Kingdom Plantae Lower Plants, Organization, Morphology and Reproduction
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Transcript of Kingdom Plantae Lower Plants, Organization, Morphology and Reproduction
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Kingdom Plantae
Lower Plants, Organization, Morphology and
Reproduction
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Plant Evolution
Ancestor = Charophytes member of the green algae
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Problems associated with movement to land
1. Desiccation (dehydration)
2. Gas exchange
3. Support of multicellular structures
4. Reproduction
5. Spore or seed dispersal
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Alternation of Generations
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Alternation of generations
Diploid• Full # chromosomes• 2n• All non-gamete
cells• Can’t be gametes• Human = 46
• Haploid• ½ # chromosomes• n• Gametes• At fertilization
become diploid zygote
• Human = 23
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Alternation of generations
Two Generations:
1. Sporophyte stage (spore-plant)a. Diploid stage (2n)
b. Produces haploid spores by meiosis
c. Spores grow into gametophyte containing male or female repro structures.
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Alternation of Generations
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Alternation of generations con’t.
Two Generations:
2. Gametophyte (n) (gamete plant)
a. haploid stage
b. Male: has antheridia, makes sperm
c. Female: has archegonia, makes eggs
d. gametes produced via MITOSIS
e. Sperm swim
f. Fertilization produces zygote
g. Grows into Sporophyte
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Alternation of Generations
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Bryophytes(nonvascular land plants)
Hepatophyta
Liverworts
Anthocerophyta
Hornworts
Bryophyta
Mosses
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The Hornworts (Anthocerophyta)
Anthoceros sp.
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Moss plants – Bryophyta
gametophyte & sporophyte generations
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See fig 27.12, Russell*
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Adaptation to Land Problems associated with movement to land
1. Desiccation (dehydration)
2. Gas exchange
3. Support of multicellular structures
4. Reproduction
5. Spore or seed dispersal
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Adaptation to Land (desiccation, gas xchge)
1. Stomata:
a. Openings in leaf surface
b. control H2O loss
b. allow for gas exchange
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Adaptation to Land (desiccation,transport)
1. Stomata:
2. Vascular Structures
a. Xylem-H2O up from Roots
b. Phloem-sugar around
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Adaptation to Land (dessication)
1. Stomata:
2. Vascular
3. Cuticle
a. H2O proof
b. prevents dessication
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Cuticle(made of cutin)
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Adaptation to Land (support)
1. Stomata: 2. Vascular Structures3. Support
a. Lignin in cell wallsb. allows for branching and larger size
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BryophytesNo true roots or vascular tissue
- 2 cm tall
Still have a need for water (Repro)
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Vascular PlantsDominant stage = sporophyte
(Gametophyte hidden)
Specialized organsa. Roots
- rhizomes
b. Stems
c. Leaves
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Vascular plants con’t.
Branching
Some contain lignin
a. structural support
Vascular tissues
a. Xylem
b. phloem
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Vascular Bundles inMonocot stem
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Vascular plants con’t.Two types of growth – apical meristem
a. Primary growth
b. Secondary growth
Sperm still flagellated
Maintained stomata & cuticle
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NonseedVascular
Plants
Lycophyta Psilotophyta Sphenophyta Pterophyta
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Lycophyta Psilotophyta
Lycopodium sp. Psilotum sp.
(microphylls) (stems only)
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Sphenophyta Pterophyta – the ferns
Equisetum sp.
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Sori on the underside of sporophylls
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Vascular Seed Plants
Coniferophyta- the gymnosperms
Anthophyta- the angiosperms
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Seed plants
Purpose of the seed:
A. means of dispersal of offspring
B. Survive unfavorable conditions
C. Stores food for embryo
D. Protection from predatorsE. Remember “Seedy Side of Plants”
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Seed plants (con’t.)
Non-flagellated sperma. pollen
b. Moved by water, wind, insects, and animals
c. Forms pollen tube for sperm
Egg cellsa. Called ovules located inside the
ovary
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Seed plants con’t.
Reduced gametophyte
a. composed only of sperm or egg
Maintained:
a.vascular tissue,
b.Cuticle
c.stomata
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Gymnosperms
A. Needle-like leaves
B. Found in moderately cold & dry regions
C. Direct pollination ovules NOT enclosed by tissue of the sporophyte (gym= naked)
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Gymnosperm Life Cycle
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Gymnosperms – naked seed plants
Cycads (Sego palm) Ginkgo biloba
Strobili: sporophylls (leaves with sporangia)
Phy: GinkophytaPhy: Cycadophyta
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Welwitschia Ephedra
Phylum: Gnetophyta
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Coniferophyta
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Angiosperms
1. Produce flowers, seeds and fruit
2. Petals brightly colored to attract pollinators
3. Dominate the landscape
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The anatomy of a flower
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Flower anatomy con’t.
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Angiosperms con’t.
Pollination1. Pollen grain lands on stigma and
germinates2. Pollen tube grows down through
style into ovary releases sperm into ovules (egg cells)
3. Mature ovary = fruit4. Mature ovule = seed
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Pollination
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Monocots vs. Dicots
Mono Dicot
1. 1 cotyledon 2 cotyledons
2. Parallel vein net-like vein
3. Fibrous root tap root
4. Flwr parts in 3 flwr parts in 4-5
5. Scattered bundles bundles in ring(in the stem)