Kuliah KBK Blok Sosial FPsi Untar Jumat, 4 Oktober 2013.

Kuliah KBK Blok Sosial FPsi Untar

Jumat, 4 Oktober 2013

Critical Psychology

• Challenges technical control of the psyche (objectifying attitude)

• Corrects for the individualistic bias of ‘scientific’ psychology

• Seeks understanding (through dialogue and interpretation) in relation to cultural, social, and political processes

• Fosters participation, emancipation, liberation, citizenship

Ideological Constraints?

Ideology means:

A system of ideas and practices that sustain social relations characterized by domination

and oppression.

For example: sexism, consumerism, racism

Questions about Modern Society

• What makes modern society ‘modern’?• What does ‘modernization’ entail?• How have humans been affected by societal

modernity?

-- J. Habermas, leading German social philosopher, has some answers.

Apa itu Psikologi Komunitas?

Berikut sejumlah definisi

• Community psychology is regarded as an approach to human behavior problems that emphasizes contributions to their development made by environmental forces as well as the potential contributions to be made toward their alleviation by the use of such forces (Zax & Specter, 1974)

• Community psychology is, in part, an attempt to find other alternatives for dealing with deviance from societal-based norms…community psychology viewed in this way as an attempt to support every person’s right to be different without risk of suffering material and psychological sanctions (Rapaport, 1977)

• Community psychology is about understanding people within their social worlds and using this understanding to improve people’s well-being. Community psychology is about understanding and helping individual people in their natural settings and social system..concern with people within the context of their own settings and systems (Orford, 1992)

• Community psychology focuses on social issues, social institution, and other settings that influence groups and organizations (and therefore the individuals in them). The goal is the well-being of communities and individuals with innovative and alternate interventions designed in collaboration with affected community members and with other related disciplines inside and outside of psychology (Duffy & Wong, 2003)

• Community psychology concerns the relationships of the individual to communities and society. Through collaborative research and action, community psychologist seek to understand and to enhance quality of life for individuals, communities, and society (Dalton, Elias, & Wandersman, 2001)

• Jadi…Psikologi Komunitas adalah cabang psikologi yang mengaplikasikan prinsip-prinsip ke dalam program-program pelayanan dan pengembangan masyarakat. Fokus utama adalah pengetahuan yang berkaitan dengan masalah-masalah yang terdapat dalam masyarakat dengan menggunakan dasar pengetahuan psikologi dan berkolaborasi dengan disiplin ilmu lain yang terkait untuk merancang suatu upaya untuk membangun kesejahteraan dan kebahagiaan manusia (anggota masyarakat), melalui suatu intervensi sosial terencana dan inovatif

Community psychology places people in their social contexts……..

1. The central idea of community psychology is that people’s functioning, including their health, can only be understood by appreciating the social contexts within which they are placed. It is ‘community’ psychology because it emphasizes a level of analysis and intervention beyond the individual and his or her immediate interpersonal settings.


2. Causation is seen as operating through the interaction overtime of many factors on a variety of levels, from the micro-level to the macro-level. Those levels include: family and peer group; organizational, educational and work settings; a geographical community level including neighbourhood; communities of identity based on ethnicity, gender, class or interests; cultural and societal levels; and the multinational and global level.


3. There is awareness in community psychology that there is a bias in psychology, and more generally in the behavioural, health and social sciences, towards looking for causes at individual or micro-social levels when causes are often more appropriately seen as residing at a higher level. It is an important part of community psychology to bring critical attention to the way in which analyses and interventions may compound distress by blaming individual or family victims for problems that are the consequence of the way society is arranged.


4. The notion of ‘cause’ is itself seen as problematic. People are not merely seen as being at the mercy of constraining social forces, but rather as active ‘agents’ who are trying to make real, albeit somewhat constrained, choices, to bear responsibilities, to make sense of what is going on, and to formulate and carry out plans in line with past experiences, present values, and expectations and hopes for the future

Power, empowerment and disempowerment are central concepts in community psychology……

5. Community psychology is concerned with the fact that social and economic arrangements of power and resources generate adversity and distress for communities and individuals. It recognizes that people with psychological difficulties very often have little power over key factors affecting their lives. When individuals and collectives have relatively little power, health is affected negatively; increasing power and control for individuals and collectives affects it positively. It is recognized that control or power is structured by societal arrangements, including relative wealth, socio-occupational stratification, gender, and dominant – especially ethnic – group membership.


