great many missiles has led to a flood of ‘conversion’ launchers

• A large number of possibilities for piggy-back launches are available and there exists a willingness to adapt major nationalmissions to this end.

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FSU Launcher Families• Energia/Buran system (now defunct)• Proton/Proton-M (ultimately, Angara 5)• Soyuz Family (perhaps, Angara 3)• Zenit 2 (Ukrainian) Zenit 3 (Sea Launch)• Small Launchers –Cosmos and Tsyklon (soon,

Angara 1)• Converted Missiles – Shtil, Start, Strela,

Rockot, Dnepr

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Technically Advantageous Characteristics of FSU Launching Systems

• System approach to launcher, launch complex and operations design• Long production runs planned at the outset (and usually achieved). Not

preceded by lowest cost prototype (as in STS, Ariane-5)• Continuous and large (now mostly past) investment in engine design and

development (use of efficient engines lowers the mass-fraction of the launcher)

• No-fuss approach, such as the use of railway transport, introduction of exotic fuels (e.g., cryogenic) only when absolutely necessary

• Standardisation of launchers, which are non mission-specific, which allows rapid turnaround/changes of payload at the cosmodrome

• Very experienced launch crews (at least in the past)• Some new small launchers are ex-missiles, with military specifications, and

even better all weather capabilities than Soyuz or Proton (which were in themselves military designs)

• Convenience and cost savings associated with the universal adoption of horizontal integration and pre-launch testing.

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Launch of Cosmos no 400 from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome on 28th June 2000 carrying the satellite NADEZHDA (Russian MoD) and 2 ‘piggy-backs’: ‘Tsinghua-1’ (built by SSTL for Tsinghua University) and SNAP-1 (SSTL). Both ‘piggy-back’ launches were brokered and managed by CST for SSTL.

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CST, SSTL, Rosoboronexport, and Polyot personnel together on the occasion of the signing of the launch agreement for the SSTL Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) at the Farnborough Air Show in July 2002: - 7 satellites in total on 3 Cosmos launches

The first satellite in the series, Alsat, is to be launched on 28th November 2002. Photo: - Fit check at Polyot, September 2002

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The pedigree and versions of the ‘Tsyklon’ launch vehicle: 1 - R-36 (SS-9) ICBM; 2 - Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS); 3 -

Tsyklon-2’ two-staged launch vehicle intended for injections of nuclear-powered RORSAT (US-A) satellites; 4, 5 - ‘Tsyklon-2’ for injections of

EORSAT (US-P/US-PM) satellites; 6 - ‘Tsyklon-2’ for injections of ASAT (IS) satellites; 7 - ‘Tsyklon-3’ three-staged launch vehicle

A continuation of the ‘Tsyklon’s’ launches is connected with how existing stocks are used

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Designs of the URM, ‘Angara-1.1’ and ‘Angara-1.2’(left to right)

The body of the ‘Angara-1.1’s’ first stage together with ‘old’ (behind) and new composite (in front plane) fairings in the work-shop of the Khrunichev’s Plant.

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The ‘Dnepr’ LVThe demonstration launch of the ‘Dnepr’ LV with the British UoSat-12 satellite built by SSTL, 21.04.99. Launch arranged by CST

An SS-18, which will be used as the ‘Dnepr’ launch vehicle for commercial launchers of small satellites, being installed into a silo

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Assembling the ‘Breeze-KM’ upper stage, the improved version of ‘Breeze-K’, for the first flight example of the commercial ‘Rockot’

The pedigree and versions of the ‘Rockot’ launch vehicle: 1 – SS-19 ICBM; 2 – initial version of ‘Rockot’ with ‘Breeze-K’ and ‘old’ fairing; 3 –current ‘Rockot’ with ‘Breeze-KM’ and new composite fairing

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Beginning of work on the former SS-11 silo for the 'Strela' launchers at Svobodny

The evolution of the 'Rockot' and 'Strela’'

from the SS-19

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The ‘Topol’ road-transportable ICBM

The Swedish ‘Odin’ satellite injected by the ‘Start-1’

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‘Shtil-1’ (SS-N-23) (left) was used for the orbital launch of ‘Tubsat’ satellites from the ‘Novomoskovsk’ nuclear submarine (above). 1 - head unit; 2 - instrumental compartment; 3 - warheads or payloads; 4,5,6 - main rocket engines of stages

The ‘Shtil’ family of launch vehicles converted from the SS-N-23 (RSM-54) SLBM, from left to right: ‘Shtil-1’, ‘Shtil-2.1’, ‘Shtil-2’, ‘Shtil-3’

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The ‘Volna’ launch vehicle converted from the SS-N-20 (RSM-50) SLBM

Loading the ‘Volna’ into a submarine before the launch of the ‘Cosmos-1’ spacecraft

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(TBD)--Military SC831000PlesetskCosmos4.06.031

2003

Test/comm..

Scientific

Test/comm..

Test/comm..

Test/comm..

