BOOK I 1ST CENTURY TO 1595:

FUNAN, CHENLA, ANGKOR, AND LONGVEK PERIODS

អម�ល�ករងែខ�រ

�ពះម�ក��តែខ�រ�ំងអស់

Kenneth T. So (So Khong Thay)

េស ខងុ ៃថ

DatASIA Press www.DatASIA.us

蘇康泰

About the Cover and the artistic creation of the special scripts My drawing of Suryavarman II shown on the front cover was based on the bas-relief of Paramavishnuloka at the Angkor Wat, South Gallery, West Wing. The front and back covers were designed by Jacqueline So. The font for the title shown herein as was inspired Khmer characters, albeit flipped around and/or manipulated to look like particular Roman letters.

Kenneth T. So The Khmer Kings and The History of Cambodia

Book I 1st Century to 1595: Funan, Chenla, Angkor, and Longvek Periods

Copyright © 2017 Kenneth T. So TheKhmerKings@gmail.com

All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced or transmitted in whole or in part and in any form or by any means without the written permission from the author.

DatASIA Press ─ www.DatASIA.us First Edition

ISBN 978-1-934431-36-8 Library of Congress Pre-Assigned Control Number: 2017949243

To my family: Theany, Elizabeth, Jacqueline, and Angelica

Your steadfast support and encouragement gave me the strength to work tirelessly,

and it is for this reason that I enjoyed writing this

book so much.

The achievement of a man is not measured by what he has accomplished during his lifetime, but by what he has left as his

legacy after he has departed the world.

Catvāry Ārya Satyāni (Sanskrit) Cattāri Ariyo Saccāni (Pali)

Chatuk Arei Sachak/ចតុអរ�យសច�: (Khmer) The Four Noble Truths (English)

Dukkha (ទុក�: Suffering): All lives are subject to Dukkha Cause of Dukkha (សមុទយ: Samudaya): Desire (ត��) is the root causes of Dukkha

Cessation of Dukkha (និេ�ធ: Nirhodha): Eliminate desire Steps to eliminate desire (មគ�: Magga):

Apply the Noble Eightfold Path [Ārya Astanga Marga (Sanskrit)/Ariyo Aṭṭhaṅgiko Maggo (Pāli)] • Right Understanding• Right Thought• Right Speech• Right Conduct/Action• Right Livelihood• Right Effort• Right Attentiveness/Mindfulness• Right Concentration/Meditation

CONTENTS

Page LIST OF TABLE ix

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xii

GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES xiii

OFFICIAL TITLES xix

GLOSSARY xxi

PREFACE xxii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxi

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PRESENT-DAY CAMBODIA xxxiii

SUMMARY xxxvi

CHAPTER 1 GENESIS 1 HISTORICAL RECORDS, LEGENDS, SYMBOLISM, AND SETTLEMENT 1

CHAPTER 2 WHERE DID THE KHMERS COME FROM? 8 THE LANGUAGE AND THE PEOPLE 8

CHAPTER 3 KHMER TRADITIONAL CALENDAR 16 THE METHODOLOGY AND THE DIFFERENT CALENDAR SYSTEMS 16

CHAPTER 4 THE FUNAN PERIOD (1st CENTURY ─ CIRCA 540) 30 THE MEANING OF FUNAN AND THE LOCATION OF ITS CAPITAL 30 THE LUNAR DYNASTY 33

viii Contents

CHAPTER 5 THE CHENLA PERIOD (CIRCA 540-802) 44 THE MEANING OF CHENLA AND ITS RISE TO POWER 44 THE SOLAR DYNASTY 46 THE UNIFICATION OF THE LUNAR AND SOLAR DYNASTIES 49 THE DIVISION OF CHENLA (707-802) 58

CHAPTER 6 THE ANGKOR PERIOD (KAMBUJA PERIOD): 802-1431 65 THE FIRST ANGKOR DYNASTY (802-1080) 68 THE SECOND ANGKOR/MAHIDHARAPURA DYNASTY (1080-1160) 95 THE THIRD ANGKOR DYNASTY (1160-1368) 124 THE AMBIGUOUS PERIOD OF THE MID 14TH-15TH CENTURIES 161 THE FALL OF ANGKOR 189

CHAPTER 7 REASONS FOR THE COLLAPSE OF ANGKOR 193

CHAPTER 8 THE ORIGIN OF THE THAI 197 THE TAI MIGRATION AND STATES FORMATION 198 THE FOUNDATION OF SUKHOTHAI 204 THE FOUNDATION OF AYUTTHAYA AND MODERN THAILAND 213

CHAPTER 9 POST ANGKOR TO LONGVEK PERIOD (1432-1594/1595) 227 THE PRE-LONGVEK PERIOD (1432-1525) 228 THE LONGVEK PERIOD (1525-1594) 257 AYUTTHAYA’S OCCUPATION OF CAMBODIA (1594-1595) 292

REFERENCE 293

BIBLIOGRAPHY 298

INSCRIPTION 299

ABOUT THE AUTHOR 302

APPENDIX 1 306

APPENDIX 2 307

APPENDIX 3 309

APPENDIX 4 310

INDEX 313

LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page

1 Convention Prescribed by Savaros (Pou) Lewitz for the Transliteration of xxviii Khmer Names

2 Khmer Ethnic Population from the Province of Ratanakiri 13 3 Khmer Scripts Evolution from the 6th Century to the Present Day 15 4 Conversion from Common Era to Other Eras Used in Cambodia 17 5 Metonic 19-Year Cycle and Khmer 10-Year Cycle Systems 19 6 Lunar Months and Lunar Days 21 7 Gregorian Months and Correspondence with the Khmer Lunar Months 22 8 Truncated Version Showing the Correlation between Gregorian, Saka, Cula, 23

and Buddhist Years in Relationship to the 12-Year Animal Signs and Khmer 10-Year Cycle System

9 Reigns of Nippean Bat and Ponhea Yat Extracted from Various Sources 162 10a-10b Names and Royal Styles of Khmer Kings Mentioned in the Chinese History 174-175

of the Ming Dynasty (Ming Shih-lu) 11 Correlation Between Khmer and Ayutthayan Kings in the 14th and 15th 177

Centuries 12a Kings of Ayutthaya (1351-1448) 214 12b Kings of Ayutthaya (1448-1569) 215 12c Kings of Ayutthaya (1569-1656) 216 12d Kings of Ayutthaya (1656-1758) 217 12e Kings of Ayutthya (1758-1767) and of Siam (1767-1925) 218 12f Kings of Siam (1925-1935/1946) and of Thailand (1935/1946-Present) 219

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figures Page

1 Map of Cambodia xxxiii 2 Climate and Rice Cultivation during Wet and Dry Seasons in Cambodia xxxiv 3 Funan Coin of Angkor Borei 5 4 Funan Coin Found at O Keo (Oc Eo) 7 5 The Migration of Môns and Khmers to Southeast Asia in the Early Period 11 6 Map of the Môn-Khmer Languages Spoken in South Asia 12 7 Example of Script ta Evolution in Southeast Asia Originated from the Indian 15

Pallava Abugidary 8 Correspondence between 2540-2541 BE and 1997 AD in Khmer Lunisolar Calendar 25 9 Correspondence between 2558-2559 BE and 2015 AD in Khmer Lunisolar Calendar 26

