KEEPS Assessment Report
28
KEEPS Assessment Report On-Site Opportunities Prepared for: Williamstown Independent School Williamstown, KY October, 2011
Transcript of KEEPS Assessment Report
KEEPS Assessment Report On-Site Opportunities
Prepared for:
Williamstown Independent School Williamstown, KY October, 2011
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
1.0 UTILITY BILL AND ENERGY USE ANAYLSIS 1
2.0 ENERGY USE COMPARISON 4
3.0 ENERGY MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITIES 5
3.1 Retro-Commissioning 5
3.2 Operations and Maintenance Program 5
3.3 HVAC & Controls 6
3.4 Lighting 7
3.5 Plug Load (Computers, Beverage Machines, Refrigeration) 8
3.6 Water Heating 10
4.0 ADDITIONAL MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITIES 11
4.1 Water Conservation 11
4.2 Range Hoods 11
4.3 Building Envelope 11
5.0 CONCLUSION 11
Tables
Table 1: Energy Management Opportunities 1
Table 2: Energy Management Opportunities 12
Figures
Figure 1A: CBECS High School Energy Use Profile (2003) 2
Figure 2: Energy Usage and Degree Days 3
Figure 3: Energy Cost and Degree Days 3
Figure 4: Electric Cost Breakdown 4
Figure 5: Energy Use Comparison 4
Figure 6: Williamstown Independent School Plug Load Cost/Yr ... 9
Appendices
Appendix A: Monthly Building Energy Usage Summary
Appendix B: Energy Management Opportunities
Appendix C: Financing Options
Appendix D: Glossary
Assessment Report Page 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
On October 7, 2011 Jon Nipple accompanied by Allen Wolfe conducted an Energy Efficiency
Assessment of Williamstown Independent School. The 118,671 square foot school is located in
Williamstown KY. It was built in 1968 with multiple revisions including a major renovation in
2006-07 and serves 850 students. Williamstown Independent School consumed 1,583,411 kWh
of electricity costing $135,359 and 17,295 CCF of natural gas costing $14,977 during the 2010-
11 billing cycle.
The purpose of the assessment was to evaluate existing energy-consuming systems and help
identify opportunities for the school to become more energy efficient. The assessment includes
an analysis of the following: utility rates, energy intensity benchmarking, retro-commissioning
opportunities, operations and maintenance (O&M), heating, ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) system and controls, lighting, plug load, computer power management, water heating
and water consumption. Table 1 summarizes the identified energy management opportunities.
The savings in Table 1 equate to the following reductions:
$0.06/ft2
517 kBtu/student
3.7 kBtu/ft2
$8.92/student
1.0 UTILITY BILL AND ENERGY USE ANALYSIS
Williamstown Independent School’s electricity is supplied by City of Williamstown Electric.
They are paying on the “General Service with Demand” rate schedule. The natural gas is
supplied by Duke Energy. After reviewing 12 months of gas and electric bills, it appears that
Williamstown Independent School is on the best available rate. See Appendix A.
Energy Management DescriptionEst.
Cost
Total
Energy Cost
Savings ($)
kWh
Savings
per Yr.
kW
Savings
per Yr.
CCF
Savings
per Yr.
Est. MMBtu
Savings per
Yr.
Est. Simple
Payback
(Yrs.)
Modify thermostat settings $0 $1,539 0 0 1,794 183 0.00
Upgrade lighting system $16,990 $3,869 40,133 185 0 137 4.39
Install ENERGY STAR®
computer power mngt. software$0 $658 16,295 0 0 23 0.00
Install vending miser (19%/$170) $510 $97 1,134 0 0 4 5.26
Unplug refrigerators for summer $0 $268 3,136 0 0 11 0.00
Reduce tank temperature (3-5%
savings/10°F decrease)$0 $412 0 0 481 49 0.00
Totals $17,500 $6,843 60699 185 2275 406.6
Table 1: Energy Management Opportunities Summary
Assessment Report Page 2
Heating 26.0%
Cooling 14.0%
Ventilation 11.0% Water Heating 5.0%
Lighting 25.0%
Cooking 1.0%
Refrigeration 1.0%
Office Equipment
0.0%
Computers 5.0%
Other 12.0%
Figure 1A: CBECS High School Energy Use Profile (2003)
Figure 1A shows the energy use profile for a CBECS high school with a similar climate1
compared to Williamstown Independent School. Figures 2, 3, and 4 show how the energy
(MMBtu) and costs at Williamstown Independent School are distributed over the course of a
year. The energy usage increases with an increase in Heating Degree Days (HDD) and Cooling
Degree Days (CDD).
1 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) data results for elementary, middle and high schools with similar climate to Kentucky.
Assessment Report Page 3
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
Deg
ree D
ay
s
En
erg
y (
MM
Btu
) Figure 2: Energy Usage and Degree Days
Electric Natural Gas HDD CDD
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
$0.0
$2,000.0
$4,000.0
$6,000.0
$8,000.0
$10,000.0
$12,000.0
$14,000.0
$16,000.0
$18,000.0
$20,000.0
Deg
ree
Da
ys
En
erg
y C
ost
, $
Figure 3: Energy Cost and Degree Days
Electric Natural Gas HDD CDD
Assessment Report Page 4
57 64
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Energy Intensity
of Williamstown
Independent
School
Average K-12
School
Williamstown
independent
School ENERGY
STAR Target
En
erg
y I
nte
nsi
ty (
kB
tu/f
t2/y
r)
Figure 5: Energy Use Comparison
2.0 ENERGY USE COMPARISON
Comparing similar buildings is a useful
exercise in energy management. It gives
the building a “score” so an energy
manager can prioritize his/her efforts.
