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Comflex Metallic Expansion JointsEngineering Guide

High Performance Expansion Joints

Comflex Metallic Expansion Joints Engineering Guide

To order or get further details, call your local contact shown on rear cover or listed at www.jameswalker.biz2

Contents

1. Introduction 3

2. Manufacturing methods 4

3. Glossary of terms 5

4. Technical information 7

5. Expansion joint types 9

6. Special applications 12

7. Material selection 16

8. Quality assurance 18

9. Installation instructions 20

10. How to order an expansion joint 21

11. Standard Comflex designs 22

12. Additional Comflex Expansion Joints 51

1.0 Introduction

3To order or get further details, call your local contact shown on rear cover or listed at www.jameswalker.biz 3

Metallic expansion joints are installed in piping systems toabsorb differential thermal expansion and vibration whilstcontaining the system pressure. They are a highly engineeredproduct that needs to conform to one of the industry codessuch as EJMA or AD Merkblatt.

Under the guidance of these codes, James Walker Townsonoffers a complete range of Comflex metallic expansion jointstogether with the ability to design joints to individual customerrequirements. They can be customised to any dimensions, both circular and rectangular.

Built for reliability

In theory, bellows are one of the most sensitive componentsof the pipework installation, with thin gauge metal having towithstand the same extremes of temperature and pressure asthe pipework installation to which it is fitted. Yet today, modernexpansion joints are considered a permanent part of apipework installation.

Metallic expansion joints require special attention whenconsidering product type, materials of construction, locationwithin the system, anchors, guides and end loads. To ensurecustomer satisfaction, James Walker Townsons technicalsupport team offers a full design service and on-site technicalsupport to make sure all these conditions are met.

Manufacturing partnership

Comflex metallic expansion joints are provided in partnershipwith uro akovic - Kompenzatori of Slavonski Brod, Croatia,who manufacture them for James Walker Townson.

Typical applications for metallic expansion joints includepetrochemical plant, refineries, power stations, district heatinginstallations, HVAC systems etc and wherever pipingsystems or ducts are subjected to movement through theeffects of temperature, pressure or external forces.

Meeting customer requirements

This brochure is intended to give technical advice on the design and installation of expansion joints in general as well as technical details of the Comflex range of metallic joints.

James Walker Townson engineers will be pleased to adviseon the application and installation of expansion joints to meetcustomers particular requirements.

2.0 Manufacturing methods


The basic method of bellows manufacture is not complicated,and every bellows manufacturer forms his bellowsconvolutions in one of two ways: either by mechanicalforming, or by hydraulic forming. The principle is the samefor both. First of all a sheet of suitable material (usuallystainless steel) is selected, cut, rolled to the correct size andwelded longitudinally.

The quality of this weld prior to convolution forming is ofparamount importance to bellows life. Recognising this, wehave developed our own automatic welding machines whichare an engineering achievement in their own right.

These machines produce a weld which is as strong as theparent metal, but does not thicken the material. Absence ofeither factor could seriously affect bellows life.

The next stage is to form convolutions. This can be doneeither by roll-forming the convolutions between externaland internal wheels, or by forcing the tube radially underhydraulic pressure into required convolution profile.

Bellows with reinforcing rings

These can have reinforcing rings fitted into the convolutionroots to improve pressure resistance and movementrequirements. An example is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Bellows convolutions with reinforcing rings

Multi-ply bellows

An important development in the design of bellows wasthe introduction of more than one ply of metal in eachconstruction. It was discovered that by making bellows pliesof thin-gauge metal rather than from one sheet of thickergauge stock, flexibility and stress loading through movementcould be extended further up the pressure range. Multi-plybellows are a standard feature of our designs. Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. Multi-ply bellows

3.0 Glossary of terms


Backing RingCylinder attached to cuff to provide reinforcement.

Bellows CuffPlain cylindrical end of bellows extending beyondconvolutions.

Bellows ElementThe flexible membrane of a bellows unit, consisting of oneor more convolutions.

Centre Pipe or TubeA length of pipe connecting the bellows elements to form adouble bellows unit, the length of which is critical to thestability of the assembly.

Cold Pull-up or Cold DrawExtension of bellows from free length so that maximummovement of bellows can be utilised.

ConvolutionThe smallest flexible unit of a bellows. The total movement ofa bellows being proportional to the number of convolutions.

Directional AnchorA directional anchor, or sliding anchor is one which isdesigned to absorb loading in one direction while permittingmotion in another. It may be either a main or intermediateanchor, depending upon the application considered. Whendesigned for the purpose, a directional anchor may alsofunction as a pipe guide. When designing a directionalanchor, an effort should be made to minimise the frictionbetween its moving or sliding parts, since this will reducethe loading on the pipe and equipment and ensure correctfunctioning of the anchor.

Directional Pipe GuideA directional pipe guide is a pipe alignment guide designedto permit the pipeline to move freely in one plane with alimited movement, in another plane. This type of guide isused in applications involving movements in more than oneplane as in a 3 pin configuration.

Expansion JointA device containing one or more bellows elements usedto absorb movements such as those caused by thermalexpansion or contraction of a pipe line duct, or vessel.

