Kaolin 101

A Unique Mineralfor

Value Added Applications

Doug Carter, Ph.D.Vice President Technology and Business Development

Doug Carter Dr. Carter has served as KaMin's Vice President of Technology and

Business Development since 2008, but has over 20 years ofexperience working for Kamin/J.M. Huber in a variety of rolesincluding Marketing, Business Development and Technology, newproduct development, and new business development. With aBachelor of Science in Chemistry from Berry College and a Ph.D. inBio-Physical Chemistry from Clemson University, Dr. Carter leadsthe innovation efforts for KaMin. Dr. Carter currently serves as theBoard Chair of Centre International Couchage, as the Chair of theChina Clay Producers Association Environmental Committee, andalso serves on the board of local charitable and educationalorganizations.

Kaolin 101

Origin and Unique Properties KaMins Unique Position

Mining, Processing and Finishing Some Product Uses Regulatory Aspects

Approvals GHS

What is Kaolin?

Al2O3 2SiO2 2H2O

?CHINA CLAY

AVAILABLE FORFUTURE WORKING

CHINA CLAYTHAN CANNOTBE WORKED

UNALTEREDGRANITE

CHINA CLAY PIT

SAND WASTE TIPOrig inal land surface

0 200m

TYPICAL CROSS SECTION THROUGH A PIT

Slide from Ian Wilson ConsultancyCornwall, England-modified MAL 2003

HydrothermallyAltered Granite

Cornwall, England

Hydrothermal Solutions

Casserite-tourmalinegranite

Land surface

Unweathered Low-Iron Biotite-Muscovite Granite

Deeply Weathered Granite Altered in-situ to Kaolin

Typical Cross-Section Through a DepositSparta, Georgia

0 3 m

Soil KAOLIN TO BE MINED UNALTERED GRANITE

How is it formed?

Hydrothermally or Weathered Granite

KAOLIN GEOLOGY IN MIDDLEGEORGIA

FormationBetween 50 and 100 million yearsago, during the geological periods

known as Cretaceous*,Paleocene* and Tertiary*, the Atlantic

Ocean covered much of Georgiasouth of an imaginary line drawn fromColumbus to Augusta, which is where

the Piedmont Plateau meets thecoastal plain.

* Chemical Composition is very similar but subtle differences do exist

In Georgia

From

To

East Georgia Kaolin Mine

KaMin ReservesSpan the Range of Crude Types

Western Crudes Eastern Reserves

Coarsest Clays in Ga. High Quality Fine Clays

Modifications Possible Physical

Size and Shape

Surface Chemistry Charge, Hydrophillic/Hydrophobic Balance

Structurally Can Manipulate Crystal Structure

Products in Wide Variety of Ranges can be Produced

From Blocky to Individual Plates

And Pigment Can be Physically Modified

Goal is Individual Plates

Hydrous Clays are Inert Particles but Edges can be Reacted

Charge Characteristics of Kaolin Particles

Aluminum Edges

Silica Edges

Vishal Gupta, Ph.D Dissertation 2011

And those Sites Can be Treated with VariousChemistries

Clay - OH + Et-O-Si - R Clay O Si - R

Where R = Alkyl, Vinyl, Acids, Amine, etc.

Or a Complete Reaction with Surface

Clay - OH

No Dispersant (Acid Dried)No Dispersant (Neutral pH)Inorganic Dispersant (Na-silicate, Na-phosphate )Organic Dispersant (Hydrophillic)Organic Dispersant (Hydrophobic)

Can Modify Structural Characteristics Through Calcination

Hydroxyls converted to Oxides, Material becomes more HydrophobicGood Lewis Acid

Hydrous Calcined @ 1000 C

Process Converts Kaolin Physically, Chemically and Structurally!

Can also Change Surface Area and PoreSize to Provide Structure to Application

KaMin KaMin

Internal pore size and pore volume of calcined products can be manipulated.

Kaolin Process

All Kaolin Processes: Remove Contaminants andModify Particle Size

Air Float focused onseparation of silica

Can remove silica downbelow 1%. Little impact on

other impurities

Water wash Focuses onseparation of silica and ironbased minerals (illmenite)

Silica Levels below 0.1%

Kaolin Process Distinct Processes to Generate Value

First step is getting crude ready for the processing.conditioning

Overburden must be removed so the targetedclay can be reached.