ENERGY STAR® has created a system of
comparing buildings of the same size, use
profile (cooking, open on weekends,
number of computers, etc.), and climate.
The original data was compiled from
Commercial Building Energy
Consumption Survey (CBECS).
ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager® and
ENERGY STAR Target Finder® both
have the capability to benchmark the
energy intensity of your school2.
Williamstown Independent School’s
energy intensity is 57 kBtu/ft2/year, which
is lower than the average intensity for a
school of the same size, climate and use profile, 64 kBtu/ft2/year. An energy intensity of 50
kBtu/ft2/year would assist Williamstown Independent School in earning ENERGY STAR
®
certification (see Figure 5).
2 http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_bldg_design.bus_target_finder
$0.0
$2,000.0
$4,000.0
$6,000.0
$8,000.0
$10,000.0
$12,000.0
$14,000.0
$16,000.0
Figure 4: Electric Cost Breakdown
Electricity (kWh) Cost Demand (kW) Cost
Assessment Report Page 5
3.0 ENERGY MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITIES
This section identifies specific energy conservation opportunities for Williamstown Independent
School. Potential costs and savings are estimated based upon information provided by the
school, external sources such as vendors and observations made during the on-site visit.
Engineering assumptions are made when necessary information is not readily available.
Although many recommendations will include retrofits or equipment replacements, staff and
student behavior and commitment to conserve energy are the necessary prerequisites for energy
and related cost reduction. The following practices are already in place to help lower the
facility’s energy consumption and should be continued:
Williamstown Independent School has already begun several activities to reduce their
energy consumption.
The building renovation in 2006-2007 updated the building’s lighting, HVAC systems,
and controls system capabilities.
Regular walk-throughs of the building have resulted in better habits by teachers and staff.
Summer setbacks incorporated in 2011 have shown the capability of expanded setbacks
in terms of energy and cost savings.
In short, this school has already taken many steps in changing to a culture of energy
conservation and reduction.
3.1 Retro-Commissioning
Building commissioning is the systematic process of ensuring a building performs according to
the design’s intent and the owner’s operational needs. Commissioning can be done on new or
existing buildings (referred to as retro-commissioning). Retro-commissioning identifies the
almost inevitable “drift” from where things should be and puts the building back on course.
Retro-commissioning goes beyond evaluating individual components to ensure the entire system
of components is operating as efficiently as possible. Because of the success of the recent
renovation, I would not recommend retro-commissioning at this time.
3.2 Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Program
At Williamstown Independent School, the HVAC consumed an estimated 51% of total energy
during the 2010 – 2011 billing cycle. HVAC systems present the largest opportunity for savings
because they consume the most energy. Effective O&M is one of the most cost-effective
methods for ensuring reliability, safety, and energy efficiency of the HVAC system. Studies
have shown nearly one-third of the energy consumed in the average U.S. school is wasted3.
O&M programs targeting energy efficiency can save 5% to 20% on energy bills without a
significant capital investment4. Successful O&M programs have the support from upper
management and proper funds are made available. A summary of HVAC benefits and
maintenance actions can be found below5.
3 http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/energysmartschools/ess_o-and-m-guide.pdf 4 http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/omguide_complete.pdf 5 http://chps.net/manual/index.htm#BPM
Assessment Report Page 6
Regular maintenance of the HVAC system has a number of benefits:
Energy savings
Extension of equipment life to avoid premature replacement and reduce life-cycle cost
Enhanced indoor air quality and ventilation
Elimination of contaminant sources, increased occupant comfort improved reliability and reduction in
emergency equipment issues
Avoidance of classroom disruptions with equipment operating at maximum efficiency
Integration into pest management through cleaning procedures
Empowerment of maintenance staff to take charge through demonstrated energy savings.
Summary of low cost or no cost energy-savings maintenance actions:
Ensure systems run only during occupied periods
Clean burners and air conditioner coils
Replace and clean air filters and keep economizer dampers clean
Check ducts for leaks at joints and flexible connections
Check hot and cold duct and pipe insulation and seals for inadequate insulation
Fix faulty equipment
Verify and adjust refrigerant charge on packaged air conditioning systems
Check, adjust, calibrate, and repair all controls, such as thermostat controllers and valve and damper
operations. Monitor, calibrate and repair enthalpy controls and mixed-air controls to maintain efficient
operation
Repair or replace all defective dampers
Check, adjust, or replace fan belts
Lubricate all bearings and other friction points, such as damper joints
Inspect fan wheels and blades for dirt accumulation and clean them as required
Adjust or repair packing glands and seals on valve stems and pumps
Ensure that no oil or water enters the main air supply for the control systems
Have a qualified technician perform annual maintenance on the hot water boiler. This step alone can
reduce energy consumption by 10-20%, reduce emissions and increase occupant comfort.
Williamstown has already started a preventive maintenance program for filter changes (3
months) and the main HVAC equipment (spring and fall).
3.3 HVAC & Controls
Williamstown Independent is predominantly heated and cooled with water source heat pumps.
There are 3 main zones in the building with individually controlled heat pumps. Automated
Logic controls are used to control the zones. Individual room thermostats have a +/- 1 degree
override to allow occupants to slightly increase or decrease the room temperature. An override
system is also available for the occupants to get 90 minutes of heating or cooling in their room if
they are working after hours.
The occupied set point for heating is 70 degrees with an unoccupied setback of 65 degrees. The
occupied set point for cooling is 72 degrees with an unoccupied setback of 80 degrees. Summer
setbacks to 80 degrees began during 2011 and showed considerable savings. This should be
Assessment Report Page 7
Lighting may be the simplest
to comprehend, however, it
only accounts for about 20-
25% of the energy consumed
at the school, while the HVAC
consumes 50%. It is
recommended to use the early
momentum of the energy
management team to tackle
the largest energy consuming
systems. Upgrading the
lighting systems with the
quickest payback is a good
step.
