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Working Paper SeriesIndigenous and Cultural Psychology
December2013 Issue:4 ISSN:23553685
CenterforIndigenousandCulturalPsychology|FacultyofPsychologyUniversitasGadjahMada
S�mulies of Anger among Indonesian AdolescentsAulia Kusuma Wardani
Indigenous and Cultural Psychology Working Paper Series
Issue 4, December 2013
Publisher: Center for Indigenous and Cultural Psychology, Faculty of Psychology Universitas Gadjah Mada; Editor-in-Chief: Faturochman ; Board of Editor: Wenty Marina Minza, Haidar Buldan Thontowi; Guest Editor: Yopina Galih Pertiwi; Proofreader: Adelia Khrisna Putri; Lay-out and Production: Banyu Wicaksono; Mailing Address: [email protected] / Center for Indigenous and Cultural Psychology Faculty of Psychology Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Humaniora 1 Bulaksumur Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
INDIGENOUS AND CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY WORKING PAPER SERIES
ISSUE 4 DECEMBER 2013
1
Stimulies of Anger among Indonesian Adolescents
Author
Aulia Kusuma Wardani
Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Abstract
In comparison to other emotions, anger is easier to be aroused. This especially applied to
adolescents. Therefore, it is important to understand the causes of anger among adolescents.
This study identified causes of anger among Senior High School Students. A total of 461
students (male = 188; female = 237) from Yogyakarta Province were asked to answer:
“overall, what makes you angry the most?”. The data were categorized, coded, and later cross
tabulated by gender and by rural/urban classifications. The result of this study indicated that
the overall causes of anger among male students were: social disruption (43,48%), self
assumption (19,88%), violation of trust (18,63%), and unpredicted bad moments (9,32%).
Meanwhile, the causes of anger among females were: violation of trust (33,74%), social
disruption (33,33%), unpredicted bad moments (15,23%), and self assumption (13,17%). The
causes of anger among urban adolescents were: social disruption (34,23%), violation of trust
(29,23%), and unpredicted bad moment (15%). In the other hand students who live in rural
area stated that their causes of anger were: social disruption (42,96%), violation of trust
(25,35%), and self assumption (19,01%). Social disruption is the main factor that stimulated
anger in adolescents.
Keywords : Anger, Adolescents, Gender, Urban/Rural
Aulia Kusuma Wardani
Center for Indigenous and Cultural Psychology
Faculty of Psychology
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
WARDANI
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Introduction
Anger exerted by adolescents is
closely related to their social relationship,
such as friendship (Saarni, 2008). Anger is
also related to how adolescents respond to
anger: some adolescents deal with anger
by internalizing it, and these adolescents
will have higher tendency to experience
depression in comparison to adolescents
who respond by expressing it (Cautin,
Overholser, & Goetz, 2001). Conditions of
suppressed anger can also affect high
reactivity when anger is triggered. Even
so, suppressed anger in women does not
affect the level of reactivity (Vogele,
Jarvis, & Cheeseman, 1997).
There are different ways of
interpreting certain emotions across
various societies. Interpretation of the
emotions associated with love is
interpreted differently between Americans
and Indonesians. The difference is
considered to be caused by factors of
tradition, as well as the fact that Indonesia
is a Muslim majority country (Shaver,
Murdaya, & Fraley, 2001) Yet, similar to
Americans (and perhaps other societies in
general), Indonesians interpret anger as a
negative emotion.
Anger has many roles in social
context: it can lead to social conflict in
interpesonal relationships due to conflicts
caused by a dependency between one
person and another (Van Kleef, Van Dijk,
& all, 2007). Interpersonal conflict is a
form of social aggression that can lead to
the existence of physical aggression in
adolescents (Xie, Swift, & all, 2002). It
can be said also that the various emotions
associated with anger that mostly occurs in
adolescence, are often associated with
criminality (Feindler, 1990).
In the development of the study of
anger, a variety of opinions have emerged.
There is an assumption that anger leads to
a positive affect (Novaco in Plutchik,
2003), yet some studies also suggested that
anger causes negative actions such as
abuse, dangerous behavior, desruction, and
homicide (Plutchik, 2003). Many debates
have surfaced regarding the theory of
emotion, but it can be traced back to a
theory that found anger as a variation of
the adaptive function (Lemerise & Dodge,
2008).