Clay is stockpiled based on Qualityparameters

Crude blend ismade into a

slurry to enhancephysical

separation

First separationstep remove sand

Kaolin Processing: 4 Distinct Steps

ClassificationPhysically separateslarger particles from

small particles

Bagging

Physical Separation of Impurities

Floatation, Selective Separation, MagneticSeparation, Ozone, Dithionate Bleach

Removes Organic (Humus) and iron basedmaterials

Process focuses on removal of Fe2O3(rust), FeTiO4 and Residual Organic MaterialProcess does not affect the level of trace elements

Kaolin Efficiency 100 62.5

% Silica 4-12 < 0.1

Brightness 75-85 85-91

Size Broad Specific

Converting a Crude Kaolin into a Customer Product

Kaolin Processing: Continued

Bagging

Dewatering ProcessFiltration

EvaporationDrying

Packaging and ShippingSpray Dried Bead or

Milled Product

Laching/Filtration

Calcination Process

Calcination Process : Changes in Physical Properties of the Kaolin

Crude/Crude Chemistry + Process Chemistry + Process Variables = Final Product

BrightnessOil AbsorptionParticle SizePore size

Milling

UNITED STATES of AMERICA

CANADA

ALASKA (USA)

MEXICO

COLOMBIA

VENEZUELA

BRAZILPERU

BOLIVIA

HONDURAS

NICARAGUA

ECUADOR

GUYANA

SURINAMEFRENCHGUIANA

COSTA RICA

PANAMA

GUATEMALA

CUBA

PARAGUAY

ARGENTINA

URUGUAY

CHILE

GREENLAND

ICELAND

UNITEDKINGDOM

REPULIC OFIRELAND

NORWAY

SWEDEN

FINLAND

DENMARK

ESTONIA

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

POLANDBELARUS

GERMANY

CZECHREPUBLIC

NETHERLANDS

BELGIUM

FRANCE

SPAIN

POR

TUG

AL

SWITZ.

AUSTRIA

SLOVAKIA

HUNGARY

ROMANIA

BULGARIA

ITALY

UKRAINE

TURKEYGREECE

SYRIA

IRAQ

SAUDIARABIA

YEMEN

OMANUAE

EGYPTLIBYA

ALGERIA

MOROCCO TUNISIA

WESTERN SAHARA

MAURITANIAMALI

NIGER CHADSUDAN

ETHIOPIA

SOMALIAUGANDA

SENEGAL

GUINEA

LIBERIA

COTEDIVOIRE

BURKINA

GHANA

NIGERIA

CAMEROON

CENTRALAFRICAN REPUBLIC

GABON CONGODEMOCRATICREPUBLIC OF

CONGO

KENYA

TANZANIA

ANGOLA

ZAMBIA

NAMIBIA

BOTSWANA

ZIMBABWE

REPUBLICOF SOUTH

AFRICA

MADAGASCAR

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

KAZAKHSTAN

GEORGIA

IRAN

UZBEKISTAN

TURKMENISTAN

AFGHANISTAN

KYRGYZSTAN

TAHKISTAN

PAKISTAN

INDIA

CHINA

NEPAL

MYANMAR

THAILAND

SRILANKA

MONGOLIA

NORTHKOREA

SOUTHKOREA JAPAN

TAIWAN

CAMBODIA

LAOS

VIETNAM

PHILIPPINES

MALAYSIA

INDONESIAPAPUA

NEW GUINEA

AUSTRALIA

NEWZEALAND

Today Kaolin Used to Deliver Value in a Variety ofApplications

Markets: Story of New Opportunities andshifting needs

Source: Roskill 2013

In 2005, 45%

In 2005, 20%

In 2005, 6%

Growing Ceramics Market

Kaolin As a Resin Extender for Clear Coatings

Polyurethane Coating extended with 15% Kaolin .

Resin Extender Comparision(Polyurethane Resin Application)

25

35

45

55

65

75

85

95

105

115

125

4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Pigment Loading (%)

Glo

ss, 6

0 de

gree

Polygloss 90

Ultrafine Ground Calcium Carbonate (0.4 m)

Standard No. 1 Fine Particle Size Kaolin

Designing Clay to Disappear Allows Significantly Higher Extension Levels

And Technology to Allows Us to Take it to the Next Level

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

3.0

refra

ctiv

e in

dex

of c

oatin

g

thickness of coating, nm

0.30000.68851.5803.6278.32519.1143.85100.6231.0

Why? Enhance Barrier Properties without Impacting OpticalPerformance

Improved Barrier Properties Drives Economic Savings and Longer Lifeof End Products

Use of Fine Kaolin allows Maximum Loading

% Kaolin Loading = % Reduction in Gas Permeability

Product Formally Launching in June

Or Kaolin for Foam Applications

Traditional Fine Kaolins Increase the Compression Set and Reduce Shrinkage

But they Increase Density

Solution: Patented treatment maintains density of product allowing additional

performance to be leveraged.

