Language Language ContactContact

presented bypresented by

Michael L. FriesnerMichael L. Friesner

August 6, 2007August 6, 2007

Thank you to Gillian Sankoff for sending me her PPT slides (among other things).

Two Main Types ofTwo Main Types ofLanguage ContactLanguage Contact

Agent: Nonnative speakers affecting a language Agent: Nonnative speakers affecting a language they come to speakthey come to speak ““language shift”language shift” interference (or sometimes “imposition”)interference (or sometimes “imposition”) L2 effectsL2 effects

Agent: Native speakers adopting nonnative featuresAgent: Native speakers adopting nonnative features ““language contact through maintenance”language contact through maintenance” borrowingborrowing influence on L1influence on L1

(Third type: (Third type: Extreme ContactExtreme Contact = Formation of = Formation of Contact Languages—pidgins and creoles)Contact Languages—pidgins and creoles)

The Data I’m Using to The Data I’m Using to DemonstrateDemonstrate

2004-2005: A Sociolinguistic Study of 2004-2005: A Sociolinguistic Study of Northeast Philadelphia (Friesner, Northeast Philadelphia (Friesner, Dinkin, and Wallenberg)Dinkin, and Wallenberg) Speakers = native Russian and English Speakers = native Russian and English

speakers in Northeast Philadelphiaspeakers in Northeast Philadelphia

2006-2008: The Outcomes of Borrowing 2006-2008: The Outcomes of Borrowing in Montréal (Friesner)in Montréal (Friesner)

Speakers = native French and Spanish Speakers = native French and Spanish speakers in Montréal (mostly in French)speakers in Montréal (mostly in French)

1993: The L2 Corpus of Anglo-1993: The L2 Corpus of Anglo-Montrealers (Sankoff et al.)Montrealers (Sankoff et al.)

Speakers = bilingual native English and Speakers = bilingual native English and French speakers in Montréal (in both French speakers in Montréal (in both languages)languages)

Reasons for Languages to Be in Reasons for Languages to Be in ContactContact

war/conquestwar/conquest colonialismcolonialism slaveryslavery forced migrationforced migration

but also...but also... voluntary migrationvoluntary migration intermarriageintermarriage tradetrade

often (always?) results in social inequality often (always?) results in social inequality between language groups...between language groups...

Influence of Contact on Influence of Contact on SocietySociety

Stable bilingualism (usually a lot of Stable bilingualism (usually a lot of borrowingborrowing, esp. into less dominant , esp. into less dominant language)language) India, Québec, Belgium, large parts of India, Québec, Belgium, large parts of

AfricaAfrica Language shiftLanguage shift

immigrant communities, communities immigrant communities, communities that end up in a different country that end up in a different country because of conquest/border changesbecause of conquest/border changes

Influence on LanguageInfluence on Language Interference (L2 effects)Interference (L2 effects)

most frequently affects most frequently affects structurestructure: syntax, phonology : syntax, phonology (“accent”), word choices (“interlingual identifications”)(“accent”), word choices (“interlingual identifications”)

may only be features of nonnative speakers, may only be features of nonnative speakers, butbut in high in high contact situations may be incorporated into the contact situations may be incorporated into the language as a whole (language as a whole (e.g.e.g., Irish pronunciation and , Irish pronunciation and structures in Irish English)structures in Irish English)

bilingual communities also often code-switchbilingual communities also often code-switch Borrowing (influence on L1)Borrowing (influence on L1)

most frequently affects most frequently affects lexiconlexicon some words may only be used by those who master both some words may only be used by those who master both

languages, while others may be used by the community languages, while others may be used by the community as a wholeas a whole

especially used to express concepts that were especially used to express concepts that were introduced through cultural contact (introduced through cultural contact (tonstons of these in of these in English: taco, lo mein, matzah ball, spaghetti)English: taco, lo mein, matzah ball, spaghetti)

Interference: Vincent, Age 24 Interference: Vincent, Age 24 (1993)(1993)

What is Vincent saying?What is Vincent saying?

I work(ed) uh three summer(s) in uh Bitumar -- asphált prodúcts

Interference: Marina, Age 25 Interference: Marina, Age 25 (2004)(2004)

(Did you fight with anyone here?)a Of course, my neighbor from upstairs.b He hates my guts.c He called cops* on me three times. (Is that the same one with the-- uh-- trash, or a different-- ?)d Uh-huh! He hates me. Oh he hates me! (So, when else di- when else did he call the cops on you?)f Um-- he called onceg and he said that I was throwing the-- uh-- the cooking, um-- what is it called, the cooking, um-- (oil, or the-- ? no--)______ * Examples of lexical or structural infelicities are in red

Interference: Marina, Age 25 Interference: Marina, Age 25 (2004)(2004)

h The plita, uh-- (the- the oven???)