External ShroudA device used to protect the external surface of the bellowsfrom damage by foreign objects or mechanical damage.

Flanged EndsThe ends of a bellows unit equipped with flanges for thepurpose of bolting the unit to the mating flanges of adjacentpiping or equipment.

Free LengthThe natural length of the assembly without cold pull or lateraloffset.

Hinge RestraintsFabricated assembly on single and double hinged or gimbalbellows unit which allows the bellows to angulate andcontaining the effect of pressure within the unit.

Intermediate AnchorAn intermediate anchor is one which divides a pipeline intoindividual expanding pipe sections. Such an anchor mustbe designed to withstand the forces and moments imposedupon it by each of the pipe sections to which it is attached.In the case of a pipe section containing a bellows these willconsist of the forces and/or moments required to deflect thebellows unit plus the friction forces due to the pipe movingover its guides. The pressure thrust is absorbed by the mainanchors or devices on the bellows unit such as limit rods, tierods, hinge restraints, gimbal restraints etc.

Internal SleeveA device which minimises the detrimental effect of mediaflow through the expansion joint.

Lateral OffsetIs the lateral, or shear, pre-setting of one connection to theother to enable the maximum movement to be obtainedfrom the bellows unit.

Life CyclesThis is the number of complete expansions and contractionsan expansion joint can accommodate within its theoretical working life.

Limit Stops or Tie RodsDevices used to restrict the range of movement of a bellowsunit or its component parts. Various designs such as rods,bars or sliding stops may be used. It should be notedthat to function properly as limit stops these devices mustbe designed for full pressure loading, unless the load isabsorbed by other structural devices.

3.0 Glossary of terms


Main AnchorA main anchor is one installed at any of the following locationsin a pipe system containing one or more bellows:

1. At a change in direction of flow2. Between two bellows units of different size installed in the

same straight run.3. At the entrance of a side branch into the main line

if this branch contains a bellows.4. Where a shut-off or pressure-reducing valve is installed in a

pipe run between two bellows units.5. At a blind end of pipe.

A main anchor must be designed to withstand the forces andmoments imposed upon it by each of the pipe sections towhich it is attached. In the case of a pipe section containingan unrestrained bellows these will consist of the thrust dueto pressure, the force required to deflect the bellows unit andthe frictional force due to the pipe moving over its guides.Where a main anchor is installed at a change of directionof flow, the effect at the bend of the centrifugal thrust due toflow must be considered.

MovementAxial Compression. The dimensional shortening of abellows unit parallel to its longitudinal axis.Axial Extension. The dimensional lengthening of a bellowsunit parallel to its longitudinal axis.Lateral Deflection. The relative displacement of the two endsof a bellows unit perpendicular to its longitudinal axis. This issometimes referred to as lateral off-set, lateral movements,parallel misalignment, direct shear, etc.Angular Rotation. The angular displacement of onebellows connecting face relative to the other from its straightline position. This is, not to be confused with torsionalrotation about the longitudinal axis which must be avoided.Sometimes known as rotational or radial movement.

Multi-plyA bellows constructed from a multiple of tubes fitting closelyinside each other.

Pipe Alignment GuideA pipe alignment guide is a form of sleeve or frameworkattached to some rigid part of the installation which permitsthe pipeline to move freely in only one direction, i.e. alongthe axis of the pipe. Pipe alignment guides are designedprimarily for use in applications involving axial movementonly.

Pressure Thrust or End LoadThe force due to internal or external pressure acting on thebellows trying to extend or compress the bellows.

Restraining RingA device which fits closely into the crest or root of aconvolution to reinforce the bellows against the effects ofeither internal or external pressure. Restraining rings aremanufactured from solid round bar or heavy gauge tube instainless steel or other suitable alloys.

Spring RateThe force required to extend or compress the bellows unitlength.

StabilityThe ability of a bellows to withstand internal pressure withoutdistortion of the convolutions. This is sometimes known assquirm and can be compared with strut instability of longthin columns.

Tie RodsRods or bars for the purpose of restraining the bellows unitfrom the pressure thrust due to internal pressure and otherinternal applied forces. Tie rods may also act as limit stopswhen provided with the necessary stops.

Weld EndsThe ends of a bellows unit equipped with pipe suitablybevelled for welding to adjacent piping or equipment.

4.0 Technical information


Expansion compensation of pipes subject to movement dueto the effects of temperature, pressure, and external sourceshas for many years been carried out in various ways. Primarily the most effective method is to use the inherent natural flexibility of the pipework system utilising bends etc. to form natural loops. When stress levels either within the pipes or at vessel connections become too great other means of compensation are employed, namely the made up loop and the sliding joint. Examples of which are illustrated in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. Typical made-up expansion loop and sliding joint

Expansion loops apart from being expensive in material andwasteful of space, are restricted by the stress limits of pipeunder bending. Packed sliding joints, which operate on theprinciple of the simple telescope are vulnerable to scalingproblems and require constant maintenance. The limitationsof these two systems led to the development of fabricatedbellows. These were essentially thick wall bellows, in effectdished plates welded together circumferentially to form aseries of convolutions. Heavy gauge metal is used (hencethe Thick Wall description) and considerable force is requiredto induce movement.