10 Correspondence between 2559-2560 BE and 2016 AD in Khmer Lunisolar Calendar 27 11 The Funan Empire and its Vassal State Chenla 33 12 Genealogy of Funan Kings of the Lunar Dynasty (Later Part of 1st Century-540) 43 13 Representation of Mukhalinga Sandstone at Vat Po Metrei in Takeo 46 14 Genealogy of Chenla Kings and Queens of the Solar Dynasty before the Division to 48

Upper and Lower Chenla in 707 AD 15 Gold Coin Discovered at Angkor Borei 54 16 The Chenla Empire before the Breakup with Funan as its Vassal State (540-707) 58 17 The Division of Chenla (707-802) 59 18 Genealogy of the Land Chenla Kings and Queens after the Division of Chenla (707-802) 64 19 Image of Apsara on the Wall of Angkor 67 20 Genealogy of the Khmer Kings during the First Angkor Dynasty (from Jayavarman 89

II (802) to Harshavarman III (1080) – Part 1) 21 Genealogy of the Khmer Kings during the First Angkor Dynasty (from Jayavarman 90

II (802) to Harshavarman III (1080) – Part 2) 22 Genealogy of the Khmer Kings during the First Angkor Dynasty (from Jayavarman 91

II (802) to Harshavarman III (1080) – Part 3) 23 The Temple of Preah Vihear Perched on a Triangular Promontory 92 24 Genealogy of Khmer Kings for the Funan, Chenla, and End of the First 96-97

Angkor Dynasty

List of Illustrations xi

25 Genealogy of the Mahidharapura Dynasty (1107-1160) Based on Coedès, Briggs, 98 Leclère, and Chakravarti

26 Genealogy of the Mahidharapura Dynasty (1107-1160) Based on Adhir Chakravarti 98 27 View of Angkor Wat from the Main Entrance 105 28 Floor Plan of Angkor Wat Bas-Reliefs Carved on the Third Enclosure 107 29 Bas-Relief Depiction of Paramavishnuloka, Posthumous name of Suryavarman II 115

(1113-1150), at the Angkor Wat, South Gallery, West Wing 30 Comparing Eleanor Mannikka and Kenneth So’s Proposed Measurement of 119

Angkor Wat in Relation to the Yuga Eras in the Hindu Cosmology 31 An Alternative Measurement of Angkor Wat in Relation to the Yuga Periods in 119

the Hindu Cosmology Proposed by Kenneth So 32 Genealogy of the First, Second, and Third Angkor Dynasties 125 33 Statue of Jayavarman VII Sitting in a Virasana Position 128 34 Khmer Empire Reached its Apogee under Jayavarman VII 133 35 The Temple and Library of Preah Khan 135 36 Map of Angkor Thom in Relationship to Angkor Wat and other Angkor Monuments 136 37 Floor Plan of Neak Pean 137 38 General Floor Plan of Banteay Chhmar 139 39 Grouping Pattern of the Major Angkor Temples Shows Remarkable Resemblance to 140

the View of the Draco Constellation 40 Carving of Jayarajadevi (Left) and Indradevi (Right) on the Wall of Preah Khan 142 41 Presumed Statue of Jayarajadevi ─ Based on its Resemblance of the Prayerful Term 142

of Prajñāpāramitā or Tara 42 Itinerary of Zhou Daguan from China to Angkor in 1296 160 43 The Author’s Proposed Timelines of the Khmer Kings who Reigned during the 181

Uncertainty Period from 1327 to 1431 44 Genealogy of Khmer Kings Proposed by the Author during the Uncertainty Period 182

from Jayavarman Paramesvara to Thommasoka 45 Genealogy of Khmer Kings from Jayavarman Paramesvara to Ponhea Yat 192 46 Tai Migration Routes during the 1st through 14th Centuries 199 47 Comparison of Khmer, Thai, Cham, and Burmese Scripts 211 48 Inscription of Wat Chiang Man in Chiang Mai (dated 1581) 212 49 Relationships between Ayutthayan and Khmer Kings Discussed in the Luang 230

Praseut Chronicle, Cambodian Chronicles, Chinese Dynastic Annals Ming-Shi-lu, and 2/k.125 Fragment of the National Library of Thailand in Bangkok

50 The Ancestry of Ponhea Yat According to the Luang Praseut Chronicle and the 234 2/k.125 Fragment

51 The 1747 Dutch Map of the Citadel of Longvek 261 52 Plan of the Citadel of Longvek as Interpreted by the Author 263 53 NASA LaRC Certificate of Appreciation for the Support of CETF 304 54 NASA LaRC Certificate of Appreciation for Outstanding Contribution to the Projects 304

of Lunar Base and ECLSS 55 NASA Certificate of Recognition for the Development of a Technical Innovation 304 56 Rockwell International Award for Outstanding Achievement for ACRV Project 304 57 Cambodia Town Founding Members 305 58 Letter Submitted to the Long Beach City Council for the Official Recognition of 305

Cambodia Town

INDEX

2/k.125 Fragment, xxv-xxvi, 155, 163, 172, 176, 179-80, 187-92, 220, 228-32, 234, 239, 267

Clue for the fall of Angkor mentioned in, 190

A AEF (see also Ang Eng Fragment), xii, 161 Amarendrapura, xiii, 68, 71 Ambilateral descent system, xxiv, xli, 66, 78-80, 93-94,

124-26, 181, 185Amoghapura, xiii, 53-54 Ananda Mahidol (see also Rama VIII), 226 Ang Chan, 241, 245, 249-57

I (also Ang Chan. See also Chan Kreas Reachea, Chan Reachea, and Borom Reachea III), xvi-xviii, xxvi, xxxvi, 3, 18, 22, 109-10, 121, 241, 257-60, 264-69, 281

II (see also Outey Reachea IV), xii, 161 Ang Chan’s search for a location to build the royal palace,

259 Ang Chan’s escape out of Ayutthaya, 251-53 Ang Duong (see also Harirak Reamea Thipadei), xix, 155 Ang Eng Fragment, xii, xxvii, 161, 231 Ang Non II (see also Reamea Thipadei III), 225 Ang Nou (see also Srei Thommo Reachea II), 224 Angkor Borei, xiii, xviii, 2, 4, 14, 32-34, 36-42, 53-56,

59-60, 63, 299, 307-08Angkor Inscription(s), xxxviii, 57, 122, 138, 196 Angkor Thom, xiii-xiv, xviii-xix, 65, 68, 71, 75-76, 88,

104, 120, 128-29, 134-36, 138-39, 146-51, 153-55, 157-58, 163-64, 170, 183-87, 189, 191, 193,195-96,206, 220, 230-31

Angkor Wat, xviii, xxxii, xxxv, xl, 3, 12, 66-67, 101, 104-07, 112, 115-22, 135-36, 140, 150, 154, 157-58,178, 182, 196, 201, 261-62, 269-71

Angkor Wat Bas-Relief , 105-116 Battle of Kurukshetra, 113-114 Battle of Lanka: Rama and Ravana, 112 Churning of the Ocean of Milk, 108-109 Royal Procession and the Grand Army, 114 Victory of Krishna over Banasura: Battle of

