K - 7 & K - 8 Female Reproduction Hormone (Biokimia)
description
Transcript of K - 7 & K - 8 Female Reproduction Hormone (Biokimia)
Female Reproductive Female Reproductive HormonesHormones
BIOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENTBIOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
Pituitary HormonesPituitary Hormones
Posterior pituitaryPosterior pituitary
Stores and releases 2 hormones that areStores and releases 2 hormones that are
produced in the hypothalamusproduced in the hypothalamus
o Antidiuretic hormone Antidiuretic hormone (ADHvasopressin)(ADHvasopressin)
o OxytocinOxytocin
OxytocinOxytocin
9 amino acid peptide produced primarily 9 amino acid peptide produced primarily by paraventricular nucleus and small by paraventricular nucleus and small amount by supraoptic nucleusamount by supraoptic nucleusTargets Uterus and mammary glandsTargets Uterus and mammary glandsContraction of pregnant uterusContraction of pregnant uterusStimulates contractions of the mammary Stimulates contractions of the mammary gland alveoligland alveoli Milk-ejection reflexMilk-ejection reflex
Pituitary HormonesPituitary Hormones
Anterior pituitaryAnterior pituitary
Prolactin Prolactin Growth Hormone (GH)Growth Hormone (GH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
PROLACTINPROLACTIN
Protein hormone of 199 amino acidsProtein hormone of 199 amino acidsIn females it stimulates milk production by In females it stimulates milk production by the mammary glandsthe mammary glands Release is inhibited in non-pregnant Release is inhibited in non-pregnant women women As estrogen and progesterone levels rise As estrogen and progesterone levels rise late in pregnancy it stimulates prolactin late in pregnancy it stimulates prolactin releasereleaseHyperprolactinaemia can cause menstrual Hyperprolactinaemia can cause menstrual problems in females and breast problems in females and breast enlargement in malesenlargement in males
Hypo-Pit-Gonadal AxesHypo-Pit-Gonadal Axes
An Overview
HORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTIONHORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTION
Hypothalamus(synthesizesGonadotropin releasinghormone)
GnRH
Anterior pituitary(synthesizes Gonadotropinsluteinizing hormonefollicle stimulating hormone)
Lh+fsh
Gonads -synthesizegonadal hormones
estrogens
androgens
Action of GnRHAction of GnRH
A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH actionaction
GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the gonadotropegonadotrope
Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of PIPPIP2 2 to form DAG andto form DAG and IPIP3 3
DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which phosphorylates specific proteinphosphorylates specific protein
It participate in the resulting secretory process to It participate in the resulting secretory process to transport LH and FSH to cell exteriortransport LH and FSH to cell exterior
IPIP3 3 stimulates of Castimulates of Ca2+ 2+ from calcium stroge particle from calcium stroge particle
cause increased stimulation of PKCcause increased stimulation of PKC
participates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cellparticipates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cell
Action of GnRHAction of GnRH
GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH))
Target Ovaries and TestesTarget Ovaries and TestesStimulates the maturation of sperm and Stimulates the maturation of sperm and egg in the females causes the release of egg in the females causes the release of estrogenestrogen
GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone
In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation
Sex HormonesSex Hormones
Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal
EstrogenEstrogen
ProgesteroneProgesterone
DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone
TestosteroneTestosterone
Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones
SteroidsSteroids
o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens
o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens
o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone
PeptidesPeptides
OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES
1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells
1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming
from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo
synthesis)synthesis)
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18
SourceSource
follicular cellsfollicular cells
corpus luteumcorpus luteum
placentaplacenta
adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)
ESTROGENESTROGEN
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria
All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER
Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms
1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in
granulosa cellsgranulosa cells
1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells
Estrogens in circulation
Estradiol
1048708 Secreted by the ovary
Estrone
1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of
estradiol and androstenodione
Estriol
1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone
ESTROGENSESTROGENS
Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks
o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak
1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma
Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone
Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus
DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA
Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2
half-siteshalf-sites
Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
Pituitary HormonesPituitary Hormones
Posterior pituitaryPosterior pituitary
Stores and releases 2 hormones that areStores and releases 2 hormones that are
produced in the hypothalamusproduced in the hypothalamus
o Antidiuretic hormone Antidiuretic hormone (ADHvasopressin)(ADHvasopressin)
o OxytocinOxytocin
OxytocinOxytocin
9 amino acid peptide produced primarily 9 amino acid peptide produced primarily by paraventricular nucleus and small by paraventricular nucleus and small amount by supraoptic nucleusamount by supraoptic nucleusTargets Uterus and mammary glandsTargets Uterus and mammary glandsContraction of pregnant uterusContraction of pregnant uterusStimulates contractions of the mammary Stimulates contractions of the mammary gland alveoligland alveoli Milk-ejection reflexMilk-ejection reflex
Pituitary HormonesPituitary Hormones
Anterior pituitaryAnterior pituitary
Prolactin Prolactin Growth Hormone (GH)Growth Hormone (GH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
PROLACTINPROLACTIN
Protein hormone of 199 amino acidsProtein hormone of 199 amino acidsIn females it stimulates milk production by In females it stimulates milk production by the mammary glandsthe mammary glands Release is inhibited in non-pregnant Release is inhibited in non-pregnant women women As estrogen and progesterone levels rise As estrogen and progesterone levels rise late in pregnancy it stimulates prolactin late in pregnancy it stimulates prolactin releasereleaseHyperprolactinaemia can cause menstrual Hyperprolactinaemia can cause menstrual problems in females and breast problems in females and breast enlargement in malesenlargement in males
Hypo-Pit-Gonadal AxesHypo-Pit-Gonadal Axes
An Overview
HORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTIONHORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTION
Hypothalamus(synthesizesGonadotropin releasinghormone)
GnRH
Anterior pituitary(synthesizes Gonadotropinsluteinizing hormonefollicle stimulating hormone)
Lh+fsh
Gonads -synthesizegonadal hormones
estrogens
androgens
Action of GnRHAction of GnRH
A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH actionaction
GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the gonadotropegonadotrope
Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of PIPPIP2 2 to form DAG andto form DAG and IPIP3 3
DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which phosphorylates specific proteinphosphorylates specific protein
It participate in the resulting secretory process to It participate in the resulting secretory process to transport LH and FSH to cell exteriortransport LH and FSH to cell exterior
IPIP3 3 stimulates of Castimulates of Ca2+ 2+ from calcium stroge particle from calcium stroge particle
cause increased stimulation of PKCcause increased stimulation of PKC
participates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cellparticipates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cell
Action of GnRHAction of GnRH
GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH))
Target Ovaries and TestesTarget Ovaries and TestesStimulates the maturation of sperm and Stimulates the maturation of sperm and egg in the females causes the release of egg in the females causes the release of estrogenestrogen
GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone
In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation
Sex HormonesSex Hormones
Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal
EstrogenEstrogen
ProgesteroneProgesterone
DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone
TestosteroneTestosterone
Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones
SteroidsSteroids
o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens
o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens
o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone
PeptidesPeptides
OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES
1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells
1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming
from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo
synthesis)synthesis)
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18
SourceSource
follicular cellsfollicular cells
corpus luteumcorpus luteum
placentaplacenta
adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)
ESTROGENESTROGEN
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria
All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER
Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms
1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in
granulosa cellsgranulosa cells
1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells
Estrogens in circulation
Estradiol
1048708 Secreted by the ovary
Estrone
1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of
estradiol and androstenodione
Estriol
1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone
ESTROGENSESTROGENS
Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks
o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak
1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma
Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone
Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus
DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA
Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2
half-siteshalf-sites
Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
OxytocinOxytocin
9 amino acid peptide produced primarily 9 amino acid peptide produced primarily by paraventricular nucleus and small by paraventricular nucleus and small amount by supraoptic nucleusamount by supraoptic nucleusTargets Uterus and mammary glandsTargets Uterus and mammary glandsContraction of pregnant uterusContraction of pregnant uterusStimulates contractions of the mammary Stimulates contractions of the mammary gland alveoligland alveoli Milk-ejection reflexMilk-ejection reflex
Pituitary HormonesPituitary Hormones
Anterior pituitaryAnterior pituitary
Prolactin Prolactin Growth Hormone (GH)Growth Hormone (GH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
PROLACTINPROLACTIN
Protein hormone of 199 amino acidsProtein hormone of 199 amino acidsIn females it stimulates milk production by In females it stimulates milk production by the mammary glandsthe mammary glands Release is inhibited in non-pregnant Release is inhibited in non-pregnant women women As estrogen and progesterone levels rise As estrogen and progesterone levels rise late in pregnancy it stimulates prolactin late in pregnancy it stimulates prolactin releasereleaseHyperprolactinaemia can cause menstrual Hyperprolactinaemia can cause menstrual problems in females and breast problems in females and breast enlargement in malesenlargement in males
Hypo-Pit-Gonadal AxesHypo-Pit-Gonadal Axes
An Overview
HORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTIONHORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTION
Hypothalamus(synthesizesGonadotropin releasinghormone)
GnRH
Anterior pituitary(synthesizes Gonadotropinsluteinizing hormonefollicle stimulating hormone)
Lh+fsh
Gonads -synthesizegonadal hormones
estrogens
androgens
Action of GnRHAction of GnRH
A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH actionaction
GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the gonadotropegonadotrope
Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of PIPPIP2 2 to form DAG andto form DAG and IPIP3 3
DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which phosphorylates specific proteinphosphorylates specific protein
It participate in the resulting secretory process to It participate in the resulting secretory process to transport LH and FSH to cell exteriortransport LH and FSH to cell exterior
IPIP3 3 stimulates of Castimulates of Ca2+ 2+ from calcium stroge particle from calcium stroge particle
cause increased stimulation of PKCcause increased stimulation of PKC
participates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cellparticipates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cell
Action of GnRHAction of GnRH
GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH))
Target Ovaries and TestesTarget Ovaries and TestesStimulates the maturation of sperm and Stimulates the maturation of sperm and egg in the females causes the release of egg in the females causes the release of estrogenestrogen
GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone
In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation
Sex HormonesSex Hormones
Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal
EstrogenEstrogen
ProgesteroneProgesterone
DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone
TestosteroneTestosterone
Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones
SteroidsSteroids
o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens
o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens
o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone
PeptidesPeptides
OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES
1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells
1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming
from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo
synthesis)synthesis)
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18
SourceSource
follicular cellsfollicular cells
corpus luteumcorpus luteum
placentaplacenta
adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)
ESTROGENESTROGEN
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria
All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER
Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms
1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in
granulosa cellsgranulosa cells
1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells
Estrogens in circulation
Estradiol
1048708 Secreted by the ovary
Estrone
1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of
estradiol and androstenodione
Estriol