Estimated cost to adjust thermostat settings…..…...………………………………...FREE
Estimated annual savings…………………………….…………..…………...…$1541/year
Estimated simple payback…………………………….……………...…………..…0.0 years
continued. The occupied heating set point could be tweaked from 70 to 69 degrees and the
heating setback could be readjusted from 65 to 60 degrees.
A typical school is occupied 3,000 hours/year (there are 8,760 hours in a year). Two thirds of
the year the building is virtually unoccupied. Significant savings can be realized by setting back
the HVAC and lights during unoccupied times. Studies have shown average thermostat savings
to be 1% (of the annual heating and cooling cost) per degree setback for eight hours/day6. The
inset below provides potential savings if the thermostat settings (HVAC controls) were adjusted
as outlined in Appendix B.
There are several components in the HVAC system due to the age and renovations of the
building. The overall system includes a high efficiency gas boiler, cooling tower, chiller, heat
exchanger, roof top units, and water source heat pumps. The HS gym chiller is approximately 20
years old. All equipment seems to be in good operating order.
At an outside temperature of 60 degrees the chiller shuts off and the boiler turns on.
Gym II has a separate split system air conditioning system with electric heat. It is on an
individual timer to shut it down. It may be possible to connect this system to the Automated
Logic control system which would improve the control of this large volume of conditioned air.
Williamstown Independent School is charged for peak demand. It is important to stagger the
schedule of the programmable thermostats so the peak demand for the month is not set when the
units turn “ON” in the morning. It is recommended to split the tonnage in portions, evenly
spaced throughout the school. For example, program one portion of the units to resume occupied
temperature at 5 am, the second portion of the units resume occupied temperature at 5:45 am,
and the last portion 6:30 am.
3.4 Lighting
The lighting system during the 2010-2011 billing period
consumed 20-25% of the total energy used for the year.
During the most recent renovation, the lighting system was
upgraded throughout the school. Most of the hallways and
classrooms have been changed to T5 fluorescent fixtures.
Other lights in the entryway and foyers are compact fluorescent
can lighting. These retrofits are at the forefront of energy
6 http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/space_heating_cooling/index.cfm/mytopic=12720
Assessment Report Page 8
Estimated contractor installation cost……………...………………………………$16,990
Estimated annual savings………………………………...……………..………$4300/year
Estimated simple payback for contractor installed (after rebate)………..……...4.0 years
efficiency. Opportunities do exist for upgrading gym lighting. The two gym areas can be
upgraded with energy efficient lights that will provide better lighting for less energy and
operating cost. The high school gym consists of clusters of compact fluorescent lights. While
these are relatively energy efficient, they are high in maintenance cost and could be more energy
efficient if replaced. Gym II lights are a combination of 250W metal halide and 400W metal
halide lights. These lights are very inefficient and should be replaced. See Appendix B for
details.
Since the Williamstown School is on an electric demand rate, the monthly peak demand is
usually set while the lighting system is on. Therefore a lighting upgrade will save energy (kWh)
and also reduce peak power (kW).
3.5 Plug Load
At Williamstown Independent School, plug load (cooking, refrigeration, office equipment and
computers) consumes 8.8% of the total energy usage and costs approximately $11,811 annually
(see Figure 6). A similar CBECS school’s plug load consumes 12% of the total energy use (see
Figure 1).
Assessment Report Page 9
Computers
Computers are the largest consumer of energy within the plug load category. See Appendix B
for details on the energy consumed by other school appliances and electronics.
Even if computers are shut down at nights and on weekends, at least half the energy consumed
by computers may be wasted because they are on continuously through the school day. The
ENERGY STAR Power Management®
program7 provides free software (EZ Wizard tool and EZ
GPO tool) that can automatically place active monitors and computers into a low-power sleep
mode after 15 or 30 minutes through the local area network. This software can be employed
even to “wake-up” computers during the nighttime for scheduled Kentucky Department of
Education (KDE) updates.
Williamstown Independent School has an estimated 362 computers. It is recommended to
download and install the ENERGY STAR® Power Management program or to use a third party
computer power management system. The following inset provides annual savings if the
school’s computers are programmed to enter sleep mode when not used.
7 www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=power_mgt.pr_power_management (EZ Wizard tool and EZ GPO tool software)
Office Equipment
Total, $277
Computers Total,
$1,130
Refrigeration Total,
$5,501 Cooking Total,
$3,598
Additional Total,
$832
Figure 6: Williamstown Independent School Plug Load Cost/Yr.
Assessment Report Page 10
Estimated cost for computer management………………..……………..…………...FREE
Estimated annual savings….…………………………………………………….$658/year
Estimated simple payback….………………………………………………..……INSTANT
Estimated cost of vending sensors..…………....………………………………………$510
Estimated annual cost savings…….…………………………………...…….…….$97/year
Estimated simple payback………………………………………………..…...…….5.3 years
Estimated cost of unplugging refrigerators..…...…….………………………………FREE
Estimated annual cost savings…….…………………………………...…….…….$274/year
Estimated simple payback……………………………….………………...……...INSTANT
Beverage Machines
A typical beverage machine consumes $150-$200 a year. A vending machine sensor is a low-
cost “plug and play” device that can reduce the annual operating cost by 10-53%, with an
average of 19%8. A vending machine sensor uses passive infrared technology to determine if the
area surrounding the machine is occupied. If the room is unoccupied for 15 minutes the
compressor and lights will power down. The unit will monitor the room temperature and re-
power the vending machine every 1.5 to 3 hours so the beverage temperature stays within a pre-
determined range. If a person enters the machine’s vicinity, the unit will power up immediately.