The universal view regarding anger
often takes the perspective of biological
processes, which seemed to have
influenced the many experimental studies
focusing on physiological indications.
Anger is also studied in terms of the
various effects it has on the way of
thinking, as well as rational and irrational
decision (Schroder & Carey, 2005). For
STIMULIES OF ANGER AMONG INDONESIAN ADOLESCENTS
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3
instance, according to the theory of
expression, Matsumoto explained that
everyone expressed emotion in the same
way, regardless of whether others
understand the expressions or not
(Elfenbein & Ambady, 2003).
Anger can also be seen in social
context. Environment, especially family, is
believed to influence the formation of
emotions. Family has a large influence in
social development of emotion in
adolescent’s life: family support influences
the presence or absence of conflict in the
family, and family interest in the various
fields such as political, social and cultural
rights (Deepshikha & Bhanot, 2011)
The study of anger is an important
matter that needs deeper examination. We
cannot escape anger, whether it came from
other people or within ourselves. Knowing
the cause of anger would provide various
benefits, for example it would help arrange
coping strategy when anger arise
(Torested, 1989). As indicated above,
anger has been explored using biological
approaches. This study used a cultural
approach to anger (Kovecses, 2000),
which provides a more specific and
comprehensive understanding of anger
through the lens of psychology and
culture.
Anger and Gender
A stereotypical view on anger saw
it as an emotion that men express more
often (Brody & Hall, 2008). Expressions
of anger tend to show that males are more
aggressive, shown through physical
aggressiveness towards their peers rather
than toward women (Fives, Kong, Ryan, &
DiGlusepper, 2010). Rumination is one of
the factors that lead to an increasing level
of aggressiveness as anger emerges. This
triggers a person's self control to decrease
(Denson, Pedersen, Friese, Hahm, &
Roberts, 2011).
Gender is also found to influence
the process of self-regulation. For instance,
girls are better at regulating emotions in
comparison to boys (Cook, Chaplin, Sinha,
Thebes, & Mayes, 2012). Depression was
assumed to be caused by the (internalized)
anger, but no clinically significant
differences were found in men and women
in this situation (Newman, Fuqua, Gray, &
Simpson, 2006).
In studies of association between
anger and age, it was found that women –
both adult and children- showed low levels
of anger in comparison to adolescents.
Moreover, women at any age express
longer duration of anger than men (Kira S
Birditt, 2003).
WARDANI
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Anger and Urban/Rural Origins
Many problems in the city are
caused by dense population, such as in
seedy places. The urban population also
has to deal with high living cost and
unhealthy sanitation (McGranahan, et.al,
2001). Adolescents in urban areas are
prone to distress, which may trigger anger.
The level of anger and aggressiveness in
adolescents living in urban areas are often
caused by poor economic conditions that
lead to depression and aggressive
adolescents (Puskar, et al, 2010).
Adolescents in rural area also have their
own set of problems that effect anger,
usually caused by stresses of geographic
isolation, lack of specialized services, and
poverty (Puskar, Dianxu, Bernardo, Haley,
& Stark, 2008).
Studies have also shown that
compared to young women, young men
living in rural areas tend to express higher
level of anger and concern for the future
(Hektner, 1995). A study conducted by
Deffenbacher (2008) regarding the driving
style in relation to anger at the village or
town, found that there was no difference
regarding anger in rural and urban
residents.
Methods
In carrying out this study, an
Indigenous Psychology approach was used
to understand behavior and modes of
thinking based on the context where the
study was taken (Kim & Berry, 1993).
Participants.
This study consisted of 461 high school
students from Yogyakarta, with 188 male
students, and 273 female students. Among
the participants, 294 grew up in the city,
164 in villages and 3 did not write their
place of origin.
Data collection.
The data was collected by asking "What
are the things that upset you (make you
angry) the most? This question is given as
part of an open-ended questionnaire that
was developed by Kim, where participants
were able to freely answer the questions.
Data analysis.