Shonitapura, 110-111 Victory of Vishnu over the Asuras: Battle of

Pragiyotisha, 109-10 Vishnu and his Army of Devas Fighting against

Kalanemi and his Army of Asuras: The Tarakamaya War, 111-112

Yama Judgment: Consignment to Heaven and Hell, 115-116

Angkor Wat in relation to precession, 120-22 Angkor Wat in relation to space and time, 116-19 Aninditapura, xiii, 52-53, 57, 65, 73, 80, 126, 129, 300-01 Apaiwongs, 226

Apogee of the Khmer Empire and the edification of temples, 128-140

Angkor Thom, 135 Banteay Chhmar, 138-39 Baray of Preah Khan with Neak Pean, 137-38 Bayon, 136-37 Grouping of main temples near Angkor Wat, 140 Preah Khan, 134 Srah Srang, 140 Ta Prohm, 134

APSARA, xii, xxxv, 136 Apsara, xxi, xxxix, 46-47, 66-67 Arahant, xix, 266 Asantuk, xiii, 242, 253, 265, 270-71, 278 Asura, xix, 108-12, 118, 120, 126, 135-36, 138-39 Aubaret, G., 59 Author’s proposed timeline, 181 Aymonier, Étienne, xxix, 31-32, 53, 58-59, 82, 114, 121,

124, 148, 154, 169, 206-07 Ayutthaya(n), xiii, xxv-xvii, xli-xlii, 68, 145, 148-49, 151,

155-56, 159-61, 162-67, 172-73, 176, 178-83,185-92, 194-98, 200, 208-09, 213-25, 228-42, 248-53, 257-60, 265-74, 276-84, 286-87, 289-92

army, xviii, xxvi, 110, 162, 172, 180, 183, 188, 228, 231-32, 237, 240, 257-61, 268, 278-81, 283-86,289-92, 299

astrologer(s), 192 chronicle(s), xxv, 148, 159, 163, 165-67, 176, 178, 180,

182, 187-89, 220, 241 invasion(s)/occupation, xl, 180, 227, 232, 282, 292, king(s), xxv, 162, 165-67, 172, 176, 189, 191, 224, 231,

239-42, 250-53, 257-60, 266-70, 272-74, 284, 290Lost Chronicle of, xxv, 163, 172, 179 prince(s), 165, 189, 220, 230, 241, 252, 277 rule, 189

B Ba Phnom, xiii, xvii-xviii, 31-32, 34, 36-42, 53, 59,172,

237, 240, 247-48, 251-52, 273, 279, 281 Bakou(s), xix, 121, 156, 164-65 Baladityapura, xiii, 51-53, 57, 60-61, 63, 69-70, 73, 200 Ban Phlu Luang Dynasty, xxvii, 223-24 Banteay Prey Nokor, xiii, 32, 56, 60, 68-69 Baray Teuk Thla, xiii, 88 Baschimborei, xiii, 166, 186, 236-37, 270, 272, 279 Bati, xiv, xviii, 243, 248, 264, 266, 269, 273, 281, 283,

286 Battle of royal elephants and campaign against Ayutthaya

to retake lost Khmer provinces, 269-273 Bayon, xxxv, 66, 75-76, 85, 88, 110, 120, 126, 128, 130,

134-39, 147-48, 156-58, 178, 182, 196, 268, 299Bèn, 225 Betrayal of Yasovarman II’s High Official, 127

314 Index

Bhavavarman, xix, 49-50, 55 I, xxix, xxxix, 45, 49-55, 59, 200 II, 55-56

Bhimapura, xiv, 53-54, 150 Bhumibol Adulyadej (see also Rama IX), 226 Birth of Siem Reap, 259-260 Bloodline not related to Lunar or Solar Dynasty, 95 Boeung Tea, xiv, 243, 246 Boribaur, xiv, 256, 260, 279-80, 283, 286-87 Borom Reachea (also Borom Reachea), 176, 182, 187,

267 II (see also Ponhea Yat), 228 III (see also Ang Chan I and Chan Reachea), xviii, 257,

259, 268-69 IV, 259-60, 269-73, 275

Borom Reamea, xxvi, 176, 178, 182, 187 Borommakot, 223-24 Borommaracha (see also Pha-ngua), xxv, 162-67, 178,

180, 189, 232 I (also Borommaracha), xiii, xxvi, 172, 183, 189, 229,

230, 261 II, xxvi, 165, 176, 187-92, 195, 208, 220, 229-32, 235,

239, 267 III, 189, 221, 229, 235 IV, 221, 265-66 V, xxvii, 224

Borommatrailokanat (see also Ramesuan II), xxv, 188, 220-21, 229-30, 239-42, 251-52, 268, 286

Braḥ Nagar Hluoṅ, xiv, 189-90, 231 Brahmapurohita, xix, 164 Briggs, Lawrence Palmer, xxxvi, 8, 32, 43, 50, 53, 55-57,

60-63, 68, 70-71, 74, 76, 78, 84, 86-87, 93, 98, 105,123-24, 126, 129, 136, 141, 150, 155-56, 158-61,176, 179, 182, 185, 187, 193, 200, 227

C Cady, John F., 44, 86-87, 139, 219, 258, 276, 289, 291 Cakrankapura, xiv, 53-54 Caturmukh, xiv, 163, 185, 188 Cetiya(s), xxi, 210, 212, 234, 312 Chairacha, xxvi, 221, 265-68 Chakkraphat, 221, 268-69, 277 Chakravarti, Adhir, 43, 57, 72-73, 82-84, 86-87, 93, 98,

101-02, 123-24, 129Chakravatin, xix, xl, 50, 66, 71 Chakri Dynasty and the emergence of modern Thailand,

225-26Chaktomouk, xiv, xvi, xxvi, xxxiii, 31, 176, 179, 185,

188, 195, 220, 228-29, 231, 233, 235, 239, 244-45 Bopear, xvi, xxvi, 233 River, 185, 220

Cham Invasion, 127 Chamberlain, James R., 209 Champassak, 4, 291 Chan Reachea (see also Ang Chan I and Borom Reachea

III), 259, 267 Chandler, David, 257-58, 273 Chau Ponhea Yat, xxiv-xxvi, 163, 178-79, 188-89, 228,

267

Chey Chetha, 275, 279-83, 286-88, 290-91 I (also Chey Chetha), 192, 257-58, 276, 291, 309 III (see also Ang So II), 270, 290

Chiao Chi (or Chiao Chou), xiv, 69 China’s alliance with Chenla, 200-01 Chinese Imperial Annals (Records), xii, xiv-xvii, xxiv-

xxv, xxxvii-xxxix, 1, 6, 29, 35, 102, 158, 161, 171 Chinese Imperail Court, 41, 43, 46, 60, 183, 200-01 Chitrasena, xxix, 44-45, 50-52, 55, 69 Chok Gargyar, xiv-xv, 77-80 Chronicle of the Emerald Buddha (Preah Keo Morakot),

144-45Chronology of Khmer kings by Adémard Leclère,

162-168Interreign (1394-1401), 167 Obaréach Srey-Sauryotey (1353), 164 Préah Barommasoka (1417), 168 Préah Borom Rama (1366-1373), 166 Préah Nipéan-bat(1340-1346), 163 Préah Sithéant-réachéa(1346-1347), 163 Préah Srey Sauryovongs (1401-1417), 168 Préah Srey-Sauryopéar or Chauponhéa Yéat (1394-