6. Community psychology is ‘critical’ in the sense that one of its important aims is to identify and expose the psychologically damaging exercise of power, particularly since much of the exercise of power is built into routine and taken-for-granted ways in which social life is conducted, and hence is invisible or easily silenced. A central task is therefore to ‘surface’, clarify, and raise consciousness about the ways in which power is used and abused in social life, and the ways that may be influencing psychological functioning


7. Community psychology aims, not just to analyze power and the way it is exercised, but then to find ways of helping people combat in equality and in justice, and to work together with people to help resist oppression and to struggle to create a better world.

8. Diversity is a key concept that can be subsumed under the overarching concepts of power and empowerment. In contrast to prejudice, disrespect and a steep social stratification hierarchy, community psychology seeks to promote respect of diversity and difference and the redistribution of power to achieve greater equality between groups.


9. The emphasis of community psychology in practice is on prevention, intervention and policy change at a non-individual level, rather than on treatment at the personal level. In order to promote individual and collective health and well-being and to reduce distress and difficulties, it is necessary to promote change in the social, economic and environmental arrangements that give rise to such problems.

The practice of community psychology involves working collaboratively with others, usually those who are marginalized and disempowered ……

10. Community psychology offers a framework for working with groups of people who are, or who are at risk of being, excluded or marginalized, hurt or threatened, impoverished or oppressed, and/or working with others who are trying to help people in such circumstances. The emphasis is upon collaboration and the use of participatory methods and the forging of alliances. There is a very positive orientation within community psychology towards sharing psychology with others

The practice of community psychology involves working collaboratively with others, usually those who are marginalized and disempowered ……

11. An objective is to maximize participants’ power over key aspects of the joint work, and to minimize practitioners’ own control over participants. Community psychology tends to favour interventions that involve collaborative, multilateral co-research and co-action ‘with’ participants, rather than interventions that involve working unilaterally ‘for’ them. Indeed, there is skepticism about the supposed superior competence of professional ‘experts’, mindful that expertise is often wielded as power which may serve to help maintain disempowerment rather than to challenge and transform it.

The practice of community psychology involves working collaboratively with others, usually those who are marginalized and disempowered ……12. There is an appreciation of the competence and

expertise possessed and exercised by those who have no special training in psychology, whether they are ‘ordinary’ members of groups or communities, or non-psychologist professional or non-professional service providers. Those who practice community psychology recognize that all are ‘psychologists’ in everyday life, and try to nurture strength, creativity and resilience in themselves and others

13. Transparency is valued, including: sharing with others rather than doing to others, using ordinary rather than specialist language, accepting unfamiliarity and the need to learn from others, and trying to draw on both everyday and expert forms of psychological knowledge

Community psychology is committed to using a plurality of research and action methods……

14. It is pragmatic in its choice of methods and is not wedded to any particular methodology. Although it favours a plurality of methods, it is very favourably disposed towards qualitative methods such as semi-structured interviewing, ethnographic and other participant methods, and ‘case’ studies.

15. Because the particular setting in which research and/or action is carried out is considered to be crucial, community psychology is not generally looking to establish laws that can transcend the particularities of contexts. Rather, it aims to achieve empowerment goals with a particular group in a particular setting; whilst also hoping to accumulate knowledge from experience in a variety of settings.

Community psychology is committed to using a plurality of research and action methods……

16. Community psychology is as committed to the evaluation of its practiceas are other branches of psychology, but leans in the direction of participatory evaluation methods rather than solely expert-led evaluation, and towards forms of quasi-experimental rather than randomised trial designs.

17. There is a belief in ‘praxis’ i.e. the inseparability of knowledge and action: action builds on knowledge, and knowledge is acquired through action. Action research, especially participatory action research, is therefore prominent amongst the methods used in community psychology.

Intinya…

• Community psychology thinking is therefore recognisably different from that in much of psychology because of the questions it is interested in asking and finding answers to. (e.g. collective experience of homeless people)

• Community psychology takes a critical stance towards power, class and inequality

The four levels of analysis in social psychology according to Doise (1986)

• The Intra-Personal Level: – Describe how individuals organise their perception, their evaluation of

their social milieu and their behaviour within this environment• The Inter-Personal and Situational Level

– concerned with inter-personal processes as they occur within a given situation. The different social positions occupied by individuals outside this particular situation are not taken into account

• The Positional Level– Differences in social position which exist prior to the interaction between

different categories of subject” (p. 13) are brought into the picture at this level

• The Ideological Level– to take into account the “systems of beliefs and representations, values

and norms, which validate and maintain the established social orderSource: Doise W. (1986, originally in French, 1982). Levels of Explanation in Social Psychology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press

Analisis sistem sosial berdasarkan Model Ekologi Brofenbrenner

Promoting Liberation and Well-being through Social Justice:

Towards a Critical Community Psychology

l Isaac Prilleltensky, University of Miami, Miami, U.S.A.