To overcome this problem it was discovered that by carefulcold-rolling of a thin gauge tube a bellows could be formedand could be compressed or extended without exertingundue strain on the material or creating unacceptablecounter forces acting against the pipe anchors.

Thus thin wall bellows were evolved to meet the requirementsof piping system and subsequent development has led tothe universal acceptance of these bellows as permanentcomponent part of a complete piping system.

This section of the publication deals with the manufactureperformance and selection of the appropriate expansionjoint to suit particular applications.

4.1 Variables to be consideredWhen selecting an expansion joint the followingvariables must be considered.

1. Pressure-working, design and test.2. Temperature-working and design.3. Media flowing through the pipe.4. Pipework system.5. Movements to be applied to the expansion joint.6. Type of expansion joint.7. Life cycles.

4.1.1 PressureThe design of a bellows element being partly dependent onthe pressure applied to the pipeline, either negative orpositive. It is important to know the design, working and testpressures to which the bellows will be subjected. Normally theelement is designed for operation at the higher of either thedesign or operating pressure except where a test conditionis required which exceeds 1.5 times these conditions. In thissituation a bellows having a higher pressure rating mustbe used. Fig. 4. shows the effect of pressure acting uponthe bellows convolutions trying to open the bellows bothlongitudinally and circumferentially.

Fig. 4. Effect of internal pressure on a bellows unit

4.1.2 Temperature

Table 1. Temperature factor

This factor generally is responsible for the pipeline movementand again both working and design conditions must beconsidered. It is also important to assess the effects ofinstallation conditions in some circumstances, in particularin sub zero climates for cryogenic applications and the useof cold-pull up should be employed.

4.1.3 MediaStandard ranges of bellows are manufactured in 18/8 stainlesssteel which is suitable for a large number of conditions butit should be borne in mind that for applications where acorrosive media is present bellows are available in othermaterials.

4.1.4. Pipework SystemThe pipeline layout and the positions of major items ofequipment will already be established and from this pointit is possible to establish anchor positions and hence theexpansions of the various sections of pipework.

2

Expansion compensation of pipes subject to movement due to the effects of temperature, pressure, and external sources has for many years been carried out in various ways. Primarily the most effective method is to use the inherent natural flexibility of the pipework system utilising bends etc. to form natural loops. When stress levels either within the pipes or at vessel connections become too great other means of compensation are employed, namely the made up loop and the sliding joint. Examples of which are illustrated in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Typical made - up expansion loop

Expansion loops apart from being expensive in material and wasteful of space, are restricted by the stress limits of pipe under bending. Packed sliding joints, which operate on the principle of the simple telescope are vulnerable to scaling problems and require constant maintenance. The limitations of these two system led to the development of fabricated bellows. These were essentially thick wall bellows, in effect dished plates welded together circumferentially to form a series of convolutions. Heavy gauge metal is used (hence the Thick Wall description) and considerable force is required to induce movement. To overcome this problem it was discovered that by careful cold-rolling of a thin gauge tube a bellows could be formed and could be compressed or extended without exerting undue strain on the material or creating unacceptable counter forces acting against the pipe anchors.Thus thin wall bellows were evolved to meet the requirements of piping system and subsequent development has led to the universal acceptance of these bellows as a permanent component part of a complete piping system. This section of the publication deals with the manufacture performance and selection of the appropriate bellows expansion joint to suit particular applications.

VARIABLES TO BE CONSIDERED When selecting a bellows expansion joint the following variables must be considered.

1. Pressure-working, design and test. 2. Temperature-working and design. 3. Media flowing through the pipe.

4. Pipework system 5. Movements to be applied to the bellows. 6. Type of bellows expansion joint.

PRESSURE

The design of a bellows element being partly dependent on the pressure applied to the pipeline, either negative or positive. It is important to know the design, working and test pressures to which the bellows will be subjected. Normally the element is designed for operation at the higher of either the design or operating pressure except where a test condition is required which exceeds 1.5 times these conditions. In this situation a bellows having a higher pressure rating must be used. Fig. 2. shows the effect of pressure acting upon the bellows convolutions trying to open the bellows both longitudinally and circumferentially.

Fig. 2. Effect of internal pressure on a bellows unit

TEMPERATURE

Table 1. Temperature factor

This factor generally is responsible for the pipeline movement and again both working and design conditions must be considered. It is also important to assess the effects of installation conditions in some circumstances, in particular in sub zero climates for cryogenic applications and the use of cold-pull up should be employed. (See for method of calculation.)

MEDIA

Standard range of bellows are manufactured in 18/8 stainless steel which is suitable for a large number of conditions but it should be borne in mind that for applications where a corrosive media is present bellows are available in other materials.