There were four beverage vending machines observed at Williamstown Independent School,
consuming a total of $700/year in energy cost. It is recommended to install a vending sensor
device on each beverage vending machine. The estimated cost for one sensor is $170.
Williamstown has already installed one Vending Miser on a beverage machine.
Refrigeration
Food refrigeration (not including beverage machines) at Williamstown Independent School cost
$5317 annually. It is recommended to unplug the refrigerators during the summer break which
accounts for 20% of the school year. If some food items must remain, it is recommended to
consolidate into one unit and unplug the remaining empty units. See Appendix B for annual
refrigerator energy usage and cost.
3.6 Water Heating
As seen in Figure 1, an estimated 5% of the energy used at Williamstown Independent School is
used to heat water at an annual cost of $7517. A low-cost maintenance measure to improve the
efficiency of the water heaters is periodic flushing, which removes sediments from the system
and increases heat transfer efficiency. Energy is wasted if the water heater temperatures are set
higher than appropriate for end use. For each 10°F reduction in water temperature there are 3% -
5% energy cost savings9. ENERGY STAR
® recommends a water temperature of 120°F for
general use. The water heating temperature is set for 140 °F with a mixer system installed to
bring the circulated water temperature down to 120 °F. A possible savings could be
8 http://www.epa.gov/climateleaders/documents/events/11feb_plugloads.pdf 9 http://www.energysavers.gov/you_home/water_heating/index.cfm/mytopic=13090
Assessment Report Page 11
accomplished by changing the water heating set point to 120 °F and eliminating the mixer valve.
Check with your local Health Department for temperature requirements before adjusting settings.
Water heaters have an expected life of 15 years. The water heaters at Williamstown Independent
School are heated by natural gas and are only 4 years old
4.0 ADDITIONAL MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITIES
4.1 Water Conservation
Water usage is a cost often overlooked, but should be viewed as a commodity to be conserved.
Faucets, showers, toilets, urinals, kitchen dishwashing, water fountains, lawn irrigation and
cooling towers consume the most water within schools.
The most popular low-cost measures for conserving water include installing low-flow faucet
aerators, showerheads and dishwashing pre-rinse spray nozzles. Williamstown Independent
Schools has already installed low-flow fixtures and has motion sensors on the hand sinks.
Deduct meters are already in place so that there is no sewer charge on the ball field irrigation.
4.2 Range Hoods
It is also important to turn the kitchen exhaust hood OFF when there is no cooking. Exhaust
hoods can be an energy penalty in three ways: the energy cost of the fan motor, the energy cost
of exhausting conditioned air, and the energy cost of pre-conditioning the make-up air.
4.3 Building Envelope
The energy efficiency of a building envelope depends on type and color of structural materials,
quality of insulation, structure orientation and sources of shade, windows, doors and overall
tightness. The overall condition of the building envelope is good. However, given the age of the
original building, it is unlikely that all the walls and ceiling are adequately insulated. However,
unless repairs or renovations are planned, it would not be cost effective to add insulation. The
most important area to prevent energy loss in the envelope is to keep doors and windows shut
and to maintain general maintenance to thresholds and windows.
5.0 CONCLUSION
The following energy savings opportunities have been identified (Table 2). In addition, it is
critical to implement an O&M program to keep the building in optimal condition.
Assessment Report Page 12
The savings in Table 2 equate to the following reductions:
$5,627 annual reduction in electricity costs10
$1,952 annual reduction in natural gas costs2
60.7 MWh annual reduction of electricity consumption
0.2 MMcf annual reduction in natural gas consumption
0.0004 metric tons of Carbon Monoxide (CO)3
68.25metric tons of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) equivalent greenhouse gases11
0.075 metric tons of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)3
0.284 metric tons of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)3
0.00004 metric tons of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)3
10 Assumes retro-commissioning savings to be proportional to CBECS average k-12 school heating (40%) and cooling (14%) energy
consumption 11 Source: KY Division of Air Quality and U.S. Department of Energy (DEDI Calculator)
Energy Management DescriptionEst.
Cost
Total
Energy Cost
Savings ($)
kWh
Savings
per Yr.
kW
Savings
per Yr.
CCF
Savings
per Yr.
Est. MMBtu
Savings per
Yr.
Est. Simple
Payback
(Yrs.)