Overview COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY: WHERE WE ARE AND WHERE

WE’RE GOING Where We Are Where We’re Going

CRITICAL COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY: VALUES, SOCIAL JUSTICE, AND PRAXIS Values Social Justice

• Definition and Questions for Social Justice• Working Definition of Social Justice• The Consequences of Social Injustice

Praxis

Based on Prilleltensky, I., & Nelson, G. (in press). Community psychology: Advancing social justice. In D. Fox, I. Prilleltensky, & S. Austin (Eds.). Critical psychology: An introduction (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Community Psychology: Where We Are and Where We’re Going

DimensionDimension Where We AreWhere We Are Where We’re Where We’re GoingGoing

Explanatory Explanatory frameworkframework

Ecological Ecological (person, micro, (person, micro, meso, macro, but meso, macro, but macro is in the macro is in the background), background), focus on focus on risk/protective risk/protective factors, factors, contextualized contextualized but depoliticized but depoliticized

Oppression, Oppression, liberation, well-liberation, well-being (multi-being (multi-level, ecological level, ecological

analysis), analysis), contextualized contextualized and politicized and politicized



Place of values Place of values and ethicsand ethics

Value-laden (the Value-laden (the influence of influence of multiple values is multiple values is noted), increased noted), increased attention to attention to ethics at the ethics at the

community levelcommunity level

Value-driven, Value-driven, social ethics social ethics (primacy of value (primacy of value of social justice)of social justice)



ResearchResearch Community-Community-based, primarily based, primarily positivist, positivist, relatively minor relatively minor emphasis on emphasis on

constructivismconstructivism

Critical Critical constructivist constructivist and post-and post-positivist, positivist, participatory, participatory, action-oriented, action-oriented, and community-and community-

basedbased



Focus of Focus of

interventionintervention Focus on Focus on competence and competence and strengths, strengths, prevention of prevention of problems in problems in living for living for

populationspopulations

Focus on Focus on liberation and liberation and well-being for well-being for individuals, individuals, organizations, organizations,

and societiesand societies



Relationship Relationship between between disadvantaged disadvantaged community community members and CP members and CP professional professional

Collaborative Collaborative model with model with multiple multiple community community stakeholders stakeholders

Accompaniment, Accompaniment, solidarity solidarity between between professionals and professionals and disadvantaged disadvantaged community community members in their members in their struggle for struggle for liberation and liberation and well-being well-being through praxis through praxis

Critical Community PsychologyCarolyn Kagan and Mark Burton’s definition of community psychology

captures well what we mean by critical community psychology:

Community psychology offers a framework for working with those marginalized by the social system that leads to self-aware social change with an emphasis on value-based participatory work and the forging of alliances. It is a way of working that is pragmatic and reflexive, whilst not wedded to any particular orthodoxy of method. As such community psychology is one alternative to the dominant individualistic psychology typically taught and practiced in the higher income countries. It is community psychology because it emphasizes a level of analysis and intervention other than the individual and their immediate interpersonal context. It is community psychology because it is nevertheless concerned with how people feel, think, experience, and act as they work together, resisting oppression and struggling to create a better world. (Burton et al., 2007; 219)

Critical Community Psychology

For us, critical community psychology is:

Ecological in nature, recognizing the need to concentrate simultaneously on individuals, relationships, and communities

Value-driven Guided by the central value of social justice Praxis-oriented in its efforts to overcome social

injustice through social action in partnership with disadvantaged people

Critical Community PsychologyEcological Spheres

Well being Values Oppression and Social Justice

Praxis

Individual Absence of disorder

Positive subjective well being

Health Unequal distribution of health problems and exposure to risk

Health promotion and prevention

Voice, choice and control

Perceptions of control, self efficacy and mastery

Citizen participation

Self-determination and participation

Empowerment

Disempowerment and internalized oppression

Consciousness raising

Transformation of settings



Praxis

Relational Positive social relations

Caring and compassion

Social exclusion Informal supports

Positive identity

Pride

Transformation of settings

Elimination of stigma

Diversity Racism, sexism, heterosexism, ableism, and classism

Celebration of strengths and diversity

Confronting racism, sexism, heterosexism, ableism and classism



Praxis

Collective Accessible social programs

Social capital and sense of community

Support for community structures

Barriers to resources

Low social capital

Advocacy for universal services

Community capacity building

Elimination of poverty

Distributive justice

Extreme economic inequality

Social change

Investment in human and community economic development

Kuliah KBK Blok Sosial FPsi Untar Jumat, 4 Oktober 2013.

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