PIPEWORK SYSTEM

The pipeline layout and the positions of major items of equipment will already be established and from this point it

MATERIALSOPERATINGTEMP.,C

TEMPFAKTOR, tk CONVOLUTION PIPE END FLANGES

20100200300

1 St 37.0 RSt 37-2

400 0,92 15Mo3 (H II)

15Mo3(H II)

500 0,80 15Mo3 15Mo3 550 0,60

1.4541

1.4541 1.4541 600 0,83 700 0,55

Incoloy 800H

800 0,32

Incoloy 800H Incoloy 800H

NOTE: Standard bellows are designed to work up to 300C at specific nominal pressure.For higher temperatures we have to choose bellows for higher nominal pressure at the base of tk.

4.0 Technical information


4.1.5 MovementIt is always important to remember that a bellows is a living device and changes shape as a result of the forces applied to it. Bellows movement can always be expressed quantitatively, axially, laterally or angularity and from known factors of temperature and thermal coefficients of expansion of pipe material it is a straight-forward exercise to calculate the movements to be absorbed by the bellows. Fig. 5. showshow a simple axial bellows moves in and out as the anchoredpipeline expands and contracts with temperature changes,while Fig. 6. shows how an articulated bellows joint allowsthe expanding pipework to move out of line without strainingpipework supports and items of equipment.

Fig. 5. The operation of an axial bellows

Movement caused by external physical force must also beconsidered as in some instances this can be the primarysource of movement. e. g. long lengths of pipework installedalong the deck of a ship is subject to the hogging and saggingof the deck. Bellows are installed to take up this movementin addition to the thermal expansion of the pipeline.

Fig. 6. The operation of hinged units

Vibration in pipework caused by compressors, pumps, orother in-line equipment can be counteracted and in someinstances bellows are used where both vibration and thermalmovements are present as in the case of movements at thenozzle of a turbine caused by machine vibrations and thethermal expansion of the hot turbine casing.

For applications where vibration is present it is important toJames Walker Townson to ensure that the correct bellows isspecified. The following information is required:

a. Frequency of vibration movementb. Amplitudec. Natural frequency of system (if known)

4.1.6 Expansion Joint TypeAs you can see from the tables within this brochure there are a great variety of types of expansion joints, each operating in its own individual way.

When making an expansion joint type selection, the suitability of the joint for the overall system design must be considered.

Expansion in a piping system can often be accommodated with several different combinations of expansion joint.

The optimum solution can be affected by many issues:

Financial restraints Access Suitability of steelwork to provide adequate support Pressure in the system Location of the piping relative to ground level or structures The configuration of the piping system Life cycle requirements etc ...

All these factors must be taken into consideration when designing a system, and the skill of a successful designer is incorporating all these issues to provide the optimum selection type.

4.1.7 Life CyclesThe cyclic life expectancy of an expansion joint is affected by various factors such as: (a) operating pressure, (b) operating temperature, (c) the material from which the bellows is made, (d) movement per convolution, (e) thickness of the bellows, (f) convolution pitch, (g) depth and shape of the convolution, and (h) bellows heat treatment. Any change in these factors will result in a change in the life of the expansion joint.

The cyclic life expectancy can be defined as the total number of complete cycles that can be expected from the expansion joint based on data tabulated from tests performed at room temperature under simulated operating conditions. A cycle is defined as one complete movement from the initial position in the piping system to the operating position under consideration and return.

Expansion joints can be specially designed for very high cyclic life. However, when this is required, the expansion joint manufacturer must be advised of the estimated number of cycles required.

Cyclic life is dependent upon the maximum range of stress to which the bellows is subjected, the maximum stress amplitude being a far less significant factor. Accordingly, in most cases, cold springing an expansion joint in order to reduce the maximum stress amplitude would not result in a significant improvement in cyclic life.

Pipe contracting

Pipe expanding

anchor

5.0 Expansion Joint Types


Axial BellowsCode: AR

Axial bellows expansion joints are designed to accommodatecompressive or extension movements along the bellowslongitudinal axis. Movements available are usually specifiedas amounts from free length. The free length is thetheoretical length before movement. From this free lengththe unit will provide an equal amount of movement in either extension or compression. Therefore, to utilise all the movement available from the unit when it is known that themovement will be in one direction only, it is recommendedthat the units are installed with either preextension or precompression, dependent upon the pipe movements.

Care is required during installation to ensure that the unit isinstalled at its correct length so that it will only work within itsspecified limit. Any deviation would have a detrimental effectupon the bellows life. It should also be ensured that axialunits are adequately anchored and guided.Axial bellows are supplied flanged or with pipe ends suitablefor welding into pipelines, or as a combination of both.

Self Guided Axial BellowsCode: AS

Experience has shown that there is a need for a specialtype of unit for use by the heating and ventilating trade.

As can be seen from the above diagram these units havean internal sleeve and an external shroud which makes itimpossible to install them into pipework which is initiallymisaligned. In addition to being practical the shroudalso gives the Self Guided Axial a pleasing streamlinedappearance. The units are supplied at their extended lengthand held at this length by a small set screw. This ensures thatthey are at all times installed at their correct length which inturn ensures a life-time of trouble free operation. The internalsleeve gives a smooth flow of the water through the unit andthe direction of flow is clearly indicated on the outer shroud.

They can be supplied with end prepared for welding intopipework. Having installed the unit into the pipeline it onlyremains for the set screw to be removed.