1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone
ESTROGENSESTROGENS
Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks
o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak
1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma
Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone
Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus
DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA
Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2
half-siteshalf-sites
Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
Pituitary HormonesPituitary Hormones
Anterior pituitaryAnterior pituitary
Prolactin Prolactin Growth Hormone (GH)Growth Hormone (GH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
PROLACTINPROLACTIN
Protein hormone of 199 amino acidsProtein hormone of 199 amino acidsIn females it stimulates milk production by In females it stimulates milk production by the mammary glandsthe mammary glands Release is inhibited in non-pregnant Release is inhibited in non-pregnant women women As estrogen and progesterone levels rise As estrogen and progesterone levels rise late in pregnancy it stimulates prolactin late in pregnancy it stimulates prolactin releasereleaseHyperprolactinaemia can cause menstrual Hyperprolactinaemia can cause menstrual problems in females and breast problems in females and breast enlargement in malesenlargement in males
Hypo-Pit-Gonadal AxesHypo-Pit-Gonadal Axes
An Overview
HORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTIONHORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTION
Hypothalamus(synthesizesGonadotropin releasinghormone)
GnRH
Anterior pituitary(synthesizes Gonadotropinsluteinizing hormonefollicle stimulating hormone)
Lh+fsh
Gonads -synthesizegonadal hormones
estrogens
androgens
Action of GnRHAction of GnRH
A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH actionaction
GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the gonadotropegonadotrope
Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of PIPPIP2 2 to form DAG andto form DAG and IPIP3 3
DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which phosphorylates specific proteinphosphorylates specific protein
It participate in the resulting secretory process to It participate in the resulting secretory process to transport LH and FSH to cell exteriortransport LH and FSH to cell exterior
IPIP3 3 stimulates of Castimulates of Ca2+ 2+ from calcium stroge particle from calcium stroge particle
cause increased stimulation of PKCcause increased stimulation of PKC
participates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cellparticipates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cell
Action of GnRHAction of GnRH
GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH))
Target Ovaries and TestesTarget Ovaries and TestesStimulates the maturation of sperm and Stimulates the maturation of sperm and egg in the females causes the release of egg in the females causes the release of estrogenestrogen
GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone
In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation
Sex HormonesSex Hormones
Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal
EstrogenEstrogen
ProgesteroneProgesterone
DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone
TestosteroneTestosterone
Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones
SteroidsSteroids
o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens
o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens
o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone
PeptidesPeptides
OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES
1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells
1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming
from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo
synthesis)synthesis)
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18
SourceSource
follicular cellsfollicular cells
corpus luteumcorpus luteum
placentaplacenta
adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)
ESTROGENESTROGEN
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria
All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER
Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms
1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in
granulosa cellsgranulosa cells
1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells
Estrogens in circulation
Estradiol
1048708 Secreted by the ovary
Estrone
1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of
estradiol and androstenodione
Estriol
1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone
ESTROGENSESTROGENS
Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks
o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak
1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma
Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone
Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus
DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA
Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2
half-siteshalf-sites
Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
PROLACTINPROLACTIN
Protein hormone of 199 amino acidsProtein hormone of 199 amino acidsIn females it stimulates milk production by In females it stimulates milk production by the mammary glandsthe mammary glands Release is inhibited in non-pregnant Release is inhibited in non-pregnant women women As estrogen and progesterone levels rise As estrogen and progesterone levels rise late in pregnancy it stimulates prolactin late in pregnancy it stimulates prolactin releasereleaseHyperprolactinaemia can cause menstrual Hyperprolactinaemia can cause menstrual problems in females and breast problems in females and breast enlargement in malesenlargement in males
Hypo-Pit-Gonadal AxesHypo-Pit-Gonadal Axes
An Overview
HORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTIONHORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTION
Hypothalamus(synthesizesGonadotropin releasinghormone)
GnRH
Anterior pituitary(synthesizes Gonadotropinsluteinizing hormonefollicle stimulating hormone)
Lh+fsh
Gonads -synthesizegonadal hormones
estrogens
androgens
Action of GnRHAction of GnRH
A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH actionaction
GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the gonadotropegonadotrope
Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of PIPPIP2 2 to form DAG andto form DAG and IPIP3 3
DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which phosphorylates specific proteinphosphorylates specific protein
It participate in the resulting secretory process to It participate in the resulting secretory process to transport LH and FSH to cell exteriortransport LH and FSH to cell exterior
IPIP3 3 stimulates of Castimulates of Ca2+ 2+ from calcium stroge particle from calcium stroge particle
cause increased stimulation of PKCcause increased stimulation of PKC
participates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cellparticipates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cell
Action of GnRHAction of GnRH
GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH))
Target Ovaries and TestesTarget Ovaries and TestesStimulates the maturation of sperm and Stimulates the maturation of sperm and egg in the females causes the release of egg in the females causes the release of estrogenestrogen
GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone
In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation
Sex HormonesSex Hormones
Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal
EstrogenEstrogen
ProgesteroneProgesterone
DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone
TestosteroneTestosterone
Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones
SteroidsSteroids