1431), 168 Préah Thommasoka (1373-1394), 166-67 Préah-srey Lompongsa-réach (1347-1353), 163-64 Srey-Sauryovongs (1357-1366), 165-66 Ta Chey (Ta Trasâk Paêm), 163 The occupation of Angkor by Three Ayutthayan Princes

from 1353 to 1357, 165 Chulalongkorn (see also Rama V), 226 Citadel of

Banteay Chhmar, 138 Banteay Meanchey, 259-60 Basan, 286 Battambang, 284 Boribaur, 260, 279-80, 283, 285-87 Longvek, xvii, xxxii, 257-64, 270, 273-74, 280, 282-83,

286-87, 289, 299Pursat, 253, 259 Srâlop Pichey Neak, 256 Thnot, 283

Coe, Michael D., xxxvi Coedès, George, xxiv, xxxii, 11, 13, 16, 30-37, 39-45, 47,

49-51, 53, 55-57, 59-60, 62-63, 69-70, 74, 76, 78,82-84, 86-87, 88, 90, 93, 95, 98, 101-02, 104-105,109-10, 114, 121, 123-24, 126, 128-30, 136, 138,141-43, 146-47, 150-52, 155, 157, 158-59, 162, 171,176, 178-79, 182, 184, 187, 203, 205-07, 219, 229,258, 274, 278, 299-300

believed Buddhist Javanese Sailendra kings could be the descendants of Buddhist Funan kings escaped from Chenla takeover, 69

believed Suryavarman I built Preah Khan of Kampong Svay, 88

believed U-Thong belonged to a family of Môn or Khmer origin, xiii, xxv, 162

discovered the earliest inscription of the number zero at Angkor, 16, 57

Index 315

identified Tomu and/or Vyadhapura as Ba Phnom, xvii, 31, 53

mentioned that Kublai Khan sent a small army to Cambodia in 1283 via Champa, 151

said Chams came from the northwestern (of India) by sea and settled on the east coast of Southeast Asia around 0-500 BC, 8

said Naga legend had its origin in the court of the Pallavas, 5

said Pali appeared in Cambodia for the first time in 1309, 13-14

said Sri Sodharapura to be Sri Yasodharapura which was Angkor Thom, xix, 151, 155, 206

stated that the Vietnamese language was of Môn-Khmer origin, 11

Controversy of Ram Khamhaeng Inscription, 14, 208-12 Converting Non-Gregorian Era to Gregorian or Common

Era, 17-18 Coup (d’état)

against Borommaracha by Bañā Kaev and Bañā Dai, 191

against Fan Chang by Fan Xun, 38 against King Prajadhipok on 24 June 1932 by

Banomyong and Phibunsongkhram, 226 against Kaundinya Jayavarman by Fan Tang, 41 against Jayavarman VIII by Srindravarman, 152 against Mangrai by his oldest son, 203 against Ramesuan by Phan-ngua, 229 against Yasovarman II by Tribhuvanaditya, 127

Cravath, Paul, 34, 66

D Dharanindra, 63, 69-70 Dharanindradevi, 70-72 De Lagrée, Doudart, 161 Decline of Khmer empire, 146 Defeat and end of Sdach Kân’s reign, 256-57 Delaporte, Louis, 105, 258 Determining the year of the Khmer 10-year cycle for a

given Cula or Moha Sakaraj, 18-20 Devaraja, xix, xl-xli, 66, 71-72, 75, 77-78, 94, 121, 143,

193, 206 and its concept introduced by Jayavarman II, xli, 66, 72 ceremony/ritual, xli, 71, 75, 77-78, 94, 121, 146, 193

Dharanindravarman, 3, 102 I (also Dharanindravarman), 98, 100-02 II, xli-xlii, 3, 65, 95, 98, 121, 123-24, 126, 128-29, 134,

141, 144-46, 194 Discovery of hidden Preah Khan Reach and coronation of

Ang Chan I, 264-69 Dvaravati, xiv, xvii, 11, 46, 52-53, 87, 144-45, 201, 219 Dviradapura, xiv, 70

E École Française d’Extrême-Orient (see also EFEO), xii,

xxxiv, xxxviii, 11, 34, 55 EFEO, xii, xxxvi, 10 Ekathosarot, 221, 276-77 Emergence of Lan Na, 201-04

Escape of Ponhea Yat and defeat of Ayutthayan army, 231-33

Ethnic tribes, 11-14 Eyntapath (see also Moha Nokor), xiv, 155, 163, 166-68,

184-87

F Fall of Angkor, xlii, 65, 110, 161, 176, 180-81, 189-91,

193-95Fan, 39

Shih Man, xxxvii, xxxix, 14, 31, 33-34, 36-38 Chin Sheng, xxxvii, 34, 37 Chan, xxxvii, 33-34, 38-39 Chang, xxxvii, 38 Tang, 41 Xun, xxxvii, 1-2, 14, 38-39 Yang Mai, 40

Filliozat, Jean, 14 First Angkor Dynasty, xl, 68, 89-91, 129 Fo-hsuen, xiv, 154-55 Fraticidal war and ambiguous origins, 235 Funan

and its earliest exchanged of embassies with China, xxxviii, 37-40, 43, 53, 55

and its connection to Maya, xxxvi and its contribution to the spread of Buddhism, 41-42 and its music had an impact on China, 6 as seafaring/maritime country, xxxvi, 31 recorded as an empire by the Chinese, 30, 34, 36-37 ship, xxxvi was annexed by Chenla, 72

G Gerrand, James, xxxi GLT, xii, xxxvii God-King, xix, xl, 71, 197, 220, 219, 302 God of Chao Muang Sri Sodharapura, 149, 151, 206 Groslier, Georges, 53, 138-39, 148, 258, 276 Grouping of main temples near Angkor Wat, 140 Gunavarman, 41-43

H Hanuman, xix, 108, 112 Hariharalaya, xiv, 68, 71-75 Harshavarman, 85, 123

I, 66, 76-81, 85, 87, 95, 153-54 II, 78-80, 95, 132, 301 III, xl, 65, 89-91, 93-95, 99, 100-02, 122-23, 129 IV, 101-02, 123-24, 129

Hindu cosmology, 75, 116-19 Hiranyadama, xl, 71, 75 Hiranyavarman, xl, 65, 95, 98-99, 100-01 Hu-êrh-na, 171-73, 178, 180, 183 Hun P’an Huang, xxxvii, 35-36 Hun P’an P’an, 36-37 Hun Tien, xv, xxiv, xxxvii-xxxviii, xxxix, 1-2, 33-36, 39-

40, 50-52, 65, 95 Hun Tien-Liu Yeh Bloodline, 34

316 Index

I Indian Settlement in the Funan and Mekong delta, 3, 6-7 Indrajayavarman, 14, 157, 197 Indraprashta, xiv, xxxix, 3-4, 34, 36 Indravarman, 186, 299-301

I (also Indravarman), xl, 66, 70, 73-75, 78, 80, 87, 95, 300

II, xxiv, 146-50, 195, 219 III, xxviii, xli, 14, 147, 153-54, 156-57, 170

Intharacha (see also Nakhon In), xxv-xxvi, 163, 165-67, 178, 185-86, 189, 220, 229, 231, 233, 239