See detailed description in "Special Applications" section.

Externally Pressurised Axial BellowsCode: AE

Applications where a combination of high pressure and longaxial movements exist have resulted in the development of theexternally pressurised unit.

It can be seen that the working pressure is transferred tothe outside of the bellows via a gap between the rolled andwelded section and the pipe. The unit is completed by apurpose-made outer casing which contains the workingpressure.

United Double BellowsCode: UD

A double bellows assembly is formed by connecting twobellows with a length of centre pipe. This type of unit willcater for both axial and lateral movements.

Although a conventional axial bellows will offer a limitedamount of lateral movement it is usually advisable for a doubleunit to be used if the amount of lateral movement requiredis significant or there is a limitation to the amount of lateralforces which can be applied to the connecting pipework.This type of unit is ideal for some exhaust applications orwhere there are combination movements in low pressureapplications.



Tied BellowsCode: TD (two bar), TM (multi bar)

For higher pressure applications where there are limits to theforces that connecting pipework can accommodate, doubleunits are restrained against pressure load by the use of tiebars. These are designed to contain the pressure load withinthe unit length and do not transmit this load to the adjacentpipework.

The tie bars are connected to the restraining flanges throughspherical washers which allow for movement between thetie bars and the flanges during operation. This type of unitcan accommodate large movements in the lateral plane andcan operate in any direction. Provided there are no morethan two tie bars, they can also accommodate angulationmovements of the flanges. The amount of lateral movementis dependent upon the units length.

Single Hinged BellowsCode: HS

Hinged units offer movements in one plane only and operateby angulating the bellows. The pressure load is containedby the hinges and therefore this type of assembly is idealwhere it not practical to install robust guiding or stronganchors. Single Hinged Bellows are usually used in pairs togive lateral movement in one plane.

Double Hinged BellowsCode: HD

Double Hinged Bellows are basically two Single HingedBellows combined into one unit with a common tie barjoining the two extremities. Therefore, any expansion of thecentre pipe within the limits of the tie bar will simply compressthe bellows, and will not exert movements on the adjoiningpipework. This type of unit allows for lateral movement inone plane only.

Gimbal BellowsCode: GS

Gimbal Bellows are designed to allow angular rotation in anyplane using two pairs of hinges fixed to a common floatinggimbal ring. The gimbal ring and hinged parts are designedto restrain the end thrust of the expansion joint due tointernal pressure and any external forces which are imposedon the joint. As in the case of Single Hinged Bellows, GimbalBellows are usually used in pairs.

Pressure Balanced BellowsCode: PB

One of the major problems to overcome when using expansion bellows with a combination of large diameters and high pressure is that these units must be adequately guided and anchored. There are, however, certain conditions whereit is not practical to install anchors; e.g. on a plant where space is at a premium, and also where equipment such as pumps, turbines or valve connections has a limitation to the forces which may be exerted on flanges (which are very often integral castings of the plant casting). Also, when movements of the pipework and plant are in more than one plane, this can prove to be a major problem.

The problem of pressure loads can be overcome by the use of pressure balanced bellows units. There are a variety of arrangements but in every case the object is to eliminate the effect of pressure loads by arranging bellows so that two pressure loads - which are equal but act in opposite directions - cancel each other out, which results in the plant only having toaccommodate the values of spring rates. These are relativelysmall when compared with pressure loads and are usuallywithin loading limitations.



One of the most commonly used pressure balance bellowsis shown in the diagram. In this case the effects of linepressure is balanced by allowing the pressure to pass, via ahole in the back of the bend, into a sealed outboard sectionof the same effective area as the line. By tying the unit overthe extremities of the bellows, balance is obtained. Whenone bellows is compressed due to axial movement of thepipework, so the other is extended by the same amount dueto the pressure end load acting on the blank end plate. Thetie bar is always in contact with the support flanges, andtherefore at all time the pressure load is contained within theunit itself.

In addition it is possible to have pressure balanced unitssuitable for axial movement only. Also, where it is notconvenient to have a bend or elbow in the pipeline, specialunits can be designed.

Mount-demount Expansion JointsCode DK

Mount-demount expansion joints are often installed whena piece of equipment is to be removed regularly, such asa valve. The expansion joint is compressed allowing additionalclearance (for the equipment to be removed and replaced).

In our standard manufacturing program we have diametersfrom NB 150 up to NB 1000, for pressures 10, 16, 25 and 40bar. On special request other diameters from NB 15 up to NB5000 can be supplied.

Max-comp BellowsCode: MC

Max Comp bellows are designed particularly for use inpolyurethane pre-insulated main pipeworks. The unit is afully enclosed and protected expansion device which canbe easily installed into pipework, without the usual need tocold-pull or extend the bellows. See detailed description in "Special Applications" section.

6.0 Special Applications


Heat Exchangers and Condensers

Axial bellows are used to cater for the differential expansionbetween tubes and shell in fixed head and floating head heatexchangers. In the case of the fixed head type, the bellowsare designed for shell side conditions. (see Fig.7) With floating head heat exchangers the bellows are designed for shell and tube side conditions independently. (see Fig.8)

Fig. 7. Fixed head heat exchanger

Fig. 8. Floating head heat exchanger

Ship Deck Services and Product Lines

For this application, in the majority of cases axial bellows are used to provide expansion compensation for pipelines providing the following services on tankers and bulk carriers: steam, condensate, deck wash, fire fighting foam, hot and cold tank washing, compressed air, and on liquefied natural gas (LNG) tankers, product suction and discharge.