Modify thermostat settings $0 $1,539 0 0 1,794 183 0.00
Upgrade lighting system $16,990 $3,869 40,133 185 0 137 4.39
Install ENERGY STAR®
computer power mngt. software$0 $658 16,295 0 0 23 0.00
Install vending miser (19%/$170) $510 $97 1,134 0 0 4 5.26
Unplug refrigerators for summer $0 $268 3,136 0 0 11 0.00
Reduce tank temperature (3-5%
savings/10°F decrease)$0 $412 0 0 481 49 0.00
Totals $17,500 $6,843 60699 185 2275 406.6
Table 2: Energy Management Opportunities Summary
Assessment Report Page 13
Appendix A
Monthly Building Energy Usage Summary
Assessment Report Page 14
City of Williamstown
Month kWh kW
Customer
Charge/
meter
Demand
(kW)
Charge
Energy
Charge
$/kWh
Total
Electric Bill
Jul-10 117,840 390 $250.00 $2,242.50 0.08 $11,941.00
Aug-10 152,691 389 $250.00 $2,236.75 0.05 $10,007.00
Sep-10 154,760 399 $250.00 $2,294.25 0.05 $10,548.00
Oct-10 137,720 371 $250.00 $2,133.25 0.06 $10,997.00
Nov-10 125,720 310 $250.00 $1,782.50 0.07 $11,042.00
Dec-10 149,040 386 $250.00 $2,219.50 0.08 $14,919.00
Jan-11 138,200 406 $250.00 $2,334.50 0.07 $11,585.00
Feb-11 140,760 368 $250.00 $2,116.00 0.07 $12,429.00
Mar-11 113,720 319 $250.00 $1,834.25 0.08 $10,800.00
Apr-11 112,760 287 $250.00 $1,650.25 0.07 $10,047.00
May-11 126,200 334 $250.00 $1,920.50 0.07 $10,836.00
Jun-11 114,000 318 $250.00 $1,828.50 0.07 $10,208.00
Total 1,583,411 4,277 $3,000.00 $24,592.75 0.07 $135,359.00
Duke Energy
Month CCF
Total
Gas Bill
Jul-10 186 $268
Aug-10 330 $390
Sep-10 421 $460
Oct-10 656 $607
Nov-10 1,620 $1,326
Dec-10 3,834 $3,055
Jan-11 4,218 $3,546
Feb-11 2,748 $2,336
Mar-11 1,589 $1,380
Apr-11 881 $766
May-11 584 $558
Jun-11 228 $285
Total 17,295 $14,977
Assessment Report Page 15
Appendix B
Energy Management Opportunities
Assessment Report Page 16
Lighting Retrofit Recommendations
Location Existing
Fixture Qty
Hrs
/Yr
Existing
Watts/
Fixture
Proposed Fixture
Proposed
Watts/
Fixture
kWh
Savings/
Yr
kW
Savings/
Yr
Total
(kWh +
kW) Cost
Savings
Est.
Utility
Company
Rebate
Est.
Material
Cost*
Est.
Material
Payback*
Est.
Installed
Cost*
Est.
Installed
Payback*
GymII 400MH 28 2600 452 24608NEWHHB 230 21,330 98.4 $2,287 $0 $6,800 $8,470
Gym II 250MH 14 2600 280 24408NEWHHB 112 6,115 27.6 $652 $0 included
above
included
above
HS Gym CFL
Cluster 40 2600 352 24608NEWHHB 230 12,688 58.6 $1,361 $0 $6,600 $8,520
Total 82.0 1,084.0 0.0 572.0 40,133.0 184.6 4,299.5 $0 $13,400 3.1 $16,990 4.0
Fixture Code Lamp Type: Tube Diameter:
i.e. 24412 i.e. 150I
CFL = Compact Fluorescent L = Low ballast factor T5 = 5/8"
(24) = 2' x 4' (150) = Watts LBK = (L) Breakdown kit H = High ballast factor T8 = 8/8" =
1"
(4) = 4 lamps (I) = Incand. I = Incandescent R = Reflector
T12 = 12/8" = 1.5"
(12) = T12 *cost after rebate if applicable
Assessment Report Page 17
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t °F
Δ °
F C
oo
lin
g T
em
p.
Hrs.
/Da
y
Da
ys/
Week
Hea
tin
g W
ks/
Yr
Co
oli
ng
Wk
s/Y
r
Existing 70 0 72 0 10 5 21 10 65 0 80 0 14 5 27 11 65 0 80 0 24 2 24 20 65 0 80 0 24 5 3 10
Proposed 69 1 72 0 10 5 21 10 60 5 80 0 14 5 27 11 60 5 80 0 24 2 24 20 60 5 80 0 24 5 3 10
4262.5 21
2761 10
1501 3
$8.41 10
$25.05
*Include hours for evening extracurricular activities **Include hours during weekend activities ***Include weeks for summer school
Note: Calculations based upon 1% energy savings per 1°F setback/setup per 8 hours (http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/space_heating_cooling/index.cfm/mytopic=12720)
Note: Conservatively assuming 1% savings per 1°F setback for calculations without hourly setback. (http://www.wapa.gov/es/pubs/esb/2010/oct/oct104.htm)
Annual Cooling
Savings
(MMBtu)
=∆ Proposed Hrs. of Setback
x1% Savings x Degrees Setback x Cooling MMBtu/Yr.
+1% Savings x Degrees Setback x MMBtu Usage/Yr. x Days x Wks.
Existing Hrs. for Setback 33% (8 Hr/24 Hr Day Setback) Total Cooling Days/Yr.
= x +
Annual Heating
Savings
(MMBtu)
∆ Proposed Hrs. of Setback
Existing Hrs. for Setback
1% Savings x Degrees Setback x Heating MMBtu/Yr.
33% (8 Hr/24 Hr Day Setback)
School In-Session Day Settings*School In-Session Night Settings Weekend Settings**
Heating MMBtu Savings/Yr.
Cooling MMBtu Savings/Yr.
Dependent Factors
Total MMBtu/Yr.
Heat MMBtu Usage/Yr.
Energy Cost Savings/Yr.
Percent Energy Reduction
183
Results
4.3%
183
0
Cool MMBtu Usage/Yr.
Heating $/MMBtu
Thermostat Settings--Williamstown Independent School
1% Savings x Degrees Setback x MMBtu Usage/Yr. x Days x Wks.
Total Heating Days/Yr.
Default Values Explanations
Typical School In-Session Heating Weeks/Yr.
Typical School In-Session Cooling Weeks/Yr.
Holiday (Nov. & Dec.) Heating Weeks/Yr.
Holiday (Summer) Cooling Weeks/Yr.
Annual HDD > 5 = 165 Annual CDD > 5 = 135
Holiday Break Settings***
Total MMBtu Savings/Yr.