The analysis was done by classifying
responses based on keywords, which were
then categorized into themes. An open-
coding was then conducted to obtain sub
categories and more general categories.
The results of coding were then analyzed
using cross tabulation based on
participant’s background information. The
STIMULIES OF ANGER AMONG INDONESIAN ADOLESCENTS
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results of the analysis are general factors
that elicit anger based on gender and place
of origin. The place of origin in this case
refers to a place where the participant grew
up.
Results
Table 1. Causes of anger by gender
Category Male Female Total
(%)
(%) (%)
Social disruption (37,20) (29,70) (32,70)
Being disturbed (12,20) (9,20) (10,40)
Being hurt (16,00) (8,40) (11,50)
Not appreciated (9,00) (12,10) (10,80)
Violation of trust (16,00) (30,00) (24,30)
Violation of
trust
(16,00) (30,00) (24,30)
Self Assumption (17,10) (11,70) (13,90)
Poor
performance
(11,20) (5,50) (7,80)
Uncomfortable (5,90) (6,20) (6,10)
Unpredicted bad
moment
(8,00) (13,60) (11,30)
Unpredicted
bad moment
(8,00) (13,60) (11,30)
Other (21,80) (15,00) (17,80)
Other (7,40) (4,00) (5,40)
Blank (14,40) (11,00) (12,40)
Table 2. Causes of anger by origin
Category Urban Rural Total
(%) (%) (%)
Social disruption (37,20) (30,20) (32,80)
Being disturbed (7,90) (11,90) (10,50)
Being hurt (12,20) (11,20) (11,60)
Not appreciated (17,10) (7,10) (10,70)
Violation of trust (22,00) (25,90) (24,50)
Violation of
trust
(22,00) (25,90) (24,50)
Self Assumption (16,50) (12,60) (14,00)
Poor
performance
(10,40) (6,50) (7,90)
Uncomfortable (6,10) (6,10) (6,10)
Unpredicted bad
moment
(7,30) (13,30) (11,10)
Unpredicted
bad moment
(7,30) (13,30) (11,10)
Other (17,10) (18,10) (17,70)
Other (3,70) (6,50) (5,50)
Blank (13,40) (11,60) (12,20)
WARDANI
6 SERIES OF WORKING PAPERS
ON INDIGENOUS AND CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY
Figure 1. Causes of anger by gender
Figure 2. Causes of anger by origin
STIMULIES OF ANGER AMONG INDONESIAN ADOLESCENTS
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3.1 Social disruption
The category of “social disruption”
is the main cause of anger among
adolescents, which include the following
sub-categories: being diturbed, being hurt,
and not appreciated. Most participants
gave answers that were included in this
category. Seventy (37.2%) of all male
participants, and 81 (29.7%) of all female
participants answered that social disruption
was the main cause of anger. A total of 61
respondents (37.2%) originated from urban
areas while 89 respondents (30.2%) from
rural areas. Adolescents from both urban
and rural areas stated that social disruption
is the main contributing factor to anger.
1.2 Violation of trust
The category “violation of trust” is
ranked second as the cause of anger in
adolescents (24.3%). Out of all male
participants, 16.0% gave answers included
in this category, while 30% of female
participants’ answers were included in this
category. An interesting issue is that, for
male participants, violation of trust only
came in third. But for female participants,
violation of trust came in first. Based on
place of origin, both adolescents from
urban areas (22%) and rural areas (25.9%)
ranked violation of trust as the second
contributing factor in anger. One of the
respondents when describing his anger
wrote: "(Being) deceived, he/she made a
promise, but it was not fulfilled".
1.3 Self Assumption
The self assumption category
consistsed of the following sub-
categories: poor performance and feeling
uncomfortable. This category is the third
most dominant response (13.9%). Out of
all maleparticipants, 17% described self-
assumptions the main cause of anger
(which comes in second place), while
11.7% of female participants gave
answers belonging to this category
(coming in fourth place). Based on place
of origin, this category ranks third among
urban participants (16.5%) and fourth
among participants from rural areas (with
37 respondents or 12.6% expressing
answers that fit this category). One
respondent explained that she became
angry when she is "confuse, upset, tired".