In this application the bellows have not only to be designed tocater for thermal expansion of the pipe runs but also for anyadditional movement due to hagging and sagging of shipgenerally specified in terms of extension and compression for an infinite cycle life under varying service conditions.

Also in this application, because of the effects of corrosion precipitated by salt water spraying onto the outer surface of the bellows, care should be taken in the selection of bellows material.

Bellows - Valves Seals

In this application, a bellows seal is used in place of conventional packing where the seal must be absolutely leakproof; for example, in nuclear installations. The necessarymovement is taken up in the convolutions of the bellows.

Fig. 9. Bellows - valves seal

Fig. 10. Bellows - valves seal



Rectangular Bellows (PK)

Rectangular bellows (PK) are not standardised in our datasheet and therefore they are manufactured according tocustomer specifications.

The biggest dimensions are limited only by transportpossibilities, however this problem can be solved by makingthe rectangular bellows in sections and assembling at site.

Rectangular bellows are made of convolutions with a heightof 70 mm and thickness approximately 1 mm.

Fig. 11. Possible forms of convolution

Fig. 12.(a) Single mitre corner; (b) radius corner

One convolution can absorb a total axial movement of 15mmwith a 1000 cycles guarantee.

The most common type of rectangular expansion joint has a single mitred corner. However, different forms are available, including a radius corner with no welds at the corner.

Rectangular bellows are installed to absorb thermalexpansion and vibration in low pressure ducting systems.

Fig. 13. Longitudinal cross-section of rectangular bellows

How to code a rectangular expansion joint

PK = LL/LS/bV/P/xLL - mean length of long side (inside length) (mm)Ls - mean length of short side (inside length) (mm)bV - number of convolutionsp - connection: LP - L - profileCN - pipe endsx - accessories: 0 - no accessories required1 - accessories required

Example 12:LL = 3000 mmLS = 2000 mmbV = 2p = L profilex = no accessories required

PK 3000/2000/2/LP/0

1. Expansion joints for central heating Type AS

James Walker Townson expansion joints represent a newstage in the development of bellow devices to absorb expansion in steam and hot water piping. They offer to avery high degree a combination of economy, simple installation and reliable service. By the use of high performance materials and exclusive manufacturing techniques James Walker Townson have produced a range of expansion joints which are maintenance free and virtually as permanent as the piping system in which they are installed.

Fig. 14. Expansion joints for central heating

A number of features contribute to the reliability of theseexpansion joints. One is the uniformity of the stainless steelbellows, made under strict quality control supervision.Another is the full length inner sleeve which directs pipemovement squarely into the bellows, preventing offsetmovement being applied to the bellows, thus avoidingundue stresses. This inner sleeve also provides for a smoothflow and reduces pressure drop to a minimum. A third isthe robust external casing which protects the bellows andensures that pipe movement is applied axially. This methodof construction allows them to be completely lagged withoutinterfering with the bellows action.

James Walker Townson expansion joints are available with achoice of end fittings - either pipe ends, flanges or threadedunions. Each individual expansion joint is hydraulically testedto one-and-a-half times its rated working pressure beforedespatch. For the actual installation it is simply necessaryto fit the expansion joint into the pipeline and then removean installation pin. This installation pin holds the expansionjoint at its optimum length for installation and also protectsthe bellows from torsional damage installation.



Specification

Bellows: Made from ASTM A 240/A 240M UNS S32100(321) stainless steel. Conservatively rated for a working pressure of 1 MPa (10 bar) at 300 C, and hydraulically tested to 1.5 MPa (15 bar).

Casing and other components of mild steel.

Inner sleeve: Attached at one end and guided at the other,thus preventing off-set movement being transmitted to thebellows full length sleeve for minimum internal friction.

Installation pin: Holds bellows at correct length for installation.Removed after fitting, and after guides and anchors havebeen installed.

End fittings: Welding ends, flanges or threaded unions.Movement: Expansion joints allow axial movement of 30 mm.

Installation of expansion joints for central heating

Anchors: The pressure thrust acting on the bellows must beabsorbed by rigid anchors.

Note: Anchors must be designed to withstand test pressurebeing applied to the system. Main anchors should be locatedat branches and locations at which either the size or directionof the line changes. In addition, intermediate anchors shouldbe used to break up straight runs to limit expansion in eachsection to 30 mm.

Guides: The expansion joint and attached piping must beguided axially to limit any lateral movement which wouldreduce the life of the bellows. Guides should be at least aslong as two pipe diameters with the clearance between pipeand guide not more than 1,5 mm.

In locating guides it is recommended that the expansionjoint be located close to an anchor and that the first pipeguide be located within a distance of two pipe diametersfrom the expansion joint.

The distance between the first pipe guide and the secondmust be no more than fourteen pipe diameters.