30

10

15

10

10

420

Rubin-2(Germany)UNISAT-2

(Italy)SaudiSat-1С(Saud. Arab.)

LatinSat-ALatinSat-B

(USA)Dummy of TrailBlaser

(USA)

64.56

64.56

64.56

64.56

64.56

64.56

638x688

638x687

636x709

640x678

635x720

641x668

BaikonurDnepr20.12.028

Alsat launch

brokered by CST

EducationalDMC

6990

MozhaetsAlSat-1

98.2498.24

691x772694x774

PlesetskCosmos28.10.027

-COSPAS-SARSAT800Nadezhda-M82.9984x1030PlesetskCosmos26.09.026

Failure. Spacecraft was not found

Experimental146

Demonstrator-2 (Russia/Germany)

Sub-orbitalBarents SeaVolna12.07.025

-Military communication

200200

Cosmos-2390 (Russia)Cosmos-2390 (Russia)

82.2182.42

1480x15261481x1517PlesetskCosmos8.07.024

Communication686Iridium-98(USA)86.35Circ. 650

-

Communication683Iridium-9786.35Circ. 650

PlesetskRockot20.06.023

-Military navigation/ communication800Cosmos-2389

(Russia)82.96970×1029PlesetskCosmos28.05.022

Scientific496GRACE-1(USA/Germ.)

89.0496×522 -

Scientific496GRACE-189.0496×521

PlesetskRockot17.03.021

2002

RECENT LAUNCHES

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DMC 3rd launch being managed by CSTEnd 2004Disaster

monitoringLEO (686 km SSO)

TOPSAT (~125 kg) (UK)Chinasat (120-140 kg) (China)

VNSAT (120-140 kg) (Vietnam)Cosmos16

-2004ERSLEOEROS-B1(Israel)Start-115

2004ScientificMoon orbitTrailBlazer (USA)Dnepr14

CNES satellite, being managed by CSTApril 2004ScientificSSO - 700Demeter

(French)Dnepr13

Early 2004ScientificLEOCompas-3(Russia)Shtil12

Launches will be carried out if ‘Compas’concept confirmed

Late 2003ScientificLEOCompas-2(Russia)Shtil11

2003Scientific-KybSat(Germany)Shtil10

Foreseen realization of option

September –October - 2003CommunicationSSOService - 1Rockot9

Late 2003ExperimentalLEOCosmos-1(USA)Volna8

Late 2003ERSLEOMonitor-E(Russia)Rockot7

Late 2003--CosmosTsyklon-26

III - 2003Disaster monitoringLEOSich-1M

(Ukraine)Tsyklon-35

From SvobodnyLate 2003---Strela4

From BaikonurIII - 2003---Strela3

DMC 2nd launch managed by CSTIII - 2003Disaster

monitoring ERSLEO (686 km SSO)

BILSAT (~100 kg) (Turkey) Nigeriasat (~90 kg) (Nigeria) UK DMC (~90 kg) (UK) KaistSat – 4 (S. Korea)Cosmos2

June 2003ScientificExperimentalScientific

LEO LEO650 kmSSO

MOST (Canada) MIMOSA (Czech) CubeSat XI-IV (Japan) CUTE-I (Japan) CanX-1(Canada) AAU CubeSat (Denmark)

DTUSat (Denmark) QuakeSat (USA)Rockot1

NotePlanned term of launch

PurposeSort of orbitSpacecraft (Country)Launch vehicle

KNOWN PLANNED LAUNCHES FOR 2003-2005

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PIGGY-BACKING IN RUSSIALARGE VARIETY OF VEHICLES - PARTICULARLY TO LEO

ALL VEHICLES CAN PIGGY BACK

NEAR ALL ORBITS AVAILABLE - OFTEN VISITED, EVEN SUN SYNC (ZENIT)GEO (UP TO 500kgs BY PROTON)

BUT EQUATORIAL LEO ORBITS DIFFICULT

PRICE ACROSS THE BOARD IS AROUND $12,000/KG

MARKET IS SETTLING

THE MANY MISSILE CONVERSIONS CAN ALSO CARRY PIGGY-BACKS

MULTIPLE PAYLOAD CARRIERS FOR SMALL LAUNCHERS WILL BE DEVELOPED

CST EXPERIENCE WITH TSYKLON, ROKOT, ZENIT, COSMOS, DNEPR, SHTIL, ETC

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PIGGY-BACK TO GEO

CST is making arrangements with Rosaviakosmos for the launch of small satellites direct to GEO by piggy-backing on a Russian national satellite launch on Proton. Arrangements can be made for other satellites of up to 400kgs very economically (~ 20K US dollars/kg)

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PIGGY-BACK TO GEO

Cluster launches can also be arranged for GEO small satellites above 400 kg, up to about 800 kg. Above this mass, occasional opportunities arise in the form of specially arranged ‘test’ launches on behalf of federal bodies

Universal type of P/L fairing

“Express-AK” S/C

Cluster

Separation . system

“Express-AK”

«Packed» arrangement of S/C inside upper unit