I (also Intharacha), 229-30 II, 189, 221, 229-31, 235, 251

Isanapura, xiv, xvi, 32, 51-54, 56 Isanavarman, xix, xl, 44-45, 52-54

I (also Isanavarman), 52-56 II, 77-79, 85, 87, 95

J Jacques, Claude, xxiv, 54, 69, 72, 75-76, 111, 116, 126,

147-48Jaya Indravarman

III, 102-03 IV, 127, 130-32 V, 132

Jayadevi, 45, 57-58, 60-61, 76-80, 150, 299-300 Jayarajadevi, xxix, 128-29, 141-43 Jayarajadevi and Indradevi, xxix, 141 Jayavarman, 3, 35, 60, 69-70, 299

I (also Jayavarman), xiv, xvi, xl, 32, 46, 55-57, 60, 63, 70, 72, 150, 299

I bis, 68, 70 II, xv, xl-xlii, 61, 63, 65-66, 68-75, 79, 87, 89-91, 94-95,

101, 102, 121, 128, 153-56, 193-95, 201, 206, 300-01

III, xli, 72-74, 300-01 IV, 66, 76-80, 299 V, 71, 81, 84-86, 88, 151, 154, 201 VI, xviii, xli, 3, 65, 95, 97-101, 123, 129 VII, xvi, xxi, xxiv, xxviii, xxix, xli-xlii, 65-68, 104-05,

120, 123-24, 126-37, 139-51, 194-95, 201, 204, 212, 219, 229

VIII, xix, 147-53, 170, 205-07 IX (also Paramesvara), xli, 12, 65, 158, 160-61, 168 Paramesvara (also IX), xxiv, xli, 65, 154, 158-61,

168, 170, 176, 178-83, 185, 192, 309 Jayavarman VII and his duties as a Buddhist King, 140 Jayavarman VII’s sons, 142

K K.127 inscription, 12, 16, 32K5, 41Kambu-Mera, 46-47, 50, 65, 81Kambu Svayambhuva, xxxix, 45-47, 129Kambuja(s), xiv-xv, xxi, xxxix, xl, 44, 50, 65, 68-71,

73-75, 80-82, 86, 94, 123-24, 131, 143-46, 156, 158,172-73, 180, 183-84, 267, 285, 289

Kambujadesa, xxxiv, xl, 69, 131, 172-73, 180, 183 Kampong Hav, xiv, 271

Kampong Cham, xiii, xvi, 2, 56, 69, 231, 237, 249-50, 273, 291

Kampong Krasang, 269-70 Kân (Sdach), xix, xxix, 242-53, 256-57, 259, 269 Kân’s origin and manipulative plan to raise an army to

take over power, 249-50 Kân proclaimed himself king and built himself a palace

fortress, 250-51 Kaundinya, xxiv, xxix, xxxvii-xxxix, 3-4, 33-36, 39-41,

52, 80, 95, 300-01 II, 34-35, 39-40 Jayavarman, 14, 35-36, 41-42, 69, 124

Kelvin So (also Khong Leng), xxxi Khin Sok, 18, 121, 162, 228, 232-33, 241-42, 248, 250-

52, 254, 257-58, 264, 267, 273-74, 276, 278-79, 282, 291-92, 299

Khmer Calendar System, 16-17 Khmer Legend, xxxix, 1-2, 34, 45, 155, 157, 168 Khmer Lunar Days/Months, 20 Khmer prince becoming king of Sri Lanka, 145 Khom, xxi, 143, 152, 201, 206 Khvav Preah Theatuk, 243-44 King of Thonbury, 225 Kok Thlok, xiv-xv, 2-5, 59 Krâng, xv, 238, 253, 256 Kreang Leav, xv-xvi Kublai Khan, 29, 146, 151-53 Kulaprabhavati, 41-43

L Lan Na, xv, 195, 198, 201-04, 219, 220-21, 224, 229-30,

260 Lan Xang, xv, 144, 158-59, 178, 180, 204, 213, 270 Land Chenla or Upper Chenla, xv-xvi, xviii, xl, 45, 58,

60-61, 95, 101, 200-01Lavarattha, xv, 201-02 Lavo (also Louvo or Lo-ho, see also Lopburi), xiii, xv,

83, 87, 104, 114, 124, 130, 133, 142, 145-47, 153, 200-01, 219

Leclère, Adhémard, xxiv-xxv, 3, 13, 82, 86-87, 98, 155, 162-63, 168, 171, 176, 178, 187, 228, 231, 250, 252,256, 258, 260, 270, 276-77, 282, 290-92

Legend of Khun Borom, 198-200 Legend of Neak Ta Kleang Moeung, 254-56 Legendary Khmer Kings between Jayavarman

Paramesvara and Ponhea Yat, 168 Preah Allasa Reach, 168 Preah Sénaka Reach, 168 Preah Sihanu Reach, 168 Preah Volék Reach, 168 Ta Chey (Ta Trasâk Paêm), 168-69 Ta Trasâk Paêm Version Circulated Among the Masses,

168 Ta Trasâk Paêm Version Remembered by the Samrè

Tribe, 169 Unnamed King, 168

Lewitz, (Pou) Savaros, xxvii-xxviii LIDAR, xii, 72, 122 Lingapura (see also Chok Gargyar), xiv-xv, 78

Index 317

Liu Yeh, xxxix, 2, 33-36, 65, 95 Lobok Srot, xv, 60, 70 Lo-ho (see also Lavo, Louvo, and Lopburi), xv, 46, 104,

133 Lopburi (see also Lavo, Louvo, and Lo-ho), xv-xvii, xxvi,

83, 87, 104, 134, 142, 145-47, 154, 160, 195, 197, 201-202, 219-20, 222, 229

Lompong Reachea, xxvi, 176, 178-79, 185-87 Longvek, xiv, xvi-xvii, xxii, xxv-xxvi, xxxii, xlii, 70, 95,

192, 221, 227-28, 231, 238, 253, 257-65, 268-71, 273-75, 277-80, 282-83, 286-87, 289-92, 299

attack/siege of, 221, 257-58, 273, 299 construction, 259-60 fall of, xlii, 258, 273-75, 289-91 inscription of, 95

Louvo (see also Lavo, Lo-ho, Lopburi), xv, 104 LP, xii, xxvi, 187-92, 229-33 LPC, xii, xxv Luang Praseut Chronicle, xii, xxv, 162, 185, 220, 230,

234 Lunar Dynasty, xxxix, 3, 33-34, 36, 40, 43, 49-51, 53, 55,

57, 60-61, 65, 80, 82, 126, 129 Luzhenla, xv, xl, 45, 58

M Ma Duanlin, xiv, 35, 52, 55, 102, 131-33 Madhyadesa, xv, 93 Maharaja (of Zabag), xxiv, 61-63, 68-69, 72-73, 128 Maha Thammaracha, 221, 272, 274-78 Mahavishnuloka, 109-10 Mahendravarman, xx, 51-52, 69, 79-80, 300-01 Mahidharaditya, 123 Mahipativarman, 45, 61, 63, 69-70, 72-73, 75, 300 Mahin, 221, 269 Mak Phoeun, xxix, xxxi, 162, 179, 187, 228 Makara, xxi, 256 Mandrasena, 42, 124 Mandra Thera, 42 Mannikka, Eleanor, 116-20 Maspero, Georges, 2, 14, 37, 72, 76, 93, 132 Me Smeung, xx, 254-55 Meaning of Chenla, 44-46 Merging of the Mahidharapura Dynasty with the Old