Cooling $/MMBtu
$1,541
CBECS Default Heating and Cooling Percentages
School Type Heating Cooling
Elementary and Middle
High
30%
26%
12%
14%
Assessment Report Page 18
Electrical ApplianceQty Cost/Yr Qty
Usage
(hrs/day)
Usage
(day/wk)
Usage
(wks/yr)
Watts
running
Cycle
Time
Total
MMBtuCost/Yr
Copiers 1 $61 4 24 5 37 1080 5% 10.4 $243
Fax Machines 1 $8 2 24 5 37 80 5% 0.6 $15
Laser Printers 1 $6 2 24 5 37 200 5% 0.5 $12
Inkjet Printers 1 $3 2 24 5 37 20 5% 0.3 $6
11.8 $277
Computers (Total-See CPM Tool) 1 2.540347 362 36.7 $920
Data Server Rack 1 $53 4 24 7 52 251 30% 9.0 $211
45.7 $1,130
Dorm-Size Fridges 1 $25 40 24 7 52 110 33% 43.3 $1,015
Residential-Size Fridges 1 $46 1 24 7 52 200 33% 2.0 $46
Commerial-Shelf Fridges 1 $191 1 24 7 52 828 33% 8.1 $191
Walk-in Fridges 1 $1,279 1 24 7 52 5547 33% 54.6 $1,279
Walk-in Freezers 1 $1,690 1 24 7 52 7329 33% 72.1 $1,690
Milk Coolers 1 $75 4 24 7 37 460 33% 12.9 $302
Ice Maker 1 $235 1 24 7 52 1020 33% 10.0 $235
Serving Line Frigdes 1 $9 1 2 5 37 912 33% 0.4 $9
Beverage Machines w/ T8s 1 $183 4 24 7 52 540 33% 31.3 $733
234.6 $5,501
Serving Line Warmers 1 $185 1 2 5 37 6260 100% 7.9 $185
Shelf Food Warmers 1 $59 1 2 5 37 2000 100% 2.5 $59
Broiler Ovens 1 $370 2 1 5 37 25000 100% 31.6 $740
Electric Ovens 1 $185 0 1 5 37 12500 100% 0.0 $0
Steamer Oven 1 $41 6 1 5 37 2750 100% 10.4 $244
Range Hoods 1 $179 2 6.5 5 37 1865 100% 15.3 $359
Dishwashing Machine 1 $606 2 2 5 37 20460 100% 51.7 $1,211
Dishwashing Heating Booster 1 $400 2 0.5 5 37 54000 100% 34.1 $799
Sm. Commercial Mixers 1 $4 0 1 5 37 300 100% 0.0 $0
Lg. Commercial Mixers 1 $17 0 1 5 37 1150 100% 0.0 $0
153.5 $3,598
Overhead Projectors 1 $5 0 1 5 37 300 100% 0.0 $0
"Smartboards" w/ Projectors 1 $5 51 1 5 37 300 100% 11.1 $261
TVs 1 $3 2 0.01 5 37 63 100% 0.2 $6
VCRs 1 $3 2 0.01 5 37 25 100% 0.2 $6
Space Heaters 1 $89 0 4 5 37 1500 100% 0.0 $0
Desk Lamps 1 $4 10 4 5 37 60 100% 1.5 $36
Coffee Makers 1 $3 3 0.5 5 37 300 100% 0.4 $9
Microwaves 1 $8 20 0.5 5 37 960 100% 7.2 $170
Snack Machines 1 $23 2 24 7 52 33 100% 2.0 $46
Water Fountains 1 $35 6 24 7 52 250 20% 8.9 $210
Clothes Dryer Machine 1 $85 1 1 5 37 5770 100% 3.6 $85
Clothes Washing Machine 1 $4 1 0.7 5 37 350 100% 0.2 $4
35.5 $832
Cost/kWh = 481 $11,337
Cost per Electricial Appliance Williamstown Independent School Specific
$0.0800
Williamstown Independent School Plug Load
Refrigeration Total
Computers Total
Office Equipment Total
See Computer Power Management Tool
Cooking Total
Additional Total
TOTAL
Assessment Report Page 19
Commissioning
The study below was conducted by the Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory and published in
the US Dept. of Energy Federal Energy Management Program, Operations and Maintenance Best
Practices, August 2010
A comprehensive study completed in late 2004 (LBNL 2004) was designed as a “meta-analysis”
to compile and synthesize extensive published and unpublished data from buildings
commissioning projects undertaken across the United States over the past two decades,
establishing the largest available collection of standardized information on commissioning
experience. Data were analyzed from 224 buildings across 21 states, representing 30.4 million
square feet of commissioned floor area (73 percent in existing buildings and 27 percent in new
construction). The goal of this program was to develop a detailed and uniform methodology for
characterizing, analyzing, and synthesizing the results. For existing buildings, the analysis
found median commissioning costs of $0.27/ft2, whole-building energy savings of 15 percent,
and payback times of 0.7 years. For new construction, median commissioning costs were
$1.00/ft2 (0.6 percent of total construction costs), yielding a median payback time of 4.8 years
(excluding quantified non-energy impacts) with an average simple payback period of 0.7 year.
Average savings varied significantly for the building use types - $1.26/ft2/yr for medical
research buildings down to $0.17 ft2/yr for school buildings.
Additional Commissioning Resources:
Evan Mills. 2009. "Building Commissioning: A Golden Opportunity for Reducing
Energy Costs and Greenhouse-gas Emissions". Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory.
http://cx.lbl.gov/2009-assessment.html
Building Commissioning, The Key to Quality Assurance, Rebuild America Guide Series,
US Dept. of Energy. http://www.peci.org/documents/PECI_BldgCxQA1_0500.pdf
Operations & Maintenance Best Practices, A Guide to Achieving Operational Efficiency.
US Dept. of Energy. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/omguide_complete.pdf
Guide to Operating and Maintaining EnergySmart Schools. US Dept. of Energy.