o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens
o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens
o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone
PeptidesPeptides
OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES
1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells
1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming
from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo
synthesis)synthesis)
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18
SourceSource
follicular cellsfollicular cells
corpus luteumcorpus luteum
placentaplacenta
adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)
ESTROGENESTROGEN
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria
All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER
Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms
1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in
granulosa cellsgranulosa cells
1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells
Estrogens in circulation
Estradiol
1048708 Secreted by the ovary
Estrone
1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of
estradiol and androstenodione
Estriol
1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone
ESTROGENSESTROGENS
Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks
o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak
1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma
Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone
Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus
DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA
Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2
half-siteshalf-sites
Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
Hypo-Pit-Gonadal AxesHypo-Pit-Gonadal Axes
An Overview
HORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTIONHORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTION
Hypothalamus(synthesizesGonadotropin releasinghormone)
GnRH
Anterior pituitary(synthesizes Gonadotropinsluteinizing hormonefollicle stimulating hormone)
Lh+fsh
Gonads -synthesizegonadal hormones
estrogens
androgens
Action of GnRHAction of GnRH
A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH actionaction
GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the gonadotropegonadotrope
Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of PIPPIP2 2 to form DAG andto form DAG and IPIP3 3
DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which phosphorylates specific proteinphosphorylates specific protein
It participate in the resulting secretory process to It participate in the resulting secretory process to transport LH and FSH to cell exteriortransport LH and FSH to cell exterior
IPIP3 3 stimulates of Castimulates of Ca2+ 2+ from calcium stroge particle from calcium stroge particle
cause increased stimulation of PKCcause increased stimulation of PKC
participates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cellparticipates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cell
Action of GnRHAction of GnRH
GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH))
Target Ovaries and TestesTarget Ovaries and TestesStimulates the maturation of sperm and Stimulates the maturation of sperm and egg in the females causes the release of egg in the females causes the release of estrogenestrogen
GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone
In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation
Sex HormonesSex Hormones
Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal
EstrogenEstrogen
ProgesteroneProgesterone
DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone
TestosteroneTestosterone
Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones
SteroidsSteroids
o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens
o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens
o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone
PeptidesPeptides
OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES
1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells
1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming
from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo
synthesis)synthesis)
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18
SourceSource
follicular cellsfollicular cells
corpus luteumcorpus luteum
placentaplacenta
adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)
ESTROGENESTROGEN
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria
All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER
Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms
1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in
granulosa cellsgranulosa cells
1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells
Estrogens in circulation
Estradiol
1048708 Secreted by the ovary
Estrone
1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of
estradiol and androstenodione
Estriol
1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone
ESTROGENSESTROGENS
Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks
o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak
1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma
Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone
Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus
DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA
Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2
half-siteshalf-sites
Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
An Overview
HORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTIONHORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTION
Hypothalamus(synthesizesGonadotropin releasinghormone)
GnRH
Anterior pituitary(synthesizes Gonadotropinsluteinizing hormonefollicle stimulating hormone)
Lh+fsh
Gonads -synthesizegonadal hormones
estrogens
androgens
Action of GnRHAction of GnRH
A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH actionaction
GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the gonadotropegonadotrope
Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of PIPPIP2 2 to form DAG andto form DAG and IPIP3 3
DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which phosphorylates specific proteinphosphorylates specific protein
It participate in the resulting secretory process to It participate in the resulting secretory process to transport LH and FSH to cell exteriortransport LH and FSH to cell exterior
IPIP3 3 stimulates of Castimulates of Ca2+ 2+ from calcium stroge particle from calcium stroge particle
cause increased stimulation of PKCcause increased stimulation of PKC
participates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cellparticipates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cell
Action of GnRHAction of GnRH
GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH))
Target Ovaries and TestesTarget Ovaries and TestesStimulates the maturation of sperm and Stimulates the maturation of sperm and egg in the females causes the release of egg in the females causes the release of estrogenestrogen
GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone
In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation
Sex HormonesSex Hormones
Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal
EstrogenEstrogen
ProgesteroneProgesterone
DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone
TestosteroneTestosterone
Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones
SteroidsSteroids
o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens
o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens
o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone
PeptidesPeptides
OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES
1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells
1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming
from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo
synthesis)synthesis)
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18
SourceSource
follicular cellsfollicular cells
corpus luteumcorpus luteum
placentaplacenta
adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)
ESTROGENESTROGEN
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria
All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER
Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms
1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in
granulosa cellsgranulosa cells
1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells
Estrogens in circulation
Estradiol
1048708 Secreted by the ovary
Estrone
1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of
estradiol and androstenodione
Estriol
1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone
ESTROGENSESTROGENS
Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks
o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak
1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma
Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone
Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus
DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA
Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2
half-siteshalf-sites
Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
Action of GnRHAction of GnRH
A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH actionaction
GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the gonadotropegonadotrope
Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of PIPPIP2 2 to form DAG andto form DAG and IPIP3 3
DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which phosphorylates specific proteinphosphorylates specific protein
It participate in the resulting secretory process to It participate in the resulting secretory process to transport LH and FSH to cell exteriortransport LH and FSH to cell exterior
IPIP3 3 stimulates of Castimulates of Ca2+ 2+ from calcium stroge particle from calcium stroge particle
cause increased stimulation of PKCcause increased stimulation of PKC
participates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cellparticipates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cell
Action of GnRHAction of GnRH
GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH))
Target Ovaries and TestesTarget Ovaries and TestesStimulates the maturation of sperm and Stimulates the maturation of sperm and egg in the females causes the release of egg in the females causes the release of estrogenestrogen
GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone
In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation
Sex HormonesSex Hormones
Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal
EstrogenEstrogen
ProgesteroneProgesterone
DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone
TestosteroneTestosterone
Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones
SteroidsSteroids
o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens
o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens
o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone
PeptidesPeptides
OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES
1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells
1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming
from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo
synthesis)synthesis)
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18
SourceSource
follicular cellsfollicular cells
corpus luteumcorpus luteum
placentaplacenta
adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)
ESTROGENESTROGEN
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria
All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER
Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms
1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in
granulosa cellsgranulosa cells
1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells
Estrogens in circulation
Estradiol
1048708 Secreted by the ovary
Estrone
1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of
estradiol and androstenodione
Estriol
1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone
ESTROGENSESTROGENS
Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks
o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak
1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma
Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone
Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus
DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA
Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2
half-siteshalf-sites
Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
Action of GnRHAction of GnRH
GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH))
Target Ovaries and TestesTarget Ovaries and TestesStimulates the maturation of sperm and Stimulates the maturation of sperm and egg in the females causes the release of egg in the females causes the release of estrogenestrogen
GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone
In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation
Sex HormonesSex Hormones
Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal
EstrogenEstrogen
ProgesteroneProgesterone
DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone
TestosteroneTestosterone
Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones
SteroidsSteroids
o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens
o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens
o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone
PeptidesPeptides
OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES
1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells
1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming
from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo
synthesis)synthesis)
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18
SourceSource
follicular cellsfollicular cells
corpus luteumcorpus luteum
placentaplacenta
adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)
ESTROGENESTROGEN
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria
All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER
Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms
1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in
granulosa cellsgranulosa cells
1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells
Estrogens in circulation
Estradiol
1048708 Secreted by the ovary
Estrone
1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of
estradiol and androstenodione
Estriol
1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone
ESTROGENSESTROGENS
Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks
o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak
1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma
Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone
Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus
DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA
Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2
half-siteshalf-sites
Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH))
Target Ovaries and TestesTarget Ovaries and TestesStimulates the maturation of sperm and Stimulates the maturation of sperm and egg in the females causes the release of egg in the females causes the release of estrogenestrogen
GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone
In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation
Sex HormonesSex Hormones
Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal
EstrogenEstrogen
ProgesteroneProgesterone
DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone
TestosteroneTestosterone
Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones
SteroidsSteroids
o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens
o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens
o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone
PeptidesPeptides
OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES
1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells
1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming
from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo
synthesis)synthesis)
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18
SourceSource
follicular cellsfollicular cells
corpus luteumcorpus luteum
placentaplacenta
adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)
ESTROGENESTROGEN
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria
All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER
Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms
1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in
granulosa cellsgranulosa cells
1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells
Estrogens in circulation
Estradiol
1048708 Secreted by the ovary
Estrone
1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of
estradiol and androstenodione
Estriol
1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone
ESTROGENSESTROGENS
Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks
o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak
1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma
Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone
Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus
DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA
Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2
half-siteshalf-sites
Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone
In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation
Sex HormonesSex Hormones
Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal
EstrogenEstrogen
ProgesteroneProgesterone
DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone
TestosteroneTestosterone
Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones
SteroidsSteroids
o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens
o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens
o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone
PeptidesPeptides
OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES
1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells
1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming
from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo
synthesis)synthesis)
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18
SourceSource
follicular cellsfollicular cells
corpus luteumcorpus luteum
placentaplacenta
adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)
ESTROGENESTROGEN
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria
All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER
Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms
1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in
granulosa cellsgranulosa cells
1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells
Estrogens in circulation
Estradiol
1048708 Secreted by the ovary
Estrone
1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of
estradiol and androstenodione
Estriol
1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone
ESTROGENSESTROGENS
Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks
o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak
1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma
Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone
Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus
DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA
Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2
half-siteshalf-sites
Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
Sex HormonesSex Hormones
Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal
EstrogenEstrogen
ProgesteroneProgesterone
DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone
TestosteroneTestosterone
Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones
SteroidsSteroids
o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens
o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens
o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone
PeptidesPeptides
OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES
1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells
1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming
from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo
synthesis)synthesis)
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18
SourceSource
follicular cellsfollicular cells
corpus luteumcorpus luteum
placentaplacenta
adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)
ESTROGENESTROGEN
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria
All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER
Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms
1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in
granulosa cellsgranulosa cells
1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells
Estrogens in circulation
Estradiol
1048708 Secreted by the ovary
Estrone
1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of
estradiol and androstenodione
Estriol
1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone
ESTROGENSESTROGENS
Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks
o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak
1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma
Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone
Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus
DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA
Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2
half-siteshalf-sites
Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones
SteroidsSteroids
o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens
o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens
o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone
PeptidesPeptides
OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES
1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells
1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming
from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo
synthesis)synthesis)
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18
SourceSource
follicular cellsfollicular cells
corpus luteumcorpus luteum
placentaplacenta
adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)
ESTROGENESTROGEN
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria
All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER
Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms
1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in
granulosa cellsgranulosa cells
1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells
Estrogens in circulation
Estradiol
1048708 Secreted by the ovary
Estrone
1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of
estradiol and androstenodione
Estriol
1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone
ESTROGENSESTROGENS
Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks
o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak
1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma
Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone
Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus
DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA
Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2
half-siteshalf-sites
Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES
1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells
1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming
from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo
synthesis)synthesis)
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18
SourceSource
follicular cellsfollicular cells
corpus luteumcorpus luteum
placentaplacenta
adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)
ESTROGENESTROGEN
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria
All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER
Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms
1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in
granulosa cellsgranulosa cells
1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells
Estrogens in circulation
Estradiol
1048708 Secreted by the ovary
Estrone
1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of
estradiol and androstenodione
Estriol
1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone
ESTROGENSESTROGENS
Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks
o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak
1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma
Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone
Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus
DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA
Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2
half-siteshalf-sites
Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18
SourceSource
follicular cellsfollicular cells
corpus luteumcorpus luteum
placentaplacenta
adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)
ESTROGENESTROGEN
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria
All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER
Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms
1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in
granulosa cellsgranulosa cells
1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells
Estrogens in circulation
Estradiol
1048708 Secreted by the ovary
Estrone
1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of
estradiol and androstenodione
Estriol
1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone
ESTROGENSESTROGENS
Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks
o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak
1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma
Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone
Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus
DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA
Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2
half-siteshalf-sites
Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18
SourceSource
follicular cellsfollicular cells
corpus luteumcorpus luteum
placentaplacenta
adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)
ESTROGENESTROGEN
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria
All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER
Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms
1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in
granulosa cellsgranulosa cells
1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells
Estrogens in circulation
Estradiol
1048708 Secreted by the ovary
Estrone
1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of
estradiol and androstenodione
Estriol
1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone
ESTROGENSESTROGENS
Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks
o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak
1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma
Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone
Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus
DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA
Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2
half-siteshalf-sites
Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria
All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER
Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms
1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in
granulosa cellsgranulosa cells
1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells
Estrogens in circulation
Estradiol
1048708 Secreted by the ovary
Estrone
1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of
estradiol and androstenodione
Estriol
1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone
ESTROGENSESTROGENS
Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks
o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak
1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma
Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone
Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus
DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA
Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2
half-siteshalf-sites
Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
Estrogens in circulation
Estradiol
1048708 Secreted by the ovary
Estrone
1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of
estradiol and androstenodione
Estriol
1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone
ESTROGENSESTROGENS
Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks
o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak
1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma
Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone
Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus
DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA
Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2
half-siteshalf-sites
Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
ESTROGENSESTROGENS
Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks
o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak
1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma
Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone
Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus
DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA
Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2
half-siteshalf-sites
Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone
Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus
DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA
Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2
half-siteshalf-sites
Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
Metabolism Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and
sulfatessulfates
1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation
1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts
o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina
o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
Physiological Physiological
Reproductive systemReproductive system
o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr
o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)
o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
Physiological Physiological
MetabolismMetabolism
o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)
o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr
o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
Physiological Physiological
Other metabolicOther metabolic
o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass
o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
ProgesteronProgesteron
The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females
Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
TransportTransport
2 free2 free
80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound
18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina
Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation
Inhibits LH secretion
Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological Physiological
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
Physiological Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin
o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males
InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH
ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES
FollistatinsFollistatins
o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion
Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor
o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge
POMC hormonesPOMC hormones
o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal
cells)cells)