Lunar and Solar Dynasties, 124 Ming Shi-lu (see also MSL), xii, xxiv, xxix, 161, 171,

179, 205 Mlu Prey, xiii, xv, xl, 265 Mofu, xv, 2, 34-35 Moha Nokor (see also Eyntapath), xiv, 155, 163, 184-87 Mongkut (see also Rama IV), xii, 208-10, 220, 225, 274,

276 Môn-Khmer(s), xxvi-xxvii, xxxvii-xxxix, 4, 8-13, 30-32,

35-36, 40, 93Môn-Khmer Language, 8-13, 30 Mouhot, Henri, xxxiv, 12, 66 Mount Mahendra, xv, 68, 71-72, 121 Moura, Jean, 161, 169, 176, 179, 182, 185, 260 MSL (see also Ming Shi-lu), xii, xxvi-xxv, 161-62,

171-73, 175-84, 186, 205

Muang Rat, xv, xvii, xix, 151, 205, 207

N Nafuna, xv, 32, 50, 69 Nakhon In, xxv-xxvi, 166-67, 185, 189, 220, 229 Nakhong Luang, xv, 220 Nangklao (see also Rama III), 225 Naresuan, xlii, 221, 257-58, 273-84, 285-90, 292, 299

defeated the Burmese with the help of the Khmer army, 277

employed two fake monks to poison the mind of Satah I, 273-74

had the head of a Burmese prisoner cut off, 277 launched 2nd campaign against Cambodia, 257-58,

281 prepared four years to conquer Cambodia, 279 started his campaign against Cambodia, 282

Neak Ta, xx, 255, 281 Dambang Dek, 41-42 Kleang Moeung, xxiv, 254-55, 280-81

Neang Rong (see also Buriram), 165, 237-38, 252, 270, 290

Neang Rong Angk Reach, 165 Neareay Reachea I, 235-37, 240-41 New Bloodlines, 36, 65 NC, xii, 161 Nippean Bat, xli, 151, 154, 161-63, 168, 170-71, 176,

178-82, 184-86Nong Chronicle, xii, 161 NMTCN (see also Nusantao), xxxxvi-xxxvii Nokor, xl, 105, 265

Kok Thlok (see also Kok Thlok), xv, 2-3 Luong, xiv, 155 Noyok, 278-79 Reach Seima, xv, 165-66, 186, 236, 252, 270, 272,

278-79, 282Srei Thommareach, 282

Nom Van Inscription, 114 Nom Van monastery/temple, xv, 79, 99 Norodom, xii Norodom Monineath Sihanouk, xxxi, 306 Norodom Ranariddh, 4 Norodom Sihamoni, xxxi, xxxiii, 4, 306 Norodom Sihanouk, xxi, xxxi, 306 Nusantao, xxxvi-xxxvii

O O Keo (see also Oc Eo), xv, 6, 31, 45 Oath of Loyalty, 86 Oc Eo (see also O Keo), xv, 6, 30-31, 45 Occupation of Angkor by three Ayutthayan princes from

1353 to 1357, 165 Okhna, xx, 235, 255, 270, 283-84

Botes Reach, 269 Bovor Niyuk, 279, 283 Chakrei, xx, 236-37, 253, 255, 257, 272, 279, 286 Decho, 255 Kosa Thipadei, 287 Kralahom, xx, 236, 283

318 Index

Meun, 250 Meun Sneha, xxix, 244 Mnometrei, 237, 253, 279, 283-84 Moha Montrei, 286 Moha Sena, 269 Moha Thireach, 269 (Moha) Yuthea Sangkream, 269, 287 Outeythireach, 253 Phikmuth, 286 Preah Khleang, 278 Reach Decho, 286 Sena Sangkream, 255 Senathipadei, 255 Sren Khang Hva, 279 Suorkealoka, 253, 255, 285 Thireach Vongsa, 288 Thommo Decho, 272 Veang, xx, 257 Vibolreach, 283, 285 Vongsa Sarapech, xii, 161 Vongsa Thipadei, 287

Olivier, Georges, xxxvi, 11 Origin of Ponhea Yat, xxiv, 228-31

P Padāgūcām, xvi, xxv, 185, 220, 229, 253 Pallavaxxxix, 5, 53

dynasty/king, xxxix, 5 legend, xxxix script/abugidary, xxxix, 2, 14, 40, 70, 75

P’an-P’an, xvi, 34-37, 39-40, 76 Panangkaran, 62, 69 Pao-p’i-yeh, 173, 180, 183-84 Paramavishnuloka, 101, 109, 114-16, 121 Passing of Prince Yuos, 260 Pegu, xvi, 200, 202, 206, 220, 269, 274, 276 Pelliot, Paul, xv, xxi, xxxviii, 2, 14, 30, 34-35, 47, 53,

58-59, 152, 154-56Period of usurpations and fraticidal war: three kings

reigning simultaneously, 235 Pha-ngua (see also Borommaracha), xiii, xxv-xxvi,

162-63, 180, 183, 219, 229, 230, 267Phibunsongkhram, xxvii, 226 Phnom Banan, xvi, 246, 282 Phnom Ksach Sâ, xvi, 31, 59 Phnom Preah Reach Troap, xvi, 266 Phetracha, 223-24 Phum Tean, xvi, xxviii, 266 Phutthaloetla (see also Rama II), 225 P’ing-ya, 161, 173-74, 176, 178-81, 183-85 Piriya Krairiksh, xxvi, 14, 205, 209 Polonnaruwa, xvi, 146 Polou, xvi, xli, 45, 58 Ponhea An (see also Borom Reachea VI), 269, 279, 281,

283, 286-87, 291 Ponhea Tan (see also Borom Reachea V), 275, 279,

286-87, 290-91

Ponhea Yat (see also Borom Reachea II), xxiv-xxvii, xli, 161-64, 168, 171, 176, 179-82, 184-85, 188, 190,192, 213, 228, 232, 236, 239, 241, 267, 281

abdication, 233 acceded to the throne, 162 accession of, xxvi, 161-63, 176, 179, 228 arrived in Chaktomouk, xxv commissioned for the chronology of Khmer kings prior

to his accession, 176 escaped from Ayutthaya, 162, 231 established his capital at Basan, 172, 176, 179, 220,

232-33established his capital in Phnom Penh, 179, 233-35 decreed to rename Prā Jhām to Chaktomouk, 188, 229,

233 defeated the Ayutthayan army, 232 most sensible date for his accession, 179 origin of, xxiv, 189, 228-31, 239, 267 passed away, 273 reconquered Angkor, 189, 191, 228, 232 took the name of Suryavarman upon his accession, 179

P'o-p'i-ya, 161, 173, 176, 178-81, 183-85 Post Angkor, xxiv, xliii, 189, 225 Prajadhipok (see also Rama VII), 226 Prāp Cām (see also Prāp Jhām), xvi Prāp Jhām, xv-xvi, xxv, 185, 188, 220, 229, 233 Prasat Thong Dynasty, 222 Pre-Angkor(ian), 30, 53-54 Preah Khan, xv, xvi, xxxv, 128, 134-35, 137-38, 140-43,

