Kingdom Monera
description
Transcript of Kingdom Monera
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Kingdom Monera
What are PROKARYOTES?
TEM of dividing cell
• No true nucleus• No chloroplasts
• No mitochondria other organelles
They are ancient life formsknown as bacteria
Two major classes of bacteria
Archaebacteria & EubacteriaMethanogens Extreme Thermophiles Extreme Halophiles
Cyanobacteria (Blue-green algae) & otherGram negative bacteriaGram positive bacteria
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THE FOLLOWING ARE DIVISION◦CYANOPHYTA-Blue green algae
PHYCOLOGY SLIDE SHOW
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CYANOBACTERIA - the ‘Blue-Green Algae are in the kingdom monera
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Some Characteristics of the Cyanobacteria
* Contain Chlorophyll a and carotenoids, plus the phycobilins (proteinaceous photosynthetic pigments) phycocyanin and phycoerythrin (c f. Rhodophyta), found in thylakoids* Have cell walls of peptidoglycan, often with a mucilaginous sheath* The carbohydrate stored is glycogen* No flagella, but some exhibit gliding movements* Some fix nitrogen in specialized cells called heterocysts
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In some genera the mucilaginous sheath forms a gelatinous matrix
Gelatinous matrixIndividual cells
Gloeocapsa
Filaments of Nostoc commune forming a
gelatinous ball
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Bacteria that are:• Photosynthetic (convert
light energy to food)
• Produce O2 as a byproduct of photosynthesis
• Some have capacity to fix N2 into NH4
• Some produce toxins
• Some have formed millions of years old stromatolites as living structures
Division Cyanophyta
TEM of dividing cell
Cyanophytes have changed the path of evolution on earth
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General features
150 genera2000 species,
Habitats:virtually everywhere
Oceans FreshwaterSoil HotspringsEpiphytes
Gram negative bacteria
Morphological Range:
Endophytes
Cell Walls:
Ancient organisms but well suited to earth’s habitats
Unicells to complex multicell organisms
Trichodesmium blooms can cover 2x106 km2 and be seen via satellites NASA
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Diversity
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DIVISION CYANOPHYTACLASS-CYANOPHYCEAEORDER-CHROOCOCCALES
GloeocapsaMerismopediamicrocystis
ORDER-OSCILATORIALESOscilatoriaLyngbyaNostocAnabaena
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Order Chroococcales
Merismopedia
Diversity
Microcystis
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Diversity Order Nostocales
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Growth &morphology Order Nostocales
False branching1. Rupture of sheath and cells
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2. Remaining cells at both ends continue to grow
3. Both trichomes push through weakened sheath
What to look for?
Is there a change in the plane of cell division?
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New Cell Types
Nitrogen fixation supports protein synthesis1. Low N in environment
2. Cell differentiates as a specialized cell, the heterocyst
3. Creates setting for Nitrogenase enzyme
4. Enzyme converts N2 NH4+
polar heterocysts
Order Nostocales
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Growth &morphology Order Nostocales
Nitrogen fixation & Azolla in rice fields replace fertilizers1. Low N in environment
2. Heterocysts differentiate3. Enzyme converts N2 NH4
+ 4. Water fern benefits from fertilizer
intercalary heterocysts
5. Rice fields are more productive
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Other cell types Order NostocalesAkinete
Anabaena
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Order NostocalesCool stuff
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Blue green algae
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merismopedia
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oscillatoria
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gloeocapsa
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Nostoc
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Nostoc
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Nostoc
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Anabaena
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Anabaena
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Anabaena
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Anabaena
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THE END