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/energysmartschools/ess_o-and-
m-guide.pdf
US EPA. Commissioning information with a focus on indoor air quality.
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schooldesign/commissioning.html
Assessment Report Page 20
Appendix C
Financing Options
Assessment Report Page 21
Financing Options
The ultimate goal of KEEPS Phase II Energy Efficiency Assessment is for the recommendations
to be adopted and implemented, resulting in energy use reduction and cost savings for the school.
For projects exceeding the available budget, the following are financing methods that may be
available.
Purchase Equipment and Services
A school has essentially two options within this category; cash purchase of the equipment or
acquire a loan to finance the project. The cash method is primarily restricted to inexpensive
projects that have a quick payback. Loans are better suited for larger, more expensive projects.
One potential benefit is that loan payments can be structured so monthly payments are less than
the projected energy savings, resulting in a positive cash flow over the project’s duration.
Leasing
A lease is one method that will allow payments to extend over a longer period and are often
lower than loan payments. The school has the option to secure a capital lease or an operating
lease. A capital lease requires little or no capital investment. The school makes purchase
payments on a monthly basis that enables it to eventually own the equipment. The other option is
an operating lease whereby the school essentially rents the equipment from the leaser.
Consequently, the leaser claims tax benefits associated with depreciation. However, this is
seldom compelling incentive for public schools. At the end of the lease term, the school has
several options including purchasing the equipment, renegotiating the contract, or removing the
equipment.
Energy Savings Performance Contracting
Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC) is a unique financing mechanism designed so
that cost savings generated from energy-efficient upgrades are used to finance capital intensive
projects and pay the contractor as demonstrated in the figure below. The contractor, known as an
energy service company (ESCO) will obtain the financing for the projects and assumes the risk
of the contract including any losses. Payback depends largely upon the size and scope of the
project, but usually ranges from 7 to 15 years. Although walk-through assessments are sufficient
as an initial step, ESCOs will likely conduct a detailed investment-grade audit of any proposed
project requiring significant investments. Therefore, projected savings and paybacks discussed in
this report should not be expected to be identical with projected savings and paybacks calculated
by an ESCO. Because of the detail of these audits, ESCOs typically charge for this activity
although it is possible to include this cost within the overall performance contract.
Old
Energy
Bill
New
Energy
Bill
Cash
Flow
ESCO
Payment
Cost
Savings
Assessment Report Page 22
Appendix D
Glossary
Assessment Report Page 23
GLOSSARY
Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE): Measurement in percentage of how much energy
is being converted to heat in gas heating equipment. The higher the percentage, the more
efficient the unit and less percentage of heat escapes as exhaust with the combustion gases.
British thermal unit (Btu): The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of
liquid water by 1°F.
Combined Heat and Power (CHP): Heat and electricity produced from a single heat source.
Cooling Degree-Days (CDD): A measure of how warm a location is over a period of time
relative to the base temperature, 65°F. The measure is computed for each day by subtracting the
base temperature (65°F) from the average of the day's high and low temperatures.
Customer Charge: This is generally a flat fee charged to each meter. Under the currently
available rate schedules that apply to the average school, these charges range from zero to nearly
$100 per month.
Daylighting controls: A system of sensors that assesses the amount of daylight and controls
lighting or shading devices to maintain a specified lighting level.
Demand: Demand represents the amount of power (or load) needed on any given meter.
Demand is measured in kW. It may be metered or calculated. If rate structure includes demand
charges, they will be listed on the bill.
Demand charges: That portion of the consumer's bill for electric service based on the
consumer's maximum electric capacity usage and calculated based on the billing demand charges
under the applicable rate schedule. It covers the capital and operating costs needed to maintain
the capacity to meet maximum energy needs. Demand charges may or may not be included in a
rate schedule and they may vary considerably, depending on use patterns and the agreement
between the customer and the utility. Demand rates may be an amount listed in a rate schedule or
they can be determined through a contract. They may be “ratcheted” back to the “peak use” and
may, or may not, have a minimum, maximum or excess demand charge. Demand charges can
significantly increase energy costs and can sometimes be reduced simply though better
management of energy use.
Demand interval analysis: If a facility has demand metering on site, fifteen minute demand
interval metering data can be used to develop a Demand Management Program to help minimize
peak demand as well as reduce unnecessary electricity usage.
Energy charge: This is a direct charge for the amount of energy actually used in a period of
time. Metered charges are based on measured consumption and unmetered charges are based
calculated energy use. Energy charges are based on kWh of electricity used and therms or cubic
feet of gas used. The actual measured energy use will be included on the bill. In most cases the
bill includes the final charge for energy, but not the rate.
Electric demand: The electricity requirement as an input to provide products and/or services.
Energy Factor (EF): The ratio of useful energy output from the water heater to the total
amount of energy delivered to the water heater. The higher the energy factor is, the more
efficient the water heater.
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
Fluorescent lamp: A glass enclosure in which light is produced when electricity is passed
through mercury vapor inside the enclosure. The electricity creates a radiation discharge that
strikes a coating on the inside surface of the enclosure, causing the coating to glow.
Assessment Report Page 24
Fuel adjustment: The fuel adjustment cost allows the utility company to adjust their charges to
reflect the variable cost of fuel without holding a formal rate hearing. The fuel adjustment cost is
based on actual fuel use and the correction factor and the cost of the adjustment are included on
the utility bill. This allows the utility to pass the burden of variable fuel costs (either increases or
decreases) on to the customer.
GPF: Gallons per flush
GPM: Gallons per minute
Geothermal Source Heat Pump (GSHP): A heat pump in which the refrigerant exchanges heat
(in a heat exchanger) with a fluid circulating through an earth connection medium (ground or
ground water). The fluid is contained in a variety of loop (pipe) configurations depending on the
temperature of the ground and the ground area available. Loops may be installed horizontally or
vertically in the ground or submersed in a body of water.