2. Max-comp expansion joints Type MC

Fig. 15. Max-comp expansion joint

Recommended pipe alignment guide spacing forstandard steel pipes

User advantages1. The unit is supplied with pipe ends prepared for welding.

2. A robust outer cover ensures that the convolutions are fully protected against damage in transit or on site.

3. The outer cover also acts as a guide tube in which a guide ring welded to one pipe end is free to slide. This inbuilt guide assembly prevents any lateral forces being imposed on the convolutions.

4. Guide pins are incorporated in the guide ring which move in linear slots machined in the outer guide cover. These pins act as stops and limit the travel of the expansion joint both in compression and extension. Thus it is impossible to disengage the telescopic sleeves due to over extension of the unit during installation.

5. Two Max-Comp expansion joints may be installed in a straight length of pipe between two anchors without an intermediate anchor between the units. The movement stops ensure even allocation of total pipe movement between the Max-Comp units.

6. The guide pins also prevent torsion being applied to the convolutions during installation on site.

7. The guide pins are designed to retain the pressure end load. In the event of an anchor failure the expansion joint will simply extend to its maximum permitted movement within the limit of the guide pin slots.



Installation

The unit is cold pulled to maximum length prior to dispatch bymeans of the pre-tensioning bolts. When the unit is installedby pre-insulated pipe manufactures these pre-tensionedbolts may be left in position and they are designed to breakoff when the pipeline is heated to operating temperature.There is no danger to personnel as the broken bolts arecontained within the insulation.

The bolt breaking load must be considered in the anchordesign when the pre-tensioning bolts are left in position.For recommendations for anchor designs, please contact James Walker Townson. Where the pipeline is open and the pretensioning bolts are not adequately covered, it is advisableto remove them prior to commissioning the pipeline andafter the anchors and guides have been installed.

If the installation temperature is higher than the minimumanticipated line temperature it will be necessary to adjust theinstallation length by means of the pre-tensioning bolts.

Guiding

All axial expansion joints should be adequately guided inaccordance with recommendations prior to pressure testingthe pipeline. On each side of the Max-Comp the pipe shouldbe provided with a guide at a max. distance from the Max-Comp equal to 18 times the pipe diameter. Where Max-Comp units are installed in pre-insulated pipelines guides,other than those incorporated in the pipe system, are notnecessary. However it is essential to back-fill the pipe trenchprior to pressure testing the pipe line.

Fig. 16. Correct guides scheme

7.0 Material Selections


For the large majority of applications involving thin wallbellows, stainless steel ASTM A 240/A 240M UNS S32100(321) is used. It is only in exceptional circumstances that an alternative material needs to be considered.

However, where exceptions do occur they must never beoverlooked, as the effects of both media and externalenvironmental conditions can cause a bellows unit to failprematurely in operation if the material is not sufficiently resistant. The following notes refer to the most common serviceconditions where care in the selection of bellows materialmust be exercised.

Steam

For the majority of steam applications the use of 18/8 stainlesssteel gives satisfactory service life. In some applicationsChlorides may be present in such quantity that there is riskof failure of stainless steel bellows due to stress corrosion.Similarly, in some high temperature steam services, whereconditions are highly alkaline, there may be risk of failuredue to Caustic stress corrosion. In these cases the use oflncoloy 825 or other high Nickel alloy may be necessary.

Marine Services

Stainless Steel (BS) EN 10088-2-1.4401 has beenshown to give satisfactory service in general marine use,including pipelines carrying sea water (for example tankwashing aboard oil tankers), where pipework is exposedto sea water spray, and in general where temperatures donot exceed 80 C. However, under ambient conditions,where for example crude oil or sea water remains static inthe convolutions for prolonged periods, Type 316 materialmay sometimes fail. Also, where the pipework operatesat temperatures in excess of 80 C - for example steamservices - and where there is prolonged contact with sea water either inside or outside the bellows, Alloy 825 (UNS N 08825) can be used.

Crude Oil Lines

For pipelines carrying crude oil - for example, discharge andsuction lines to crude oil storage tanks - consideration mustbe given to the Sulphur or seawater content in the oil. In manycases, where the oil is reasonably pure, Type 316 stainlesssteel will give satisfactory service, but if the above impuritiesare present, Alloy 825 (UNS N 08825) provides better resistance towards pitting corrosion and is to be preferred.

Flue Gases

Where flue gases contain such constituents as SulphurDioxide - for example, from boilers burning oil containingSulphur - problems can arise if the temperature falls bellowthe Sulphuric Acid dew point. Lagging should be used toprevent this where possible. If there is any uncertainty onthis point it is preferable to use Alloy 825 (UNS N 08825).

Diesel Engine Exhaust Manifolds

Generally 18/9 Ti stainless steel is perfectly satisfactory, butwhere oils have a high Sulphur content or where very high temperatures are present, alternative materials should be considered.

Hydrocarbon Lines

Stainless steel is satisfactory for many Hydrocarbon lines,for some of the more arduous applications it is sometimes necessary to use an appropriate high Nickel alloy such as Alloy 825 (UNS N 08825).