Yeah. Like that oven, look at it.i The whole oven. The whole thing! j --that I was throwin’ it out of the window,k actually, I threw it out-- threw it out of the window!l You know what was my question?m Not that I didn’t do it.n You know what was the first thing I said?o “How did I picked it up?” {laugh}p I mean, it’s the size of me, the damn thing!q I mean, it takes some moron to come up with something like

that.

Interference: Marina, Age 25 Interference: Marina, Age 25 (2004)(2004)

r Like, how much can you hate me to come up with something stupid like that?

(But, it was-- there was no basis for-- where did he get that idea?)s He was just-- he’s a very lonely man.t He’s uh-- he’s a-- he likes-- [note: CODE SWITCH to Russian, a language spoken by interviewer M.F., to describe the neighbor in very unflattering terms]u He’s about fifty-five or sixty.v He’s very lonely.w He lives in a very, very small space.x And, you know, he uses drugs, y he doesn’t work, z he says all the time that his back hurts, aa and he lives on the welfare and stuff--

BorrowingBorrowing What constitutes a borrowingWhat constitutes a borrowing

e.g.,e.g., are expressions like “Hasta la vista” and “déjà vu” are expressions like “Hasta la vista” and “déjà vu” part of the English language, or not?part of the English language, or not?

How do words change pronunciation when they are How do words change pronunciation when they are borrowed into another language?borrowed into another language? ““ClaraClara”” Phonological adaptation (Spanish r -> English r)Phonological adaptation (Spanish r -> English r) ““Clara”Clara” Phonetic adaptation (Spanish r -> English d/t)Phonetic adaptation (Spanish r -> English d/t)

““CloddaClodda”/””/”ClottaClotta”” Importation of nonnative segments (Spanish r -> Spanish Importation of nonnative segments (Spanish r -> Spanish

r (in English))r (in English)) ((pronounced as in Spanishpronounced as in Spanish)) What factors affect pronunciation & use of loanwords?What factors affect pronunciation & use of loanwords?

language internal factors (difficulty of the sound, distance language internal factors (difficulty of the sound, distance between the two languages, type of word)between the two languages, type of word)

external factors (degree of bilingualism of individual and external factors (degree of bilingualism of individual and community, style, age, social class, attitudes)community, style, age, social class, attitudes)

orthography(=spelling)orthography(=spelling)

Loanwords in FrenchLoanwords in French Variables in adaptation:Variables in adaptation:

/r/ (posterior [R], retroflex [r], (or apical))/r/ (posterior [R], retroflex [r], (or apical)) /h/ (present or absent in loanword)/h/ (present or absent in loanword)

““hip-hop” / “rap”hip-hop” / “rap” hh hh rrMichèle, 22, grad student, int. Eng.Michèle, 22, grad student, int. Eng. ØØ ØØ

RR

Nathalie, 32, adv. deg., int. Eng., teacherNathalie, 32, adv. deg., int. Eng., teacher hh hh rr

Murielle, 24, grad student, int. Eng.Murielle, 24, grad student, int. Eng. hh hhRR

Nathan, 34, univ., low Eng., job placerNathan, 34, univ., low Eng., job placer ØØ ØØ rr

Mélanie, 24, comm. coll., low Eng., baker Mélanie, 24, comm. coll., low Eng., baker hh ØØ rr

Variable: Gender Assignment (Variable: Gender Assignment (ex. = ex. = “sandwich”“sandwich”))

Un club-sandwichUn club-sandwich, puis , puis un sandwichun sandwich au smoked meat, ça, c’est vraiment au smoked meat, ça, c’est vraiment différent... différent... (Michèle, 22, univ. +, grad student, int. Eng.)(Michèle, 22, univ. +, grad student, int. Eng.)

‘‘A club sandwich and a smoked meat sandwich, those are really different...’A club sandwich and a smoked meat sandwich, those are really different...’

Euh- club-sandwich, c’est- um- c’est Euh- club-sandwich, c’est- um- c’est un sandwichun sandwich, trois étages, au poulet- , trois étages, au poulet- euh- tomates, laitue- euh- puis c’est à peu près ça...euh- tomates, laitue- euh- puis c’est à peu près ça...

(Daniel, 24, univ. +, grad. student, fluent Eng.)(Daniel, 24, univ. +, grad. student, fluent Eng.)‘‘A club sandwich is a sandwich with three levels, with chicken, tomatoes, lettuce, and A club sandwich is a sandwich with three levels, with chicken, tomatoes, lettuce, and

that’s about it...’that’s about it...’

La sandwichLa sandwich au smoked meat, c’est typiquement montréalais, ça, le au smoked meat, c’est typiquement montréalais, ça, le smoked meat, euh- c’est un- disons, c’est smoked meat, euh- c’est un- disons, c’est une sandwichune sandwich juste avec deux juste avec deux tranches de pain... tranches de pain... (François, 29, adv. deg., engineer, fluent Eng.)(François, 29, adv. deg., engineer, fluent Eng.)