1.4 Unpredicted Bad Moment
The “unpredicted bad moment”
category is derived from matters that can
suddenly lead to anger and situations that
causes anger. This category was ranked
fourth with 52 respondents (11.3%). By
gender, the 15 respondents of male
adolescent (98.0%) and 37 female
WARDANI
8 INDIGENOUS AND CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY
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adolescent respondents (13.6%) answer
was included in this category.
‘Unpredicted bad moment’ ranked fourth
and third as a cause of anger, for both
male adolescents and female adolescent
respectively. Based on place of origin,
this category was ranked fourth in
adolescents who grew up in urban areas
with a number of 12 respondents (7.3%)
and third in adolescents who grew up in
rural areas.
Discussion
Thus this study found that the four
causes of anger are (in sequence from the
highest ranked): social disruption,
violation of trust, self assumption and
unpredicted bad moment. Research
conducted by Eisenberg and Delaney
(1998) stated that there are various causes
of anger, including: frustrating situations,
conditions when one’s security is under
threat, and when the person's behavior do
not match his / her expectations. On the
other hand, if there is social support from
teachers or families, the level of anger or
frustration in adolescents will decrease
(Arslan, 2009).
Based on gender, there are
differences in the rate of the overall anger.
The rate of anger among adolescent males
is social disruption, with the highest
number of respondents (70; 37.2%), while
the main cause in female’s anger is
violation of trust, an answer stated by 82
female participants (30% ). Mainly
referring to social disruption, with the sub
category of: being disturbed by (other)
men (12.2%), being hurt (16%), and not
appreciated (9%), adolescent males’ high
response to social disruption as their main
cause of anger, can be attributed to the
emergence of the male stereotype where
men are considered more aggressive than
women in the social environment. As an
example, men are physically much more
expressive than women when it comes to
angertowards their peers (Fischer & Evers,
2010)
Significant differences between
adolescent males and females is in the
category of ”violation of trust”. In this
category 16% of adolescent males
responded to the violation of trust in
comparison with 30% adolescent females.
This is similar to Hutson-Comeaux’s
(1999) study that stated that women would
respond to emotions associated with
interpersonal relations, such as betrayal of
trust by others. Fischer & Evers (2010)
also states that women are more sensitive
when it comes to trust, commitment and
love.
STIMULIES OF ANGER AMONG INDONESIAN ADOLESCENTS
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9
Indonesia, like Japan and other East
Asian countries, is known to be a
collectivist society, and has a tendency to
regard maintaining social harmony,
connectedness, as well as compatibility
with the group as important (Markus &
Kitayama, 1991). As an example, in a
study conducted by Andajani (2007),
Javanese women interpret that depression
is associated with complex social, cultural,
and economic contexts. In the same study,
women are also found to be less in need
for support from the surrounding
environment. So the correlation between
anger-related causes of social context, such
as social disruption and violation of trust is
the dominant factor in comparison to other
factors, such as self assumption or
unpredicted bad moment.
Results from this study supported the
existing theories and findings. It has also
provided a new enriching perspective with
regard to the phenomenon of anger in a
social and cultural contexts, specifically
that in Indonesia. Stereotypes that arised
due to differences in culture, ethnicity or
race related to anger, has been minimized
through the results of this study which
found that there was basically no
significant difference related to anger by
place of origin. Even a study by Mabry
and Kiecolt (2005) discarded the notion of
black people as being more aggressive
than white people.
Conclusion
This study showed that the most
dominant, overall cause, of anger in
Indonesian adolescents is social
disruption. Meanwhile, it was also found
that there is a significant difference
between gender in the cause of anger,
where female adolescents’ stated that their
main cause of anger was violation of trust.
There were no significant differences in
the cause of anger among adolescents by
urban/rural contexts.
Acknowledgements
I express many thanks to all my
friends in the who have supported me in
writing this article. Special thanks for
Yopina Galih Pertiwi, as my mentor who
have guided me through the process of
creating this article and gave me insightful
advices. Next, I would also like to thank
Adelia Khrisna Putri as both my mentor
and friend, who have encouraged me
dearly throughout this research, as well as
gave me wonderful input on this research.
WARDANI
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