146, 149, 170, 196 Preah Khan inscription, 134, 139, 142, 146 Preah Khan of Kampong Svay, xvi, 82, 88, 104-05, 128,

130, 134 Preah Khan Reach, xxi, 72, 134, 153-54, 188, 238, 246,

264-69, 282, 302Preah Nokor Luong, xiv, 155 Preah Theat Preah Srei, xvi, 60, 70 Preah Thkal (see also Vrah Thkval), xviii, 100 Preah Thong, xxxix, 3-5, 33-34 Preah Vihear, xv-xvi, xxxv, xl, 12, 76, 80, 87-88, 104,

129, 302 Prey Ngo-nguy, xvi, 260 Prey Puon, xv-xvi, 273 Prohm Borohet, xx, xl, 164-65, 167 Purohita, xx, xl, xlii, 68, 71-75, 77-81, 84-85, 87, 93-95,

99, 106, 128, 146-47, 149, 153, 164, 194, 243, 262-63

Purported evidence of Suryavarman I being of Malay origin not credible, 86-87

Pursat, xiv, xvi, 154-55, 231, 236, 238, 242-53, 258-59, 265, 271, 278-81, 283, 285-86

Puth Oream, xvi-xvii, 266

Q Quiroga, Gabriel de San Antonio, 105, 258, 282, 287,

289, 291-92

Index 319

R Rajendravarman, xxxix, 61, 63, 75, 79, 99, 114

I (see also Rajendravarman), 300 II, 78-81, 86-88, 139, 299-300

Rama, xxxix, 106, 112, 225 I (see also Ramathibodi), xxvii, 161, 225 II (see also Phutthaloetla), 225 III (see also Nangklao), 225 IV (see also Mongkut), 225 V (see also Chulalongkorn), 226 VI (see also Vajiravudh), xxvi, 208, 226 VII (see also Prajadhipok), 226 VIII (see also Ananda Mahidol), 226 IX (see all Bhumibol Adulyadej), 226 X (see also Vajiralongkorn), 226

Ramaracha, xxv-xxvi, 163, 166-67, 178, 184-86, 220, 228-30, 233, 239, 267

Ramathibodi (see also U-Thong and/or Rama I), xxv-xxvii, 159-60, 162-63, 165-66, 172, 176, 178, 180, 183, 220, 225, 229-30

II, xxvi, 110, 162, 221, 240, 251, 259, 265-68 III (also Narai), 222

Ramesuan, 163, 166, 172-73, 176, 178, 180, 183, 220-21, 229

Ramesuan II (see also Borommatrailokanat), 239 Ratsada, 221, 265 Ravana, xx, 108, 112 Reamea Thipadei, 264, 269 Reappearance of the Emerald Buddha, 210, 212 Recent discovery of structures around Angkor Wat, 122 Reconstruction of lost records, xli, 176 Relocation of the Khmer capital to Basan, 232-33 Relocation of the Khmer capital to Phnom Penh, 233-35 Rémusat, Abel, 154, 161, 171-72 Rolea Pha-ea, xv-xvi Rudravarman, xxix, 34, 42-43, 49-51, 53, 69, 70 Rudravarman IV, 103, 300-01 Ruiz, Blas, 291, 258, 280, 289, 291-92

S Sacerdotal family/house of, xl, 68, 81, 84-87, 95, 99-100,

121 Sailendra, 62-63, 69-72 Sambhupura, xvi, 32, 57, 59-61, 70, 72, 94, 200, 300 Samdech, xx

Chaovea Mohareach, 225 Preah Eysei Phoat, 243, 248 Preah Moha Prohm Moni, 272 Preah Pheakavatei (Pheakavadei), 264, 269 Preah Reamea Thipadei, 264 Preah Sukunthea Thipadei, 244 Preah Sangkhareach, xxii, 272 Preah Thommo Reacheathireach Reameathipadei, 241

Sanghavarman, 42, 124 Sanghapala (Thera), 42, 124 Sangrama Dhananjaya, 63 Sanjaya, 62, 69-70 Satha, 271, 274-80, 282, 286-88, 290-92

I (also Satha. See also Mahind Reachea), 258, 268, 275-76, 282, 286-87, 290-91

Sawankhalok, xvii, xxvi, 152, 206, 208, 252, 268, 270 Sisowath Monivong, 16, 57 Sisowath Yutevong, 302 Sithean Reachea, 163, 168-69, 176, 178-79, 185, 228,

240, 252, 268 Sivakaivalya, xl, xlii, 68, 71-5, 85, 87, 93-95, 99, 121,

156, 193 Sivasoma, 73-75, 301 Snam Khsach (Koukhan), xvii, 165-66, 186 Solar Dynasty, xxxix, xl, 46-49, 51, 57, 60, 66, 72, 81-82,

95 Soma, xxxix, 3-4, 33-35, 40, 50-52, 61 Soriyotei, 176, 185-86 Soriyovong, 176, 178, 186-87, 228, 234 Srah Preah Thommoker, xvii, 266 Srei Chey Cheth III (see also Ang Non II and Reamea

Thipadei III), 225 Srei Indravarman, 40 Srei Reachea, xxv, 228, 233, 235-42, 252, 268, 286 Srei Sâ Chhor, xvii, 237, 245, 271, 283, 286-87, 290-91 Srei Santhor, xvii-xviii, 151, 172, 179, 183, 228, 232,

237, 239-40, 243, 245, 249-51, 258, 283, 287 Srei Sokonthor Bat, xvii-xviii, xxix, 241-45, 248-57, 269,

286 Srei Sokonthor Bat’s favorite concubine and Sdach Kân’s

usurpation of power, 242 Srei Soriyopor (see also Borom Reachea VII), 17, 258,

269, 271-83, 285-90, 292 Srei Soriyotei, xxv, 235, 237-42 Srei Soriyovong, 17, 179, 228 Srei Thommo Reachea II (see also Ang Nou), 224 Sreshthavarman, 45, 48-49, 50 Sri, 87

Ayudhaya (also Ayutthaya), 176, 179, 267 Bhadresvara, 99 Deva, 124, 139 Dharadevapura, 126, 139 Dharanindravarman, 102 Dharmaraja, 149 Indraditya, 152, 205-08, 210, 219 Indrapatīndrāditya , xix, 151-52, 205-07 Indravarman, 146, 148 Jaya Indravarman, 131 Jaya Trivikrama-Devesvari, 150 Jaya Trivikrama-Mahanathha, 150 Jayasinhavarman, 78 Jayavarmadiparamesvara, 158 Jayendrapandita, 85, 87, 93-94, 106 Kambu, 72 Lanka, xv-xvi, xxi, 17, 31, 123-24, 142-49, 158-59, 195,

204, 213, 233 Mahidharaditya, 100 Narapatindralakshmi, 85 Nirpasinhavarma, 126 Nissankamalla, 145-47 Paramarudraloka, 76 Prabha, 150