Green Power: Green power is the energy that has been generated from resources that have a
relatively low impact on the environment. Examples of green power include solar, wind,
biomass, landfill gas, hydro, and geothermal. Utilizing local renewable sources of energy helps
maintain local natural resources, improves the customer’s image, and may qualify the user for
grants, tax credits and loans. Schools interested in “green pricing” programs will buy “blocks” of
green power at a slightly higher rate with the increased fees being used for investment in
renewable energy infrastructure. Schools can also purchase green power certificates or can install
technologies to generate their own power.
Halogen lamp: A type of incandescent lamp that lasts much longer and is more efficient than the
common incandescent lamp. The lamp uses a halogen gas, usually iodine or bromine that causes
the evaporating tungsten to be re-deposited on the filament, thus prolonging its life.
Heat pump: Heating and/or cooling equipment that, during the heating season, draws heat into a
building from outside and, during the cooling season, ejects heat from the building to the outside.
Heat pumps are vapor-compression refrigeration systems whose indoor/outdoor coils are used
reversibly as condensers or evaporators, depending on the need for heating or cooling.
Heating Degree-Days (HDD): A measure of how cold a location is over a period of time
relative to the base temperature, 65°F. The measure is computed for each day by subtracting the
average of the day's high and low temperatures from the base temperature (65°F).
Heating Seasonal Performance Factor (HSPF): Measurement of efficiency of air source heat
pumps. It is the heating output in Btu divided by the total electric energy input in watt-hours. The
higher the HSPF is, the more efficient the heat pump.
High-efficiency ballast: A lighting conservation feature consisting of an energy-efficient
version of a conventional electromagnetic ballast. The ballast is a transformer for fluorescent and
high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps, which provide the necessary current, voltage, and wave-
form conditions to operate the lamp. A high-efficiency ballast requires lower power input than a
conventional ballast to operate HID and fluorescent lamps.
HVAC: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
Incandescent lamp: A glass enclosure in which light is produced when a tungsten filament is
electrically heated so that it glows. Much of the energy is converted into heat; therefore, this
class of lamp is a relatively inefficient source of light.
kBtu: One thousand British thermal units
Kilowatt (kW): One thousand watts.
Kilowatthour (kWh): A measure of electricity defined as a unit of work or energy, measured as
1 kilowatt of power expended for 1 hour. One kWh is equivalent to 3,412 Btu.
Assessment Report Page 25
Lamp: A term generally used to describe artificial light. The term is often used when referring to
a "bulb" or "tube."
MMBtu: One million British thermal units.
MMcf: One million cubic feet.
Occupancy sensors: These are also known as "ultrasonic switchers." When movement is
detected, the lights are turned on and remain on as long as there is movement in the room.
Peak Demand: The peak demand for electricity is the period when the maximum number of
customers are simultaneously using energy. Generally, this is during the normal business day. To
ensure that they can meet the needs of all their customers, utilities must have the capacity to
produce, purchase, store, and transmit enough energy to meet peak demand. For billing purposes
peak electrical demand for each customer is the highest average load consumed over any 15, 30,
or 60 minute time span during any given billing period. Peak demand for natural gas is the
greatest total use over an hour or a day.
Photocells: Sensors that detect ambient daylight and adjust indoor lighting accordingly. See
“daylighting controls.”
Photovoltaic and solar thermal energy: Energy radiated by the sun as electromagnetic waves
(electromagnetic radiation) that are converted at electric utilities into electricity by means of
solar (photovoltaic) cells or concentrating (focusing) collectors.
Primary and secondary service (PS and SS): are based on the voltage coming in to the facility.
Primary customers can receive high voltage (72000/1247 volts) because they either rent or own
transformer equipment, have in-house maintenance capacity, and have high voltage lines on the
property. Primary customers generally are charged lower rates than Secondary customers.
Secondary customers usually receive electricity from the utility “stepped down” to 480 volts or
less. When comparing the cost difference between the two rates, it is important to consider the
cost of maintaining the high voltage transformers and lines.
R-value: The measure of a material's resistance to heat flow in units of °F x hr. x ft2 per Btu. The
higher the R-value of a material, the greater its insulating capability (i.e. the R-value of fiberglass
insulation is 3.7 per inch of thickness). R-value = 1/U-value.
Renewable energy resources: Energy resources naturally replenishing, but flow-limited. They
are virtually inexhaustible in duration, but limited in the amount of energy that is available per
unit of time. Renewable energy resources include: biomass, hydro, geothermal, solar, wind,
ocean thermal, wave action, and tidal action.
Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER): Ratio of the cooling output divided by the power
consumption. It is the Btu of cooling output divided by the total electric energy input in watt
hours. This is a measure of the cooling performance for rating central air conditioners and central
heat pumps. The higher the SEER is, the more efficient the system unit is.
Thermal conductance (U-Value): This measures the conductance of a material to heat. The
greater the conductance, the greater U-value number is.
Thermal resistance (R-Value): This measures the resistance of a material to heat conduction.
The greater the resistance, the greater the R-value number is.
U-value: A measure of a material's conductance to heat flow. U-value = 1/R-value.
Waste heat recovery: Any conservation system whereby some space heating or water heating is
done by actively capturing byproduct heat that would otherwise be ejected into the environment.
Sources of waste heat include refrigeration/air-conditioner compressors, data processing centers,
lighting fixtures, ventilation exhaust air, and exhaust gas heat.
Watt (W): The unit of electrical power equal to one ampere under a pressure of one volt.
Assessment Report Page 26
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