‘‘A smoked meat sandwich is typical of Montreal, smoked meat, and it’s- um- a A smoked meat sandwich is typical of Montreal, smoked meat, and it’s- um- a sandwich with just two slices of bread.’sandwich with just two slices of bread.’

Et Et une sandwichune sandwich au smoked meat, c’est au smoked meat, c’est une sandwichune sandwich avec de la viande avec de la viande fumée, donc c’est totalement différent, c’est- euh- c’est fumée, donc c’est totalement différent, c’est- euh- c’est une sandwichune sandwich ordinaire mais avec de la viande fumée à l’intérieur.ordinaire mais avec de la viande fumée à l’intérieur.

(Nicolas, 24, Grade 11, bartender, int. Eng.)(Nicolas, 24, Grade 11, bartender, int. Eng.)‘‘A smoked meat sandwich is a sandwich with smoked meat, so it’s totally different, it’s A smoked meat sandwich is a sandwich with smoked meat, so it’s totally different, it’s

an ordinary sandwich but with smoked meat inside.’an ordinary sandwich but with smoked meat inside.’

Borrowing by social class and Level of Borrowing by social class and Level of English (examples with proper names, English (examples with proper names,

comparing English and French comparing English and French pronunciations)pronunciations)

““Harper will choose this man” ~ “Harper revoit son cabinet”Harper will choose this man” ~ “Harper revoit son cabinet” (‘Harper reexamines his cabinet’)(‘Harper reexamines his cabinet’)

““Minister Rona Ambrose” ~ “La ministre Rona Ambrose” (=)Minister Rona Ambrose” ~ “La ministre Rona Ambrose” (=)

Mireille, 47, Grade 8, bar employee, very little EnglishMireille, 47, Grade 8, bar employee, very little English

Nicolas, 24, Grade 11, bartender, intermediate EnglishNicolas, 24, Grade 11, bartender, intermediate English

Chantal, 24, univ. +, medical student, low int. EnglishChantal, 24, univ. +, medical student, low int. English

Daniel, 24, univ. +, graduate student, fluent EnglishDaniel, 24, univ. +, graduate student, fluent English

Borrowing = community Borrowing = community norms <ll> (also norms <ll> (also

orthography)orthography)Ben, il fait des ceviches, des- euh- des Ben, il fait des ceviches, des- euh- des

paellaspaellas..(Laura, 24, child of Uruguayan immigrants)(Laura, 24, child of Uruguayan immigrants)

‘‘Well, he makes ceviches, and- uh- paellas.’Well, he makes ceviches, and- uh- paellas.’

...entre unos tres puen- tres punto doce- dos ...entre unos tres puen- tres punto doce- dos millonesmillones de Montreale(n)ses... de Montreale(n)ses...

(Laura in Spanish reading passage)(Laura in Spanish reading passage)‘‘...among the approximately 3.2 million Montrealers...’...among the approximately 3.2 million Montrealers...’

Ben, les Ben, les paellaspaellas sont- sont bonnes. sont- sont bonnes.(Domingo, 25, Mexican, immigrated at age 21)(Domingo, 25, Mexican, immigrated at age 21)

‘‘Well, the paellas are- are good.’Well, the paellas are- are good.’

The pronunciation of borrowings is The pronunciation of borrowings is subject to style shifting (examples from subject to style shifting (examples from

Domingo)Domingo)LIST STYLE (most formalLIST STYLE (most formal):):Uh- Uh- burritoburrito, enchilada et fajitas., enchilada et fajitas.

READING STYLE:READING STYLE:On aime s’y réchauffer en dégustant des fajitas, un molé typiquement mexicain, On aime s’y réchauffer en dégustant des fajitas, un molé typiquement mexicain,

des enchiladas tierra blanca, des des enchiladas tierra blanca, des burritosburritos ou même des crevettes sautées à la ou même des crevettes sautées à la tequila.tequila.

‘‘People like warming up there while tasting fajitas, a typically Mexican mole, enchiladas tierra People like warming up there while tasting fajitas, a typically Mexican mole, enchiladas tierra blanca, burritos, or even tequila-sauteed shrimp.’blanca, burritos, or even tequila-sauteed shrimp.’

SPEAKING STYLE:SPEAKING STYLE:Mais, c’est quoi, la différence? Uh- les Mais, c’est quoi, la différence? Uh- les burritosburritos et la fa- les fajitas, c’est pas de la et la fa- les fajitas, c’est pas de la

bouffe mexicaine, c’est de la bouffe du sud des É- des États-Unis...bouffe mexicaine, c’est de la bouffe du sud des É- des États-Unis...‘‘But, what’s the difference? Uh- burritos and fajitas are not Mexican food, they’re food from the But, what’s the difference? Uh- burritos and fajitas are not Mexican food, they’re food from the

southern United States...’southern United States...’