Material Density Foam Volumepsi @ 50%Deflection

%Compression

None 3.29 30.4 0.05 29.5Fine 16.7 6.6 -- --Coarse 3.39 32.4 0.65 21.1

Fine Treated 3.24 34 0.62 6.2

Calcined Clay for Reinforced Nylon: Nylok 171

US Patent 5,571,851 in Nylon 6,6

2000 C

But Maybe the Best Thing about KaolinIs it is Green

Natural Product that is REACH Exempt

Listed by EPA as Green Chemical for Usein Household Goods

Qualifies for Ecolabeling in Europe

Kaolin Regulatory Approvals

Exempt from Registration under European REACH.

US FDA 176.170 Components of paper and paperboard in contact with aqueous and fatty food (dated 1 April 2014)US FDA 176.180 Components of paper and paperboard in contact with dry food (dated 1 April 2013)US FDA 175.300 Resinous and Polymeric Coatings (dated 1 April 2014)US FDA 175.105 Adhesives and Components of Coatings, Subpart B (dated 1 April 2043)US FDA 186.1256 Packaging Additive Used in Indirect Contact with Food (dated 1 April 2014)US FDA 178.3297 Colorants for Polymers (dated 1 April 2014).US FDA 177.2600 Rubber Articles Intended for Repeated Use (dated 1 April 2014)BFR XXXVI, XXXVI/2, LII.COEs Paper Resolution Version 2EU 10/2011GB 9685-2008 Hygenic Standards for Use of Additives in Food Containers and Packaging. (listed)

Meets all Requirements for US and European Cosmetics Acts

Meets all Requirements for EU Toy Safety Standard

US EPA as inert ingredients for food use under 40 CFR 180.910 & 930

US EPA Safer Ingredients List

US EPA listed for direct crop application

Meets standards for Eco labeling in Europe

Kaolin

MSDS goes to SDS SDS will have 16 section format Use of Standard Pictograms All Products Labeled with Hazard or Danger (unless non-hazardous) GHS Labels Required for all Materials (unless Non-Hazardous)

Deadlines for compliance December 2013 employees have to be trained in new SDS format June 2015 All manufacturers must have new SDS June 2016 New Labels in place on all materials

General Information

Global is not truly Global (Harmonized but not the same).

Other regions have own rules that are similar but not the same.

Rules have gone in effect in Asia prior to US

Europe has REACH which is compatible with GHS but not thesame. Threshold for some contaminants is higher in Europe (silica )

Trigger level for silica in US and ROW is > 0.1% Trigger level for silica in Europe is > 1%

General Information

KaMins Kaolin Products exempt from GHS Rules

Non-Hazardous Materials exempt!

We have provided updated SDS as a courtesy to our customers. They are found at bottom of our website: www.kaminllc.com

Non-Hazardous and do not require any symbol or labeling KaMin Letter our exempt status with regard to Classification, Labeling and

Packaging (CLP) Regulations is available on our web site.

Not all kaolins are considered non-hazardous.

KaMin Information

GHS Labeling Example

Some Kaolin Productswill be Labeled on each

bag.

The CAS# 1332-58-7 is the same for labeled and unlabeled kaolin products.Difference is in the presence or absence of contaminant

Product NameHazard Statement: May cause cancer. Maycause damage to organs (Lung) throughprolonged exposure.

Precautionary Statement:Details provided on best handling practicesStorage: Technically required to be locked

Manufacture nameAddressContact Number

DangerThis product is a Hazardous Chemical as defined by OSHA

Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200

KaMin has Airfloat Alternativethat does not require hazard labeling

Target customers are those that donot want to deal with new GHSissue. (Likely smaller customerswithout air handling systems in theirfactories)

Price Point above airfloat but belowother hydrous clays

See your sales/tech service personfor more details.

Certificate of Completion

Kaolin 101April 13, 2015

Thank you for your time and attention

Questions?