Kuliah Blok Growth and Development
Transcript of Kuliah Blok Growth and Development
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The principles of feeding for infants
with normal and complicated delivery
Kardana, I Made
Division of Neonatology
Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar
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PRINCIPLES FEEDING
Gestational age
term ?
preterm ?
Condition of infantshealthy infants ?
sick infants ?
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TERM HEALTHY INFANTS
Rapidly adapt from relatively constantintrauterine supply
Should be breast-fed as soon as possiblewithin the first hour
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Preterm infants
Are at increased risk of potentialnutritional compromise
Unable to feed and has a GI system less
ready to receive enteral nutrition
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Imaturityorgan
Increaseddiseases
andanomaly
Increase
nutrient
demands
Nutrition problems of preterm
Limitednutrientreserve
RapidGrowth rate
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ENTERAL NUTRITION
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Infant > 1500 g
Usually > 32 weeks gestation
First feed 1-3 hours of age, 3 hourly feed
Total volume 60 ml/kg/day (first day), iftolerated volume is increased 30 ml/kg/day up
to a maximum of 160-180 ml/kg/day
Feeds orogastric / nasogastric tube
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Enteral feeding
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34-36 weeks gestation
show signs of sucking, swallowing
reflexes early introduction to the
breast-feeds
Early feeding may allow the release ofenteric hormones with exert a trophic
effect on GI system
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Infant < 1500 g
Less able to adapt
Less well tolerate volumes of feed
Incomplete digestive and absorptive capacities
Slower gastric and gut emptying times
nutritional requirements
More complex in infants < 1000 g
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When to feed??
Depend on the infants condition
- Stable CV and respiratory status
- Evidence of gut function
- Take several days to achieve stability
iv dextrose should be initiated
PN if feed not within 3 days
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How to feed???
Infant 1-1.5 kg 2 hourly feed,
intermittent orogastric/nasogastric
Infant < 1 kg hourly feed or by
continuous drip
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How much to feed??
First day 60 ml/kg/day
Daily volume increased 20 or 30ml/kg/day
Eventual feed volume 180 ml/kg/day
two weeks to achieve depend ondegree of tolerance
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Type of feeding EBM is the best
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EBM advantages
1. Provides species-specific nutrients to supportnormal infant growth
2. Gastrointestinal
GIT growth factors
Oligopeptides promote motility
Protection against NEC
3. Host defence / immunity
Against infection, Decrease in atopy
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EBM advantages4. Developmental outcome
Higher score on developmental testing
5. Psychological benefit for mother and baby
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Alternative (artificial) feeds
Standard formula
Preterm formula
Banked human expressed milk
Special feed : soy formula, elementalformula
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Fluid management
First few days :
Loss of water
BW 5-10% in term infant and 15-20%
in very preterm infant
Water losses : IWL , Urine , abnormal loss
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f lu id management
Days of
life
1 2 3 4 5+
Ml/kg/day 60 90 120 150 150+
Guidelines for water requirement
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fluid management
Sick babies no need to increased fluid
requirement at this rate as long as there
are :
No sign of dehydration
Normal serum sodium
Normal glucose
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PARENTERAL NUTRITION
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Containdications to enteral feeding
Impending or recent extubation
Respiratory distress
Metabolic acidosis
Hypotension and shock, use of IV inotropes Pre and postoperatively
Serious infections, especially if paralitic ileussuspected
NEC Severe asphyxia
Before and after exchange transfusion
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Parenteral nutrition (PN)
Prevent protein catabolism
Promote positive nitrogen balance Improve growth
Prevent essential nutrient deficiencies
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parenteral nutrition
Expensive
Complicated Serious complication
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Indication PN
Infants with BW < 1,500 g, in conjunctionwith slowly advancing enteral nutrition
Infants with BW > 1,500 g for whomsignificant enteral intake is not expectedfor > 3 days
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indication PN
Post severe asphyxia
Severe respiratory disease Necrotizing enterocolitis
Major GI anomalies
Major surgery
Instability cardiovascular
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Composition of PN
Carbohydrates (glucose)
Proteins (amino acids)
Fats/lipids
Vitamins
Trace elementsElectrolytes
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parenteral nutrition glucose
First day 4 6 mg/kg/min of glucose
10% glucose and 60 ml/kg/day provide
4.2 mg/kg/min glucose
Glucose higher rates
by the fluid infusion rate by the glucose concentration
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Glucose infusion rate
(mg/kg/min)
= rate (ml/h) x % dextrose
Wt (kg) x 6
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parenteralnutr i t ion protein
1 g protein = 4 Kcal
Promotes weight gain
Positive nitrogen balance
Start at 1 g/kg/day, advance by
0.5 g/kg/day maximum 2.5 g/kg/day
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Start at 1 g/kg/day, advance by 1
g/kg/day maximum 3 g/kg/day
Monitoring lipid tolerance
- Serum triglyceride levels < 150 mg/dl
parenteral nutritionl ipid
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Electrolytes
Sodium
2-3 mmol/kg/day
Normal concentration 135-145mmol/L
First few days :
- relative haemoconcentration
- sodium does not need to be added
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Electrolytes
Potassium
2-3 mmol/kg/day
Added when renal function and urineoutput normal
Normal concentration :
- 3.5 5 mmol/L (venous blood)
- 4 - 6 mmol/L (capillary blood)
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Calcium
Requirement 1-2 mmol/kg/day
Hypocalcaemia preterm, SGA, sick infant,
diabetic mother
Normal concentration : 2.25 2.75 mmol/L
Sick infant 2 ml of 10% calcium
gluconate/100 ml iv fluid prevent
hypocalcaemia
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Route of administration PN
Peripheral veins :
Less expensive,
fewer complication,
limited number of veins,
maximum glucose concentration 12.5%
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Central veins
Long term infusion
Hypertonic solution
Maximum concentration 20-25%
Expensive
More complication
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Monitoring parenteral nutrition
Test FrequencyGlycosuria Twice daily
Blood glucose Daily (more often in the first daysof life, or with glycosuria)
Sodium, potassium, acid-based Daily initially, then 3 times perweek
Calcium, magnesium 3 times per week
Urea, creatinine 2 times per week
Platelet count 2 times per weekBilirubin Daily, or more often, if jaundiced
Liver function test If billrubin substantiallyconjugated
Triglyceride Daily if using intralipid
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Complications PN
Glucose hyperglycaemia, glycosuria, osmoticdehydration, thrombophlebitis
Amino acid blood urea , hyperammonaemia,
liver cell damage, metabolic acidosis Intralipid reduced platelet adhesiveness,
diminished pulmonary blood flow, liver cell
damage, and competition with bilirubin foralbumin binding sites.
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complications
Of the infusion equipment
Systemic infection Thrombosis
Hemorrhage
Dislodgement with extravasations
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Assessing nutritional adequacy
Anthropometric measurements
To compare growth rate with approximate
intrauterine growth rate standards
Expected mean weight gain
2-4 weeks1-2 kg BW : Gain 12-15 g/kg/d, 10-14 days
> 2 kg BW : Gain 8-12 g/kg/d, 7-10 days
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i t iti l
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assessing nutritional
adequacy
Indications of inappropriate nutrition
- Poor growth energy intake >
- ALP , Ca & P , Ca & P intake
vitamin D deficiency
- Tryglyceride level fat intolerance
- Bilirubin, ALP, transaminase cholestasis
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