Je pense que la différence entre le Je pense que la différence entre le burritoburrito puis la enchilada, c’est qu’il y a pas de puis la enchilada, c’est qu’il y a pas de sauce sur les sauce sur les burritosburritos..

‘‘I think that the difference between a burrito and an enchilada is that there’s no sauce on I think that the difference between a burrito and an enchilada is that there’s no sauce on

burritos.’burritos.’

There may be variation according to There may be variation according to ageage

in both loanword pronunciation and in both loanword pronunciation and which loanwords are used (which loanwords are used (e.g.e.g., ,

“hovercraft”)“hovercraft”) Murielle, age 24 - “J’avais jamais vu le mot Murielle, age 24 - “J’avais jamais vu le mot hovercraft.hovercraft.”” I’ve never seen the word I’ve never seen the word hovercrafthovercraft before. before.

Nathalie, age 32 - “Nathalie, age 32 - “HovercraftHovercraft, je connais pas.” , je connais pas.” HovercraftHovercraft, I don’t know it., I don’t know it. Sébastien, age 37 - Sébastien, age 37 - “Hovercraft“Hovercraft- c’est la première fois que je vois ce mot-là.” - c’est la première fois que je vois ce mot-là.”

HovercraftHovercraft- this is the first time I’ve seen this word.- this is the first time I’ve seen this word.

Alice, age 53 - “Alice, age 53 - “Hovercraft - aéroglisseurHovercraft - aéroglisseur, c’est la même chose- même, même, même, , c’est la même chose- même, même, même, même chose.” même chose.” Hovercraft - aéroglisseurHovercraft - aéroglisseur, it’s the same thing- the same exact thing., it’s the same thing- the same exact thing.

Maryse, age 58 - “Maryse, age 58 - “Hovercraft - aéroglisseurHovercraft - aéroglisseur, pour moi c’est la même chose. Au début , pour moi c’est la même chose. Au début quand j’en ai entendu parler de l’quand j’en ai entendu parler de l’aéroglisseuraéroglisseur, on l’appelait l’, on l’appelait l’hovercrafthovercraft, mais voilà.”, mais voilà.”Hovercraft - aéroglisseurHovercraft - aéroglisseur, for me it’s the same thing. Early on when I heard talk about the , for me it’s the same thing. Early on when I heard talk about the aéroglisseuraéroglisseur, , they called it a they called it a hovercrafthovercraft, but there you go., but there you go.

Language attitudes may affect Language attitudes may affect pronunciation and can be gleaned pronunciation and can be gleaned

from interviewsfrom interviews

Daniel, age 24Daniel, age 24C’est assez facile d’avoir une job si tu parles juste français; c’est C’est assez facile d’avoir une job si tu parles juste français; c’est

assez tough d’avoir une job si tu parles juste anglais. Uh- c’est assez tough d’avoir une job si tu parles juste anglais. Uh- c’est ça, c’est toujours un atout de parler en anglais, euh- mais c’est ça, c’est toujours un atout de parler en anglais, euh- mais c’est pas- c’est pas- c’est pas si nécessaire que ça quand même.pas- c’est pas- c’est pas si nécessaire que ça quand même.

‘‘It’s pretty easy to get a job if you speak only French; it’s pretty It’s pretty easy to get a job if you speak only French; it’s pretty tough to get a job if you speak only English. Uh- that’s right, it’s tough to get a job if you speak only English. Uh- that’s right, it’s always an asset to speak in English, but it’s not all that always an asset to speak in English, but it’s not all that necessary anyway.’necessary anyway.’

Comments on which language is necessary for a job by two Comments on which language is necessary for a job by two bilingual speakers:bilingual speakers:

Philippe, age 26Philippe, age 26Je trouve que ça devient de plus en plus dur de parler Je trouve que ça devient de plus en plus dur de parler français à Montréal...français à Montréal...‘‘I find that it’s becoming harder and harder to speak French I find that it’s becoming harder and harder to speak French in Montreal...’in Montreal...’Quelqu’un qui parle pas un mot d’anglais trouvera jamais une Quelqu’un qui parle pas un mot d’anglais trouvera jamais une job.job.‘‘Someone who doesn’t speak a word of English will never find Someone who doesn’t speak a word of English will never find a job.’a job.’

So, in English...So, in English...

Some cases of variation in adaptation Some cases of variation in adaptation patterns:patterns:

/x/: /x/: Chanukah / Bach / Loch NessChanukah / Bach / Loch Ness bruschettabruschetta (/sk/ vs. /∫/) (/sk/ vs. /∫/) stress differences (U.S. stress differences (U.S. garágegaráge vs. vs.

Brit. Brit. gáragegárage))