320 Index

Rattanalankadipa, 151 Rudraloka, 76 Sarvani, 54-55 Satchanalai (also Sajjanalai), 152, 206 Sodararajadhani, 152 Sodharapura, xix, 149, 151, 155, 205-06 Sradharajaculamuni (Sri Rattanalankadipa Mahasami

pen chao), 206 Sreshthavarman, 49 Srindrabhupesvara, 150 Srindravarman, 153 Surija Vans’a Rama Dharma Radjadhirāja, 207-08 Suryalakshmi, 153-54 Suryavarmadeva, 85-86 Suryavarman, 100, 102 Thama So Karat, 207-08 Thammarat, 143 Vardhana, 126, 139 Vidyanandana, 130 Vijayendralakshmi, 100 Virendradhipativarman, 114 Yasodharapura, xvii, xix, 149, 151, 155 Yasovarmadeva, 124, 126

Srijaya, xiv, xvii, xl, 62-63, 70 Sriyasodharapura, xix, 151, 206 Srutavarman, xx, xxxix, 47-49, 81 Stark, Mariam T., 189 Stung Raung Touk, xvii, 266 Stung Saen, xvii, 243, 248 Sukhothai, xv, xvii, xix, xxv-xxvi, 151-52, 155, 159,

194-95, 198, 201-02, 204-10, 212, 218, 220, 229,231-32, 252, 260, 268, 270

Suryavarman, 3, 100, 101, 107 I (also Suryavarman), xxiv, xxvii, xl, xlii, 71, 82-88,

93-95, 99-100, 105, 121, 146, 195, 201-02II, xli, 3, 65-66, 98, 100-06, 110, 114-18, 120-23, 129,

201 Sweet cucumber, xli, 12, 163, 168-70, 178 Symbol of the Seven-Headed Naga, 5-6

T Ta Chey (also Ta Trasâk Paêm), 163-64, 168-69, 171,

176, 180-81, 183-84 Ta Trasâk Paêm, xiii, xvi, xxix, xli, 12, 154, 163, 168-71,

176, 178, 180-81, 183-85, 228 version circulated among the masses, 169 version remembered by the Samrè tribe, 169

Taksin, xxvii, 213, 225 Tambralinga, xvii, 83, 87, 133, 143, 149 Tamrapura, xvii, 53 Tep Maha Nokor, xvii, 251-53 Third Angkor Dynasty, xl, 124 Thbong Khmum, xv, xvii, 60, 70, 237, 240, 249-50, 265,

269, 273, 279, 281 Thommasoka, xxvi, 145, 164, 166-68, 176, 178, 180, 182,

184-85, 187, 188-89, 191, 194, 212-13, 220, 228,230

Thommo Reachea, xvii, xxv, 228, 233, 236-44, 259, 266, 286

Thong Chan, 166-67, 220, 229 Tomu, xvii, 31, 53 Trapeang Phlong, xvii, 231 Treang, xvii, 165, 241, 265, 269, 273, 279, 281, 283, 286 Tun-Sun, xvii, 11, 30, 53 Tuol Kreang, xvii, 273

U Udayadityavarman, 202

I (also Udayadityavarman), xxiv, 71, 81-86 II, 3, 83, 93-95, 99, 106, 122, 299

Uthumphon, 224 U-Thong (see also Ramathibodi), xiii, xxv-xxvii, 160,

162-63, 183, 195, 197, 213, 219-20, 222, 228-30,239, 267

U-Thong and Suphanburi dynasties and their connectionsto Khmer royal bloodlines, 219

V Vajiravudh (see also Rama VI), xxvi, 208 Vajiralongkorn (see also Rama X), 226 Various sources concerning timeline for the uncertainty

periods, 176-82 Vat

Boramanivet, 207 Chakret, 53, 76, 78 Hā, 300 Kandal, 300 Kok Khpous, 153, 157 Mahadhatu, xix, 52, 151-52, 155, 205-06 Mè Ban (also Mae Ban), 245 Phnom, 45, 104 Phu, xvii-xviii, 32, 45-49, 53, 56, 59, 71, 87, 99, 100,

102-03, 105, 200Po Metrei, 46 Podhivong Loeu, 56 Preah Nippean, xviii, 244-45 Preah Eynt Tep Nimitt (or short for Preah Eynt Tep),

xvii, 266, 280 Preah Puth Leay Leakhana, xviii, 260 Prey Bang, xviii, 244-45 Romlok, 279, 299 Thipdei B, 87 Traleng Keng, xviii, 265, 280-81

Veloso, Diego, 258, 280, 291-92 Vickery, Michael, xiii, xv-xvi, xviii, xx, xxiv-xxv, xxix,

xxxvi-xxxviii, xli, 2, 14, 30-33, 35, 37, 39, 47, 66,69, 74, 138, 159-60, 162-63, 172, 176, 179-80,183-85, 187-88, 190-92, 205, 209, 220, 228-29, 231,233-34

Victory over Ayutthayan army and birth of Siem Reap, 259-60

Violation of the royal protocol led to instability and fall of Longvek, 273-75

Vishnuloka, 72, 105 Vong Sotheara, xxxi, 56 Vrah kamrateng añ, xix-xx, 94, 106 Vrah Prang, xviii, 104 Vrah Thkval, xviii, 90, 99, 104

Index 321

Vyadhapura, xviii, 31-32, 34, 36-42, 50, 53, 55-57, 59-61, 69, 200, 300

W Wat

Asokarem, 143 Bodhilom (or Unnalom), 233 Buddhaghosachar, 233 Chen Dom Dek, 233 Chiang Man, 211-12 Dhammalankara, 233 Khmer San Jose, xxxii Keo, 160 Khok Phraya, 222 Koh, 233 Lanka, 233 Mahathat (also called Mahadhatu), 208 Pheam Phlom, 233 Phnom, 234 Phra Kaew (also called Phra Keo), 213 Preah Po/Puth Mean Bon, xviii Takon (also called Ta Kuan or Trakuan), 208 Toap Poat Chambak, xviii, 266 Yai, 206, 208

Water Chenla or Lower Chenla, xvii, xl, 45, 58, 60-63, 63-64, 66, 69, 72-73, 75, 95

Wendan, xviii, xl, 45, 58, 201 Wiang Chaiprakan, xviii, 202

Wilaiwan Khanittanan, xiii, xxv, 162, 180, 183, 197, 205, 219

Woravongsa, 221 Wolters, Olivier William, xxiv, 161-62, 171-73, 179, 180,

183-84Wyatt, David K., xxv, 162, 172, 176, 178, 185, 197, 200,

203, 205, 208, 212, 221, 232, 268, 274, 276, 278

Y Yama, xx, 108, 111, 113, 115-16, 148 Yasodharapura, xvii-xviii, xix, 74-75, 77, 79-81, 84-85,

88, 93, 95, 99-101, 121, 124-27, 149, 151, 155, 206 Yasovarman, 70, 76, 300

I (also Yasovarman), xli, 56, 61, 66, 74-80, 87-88, 126, 129, 139, 201, 299-300

II, xli, 66, 124, 126-27, 129, 139, 142, 146, 301 Yot Fa, 220 Yuga period/era/cycle/epoch, 106, 108, 110-12, 114-19

Dvapara, 106, 112, 114, 117-18 Kali, 106, 114-18 Krita (or Satya), 106, 108, 116-17 Treta (or Tretya), 106, 110-12, 117-18

Z Zhou Daguan, xiv-xv, xvii, xxi, 5, 8, 7-9, 120, 133, 147,

151-56, 160, 169, 246