End Fittings

It is often the case that bellows manufactured from one material are to be welded to an end fitting of another material.

Through years of experience we have developed welding techniques that overcome this problem and supply joints that will provide years of reliable service.

A Guide To Bellows Material Selection


AMERICAN STD: GERMAN STD./B.S. HRN Manufacturing feasibility and availability

1. ASTM A 240/A 240M UNS S 32100(321)

W. Nr. 1.4541/321 S31 .4572 Standard material for convolution and manufacture; adequate corrosion and mechanical properties at ambient and elevated temperatures for over 90% of all bellows applications. Standard units held in stock have convolutions in this grade of material.

2. ASTM A 240/A 240M UNS S 31635(316Ti)

W. Nr. 1.4571/320S31 .4574 Improved corrosion resistance as compared to 321S31, especially with regard to pitting corrosion. Specified where 321S31 is inadequate but where conditions are not sufficiently severe to require the use of more expensive materials, such as high Nickel alloys. Typical uses include high Sulphur crude oils, brackish waters, flue gases and numerous applications in chemical and petrochemical processing.

3. ASTM A 240/A 240M UNS S 30400(304)

W. N r. 14301/304S 1 1 .4580 Bellows can be supplied in this unstabilised grade where specially required but it is our normal practice to offer 321S31 as a superior alternative material where this grade is requested.

4. ASTM A 240/A 240M (310)

This grade is sometimes requested for special purposes. Because of difficulty in obtaining material suitable for bellows manufacture it is our practice to offer lncoloy 800 as a superior alternative material where necessary.

5. ASTM B 424 UNS N 08825

W. Nr. 2.4858 A very useful high Nickel alloy having good corrosion resistance towards a variety of media, excellent resistance to Chloride and Caustic stress corrosion. Applications include steam service when the highest degree of reliability is required, and cases where Type 316S11 stainless steel may be inadequate, for example dewpoint conditions in flue gas service, static or contaminated sea water, and sulphuric and phosphoric acids. James Walker Townson maintain a substantial stock of this alloy for bellows manufacture.

6. ASTM B 409 UNS N 08810

W. Nr. 1.4876 Bellows can be supplied in this material when its good corrosion resistance and high temperature properties are required to meet service conditions. The similar alloy Incoloy 800H can also be supplied for special service conditions at high temperatures. Incoloy 800 is preferred to Type 310 Stainless Steel for bellows manufacture.

7. ASTM B 168 UNS N 06600

W. Nr. 2.4816 Bellow can be manufactured from this material when required. The alloy combines good general corrosion resistance with virtual immunity to Chloride stress corrosion and also has good high temperature strength and oxidation resistance. For high temperature service where corrosion resistance is not a requirement. Nimonic 75 is often preferable because of its superior mechanical properties.

8. ASTM B 127 UNS N 04400

W. Nr. 2.4360 This Nickel-Copper alloy finds limited use for bellows manufacture in some specialised applications; for example, Chlorine service. However, the manufacture of small diameter bellows would be uneconomic, and we advise that an alternative material should be used where the service conditions permit.

9. ASTM B 335 B2 UNS N 10665

W. Nr. 2.4617 This Nickel-Molybdenum alloy possesses outstanding resistance to Hydrochloric Acid, and is also resistant to Hydrogen Chloride gas and Sulphuric Acetic and Phosphoric acids. Bellows can be supplied when required, subject to the availability of sheet material.

10. ASTM B 443 UNS N 06625

W. Nr. 2.4856 One of the more recent Nickel-Chrome Molybdenum alloys combining good high variety of corrosive environments.

8.0 Quality Assurance


Quality assurance is a very important factor in expansion jointproduction and is achieved through total project technology,manufacture and test procedures.

Maintenance and quality assurance systems are inaccordance with the factorys quality assurance programmebased on ISO 9001: 2000.

Fig. 17. Lloyd's Register Inspection

1994 LRQA London approved programme and applicationof Quality Assurance programme and issued ISO 9001certificate.

To ensure conformity to these standards the following checksare carried out:

- Internal audits (internal auditors have LR certificates),- Review of the system is done every 6 months by LRQA

(London, Kln).

Destructive Testing

Equipment for destructive testing in our lab includes the following:

a) Fatigue test

b) Burst test

c) Examination of mechanical properties of material and welds (tensile strength, elongation, impact, yield point)

d) Examination of chemical composition spectrophotometer

e) Metallographic microscope with equipment for photography (x 800)

f) Lab examination of base materials, welds

g) Examination of spring rate

Fig. 18. Fatigue test of expansion joint

Fig. 19. Microstructure of material examination

Fig. 20. Radiographic weld control

Fig. 21 Radiographic thin-wall pipe control

Fig. 22. Examination of chemical structure of material

Fig. 23. Examination of mechanical properties

8.0 Quality Assurance


NDT Non Destructive TestingEquipment for NDT includes the following:

a) Radiographyb) Penetrant examinationc) Ultrasonic examinationd) Magnetic particle testing

e) Hydraulic and pneumatic pressure testing

Type Approvals

Every 4th year K are examined in the presence of the following authorities:

- Lloyds Register of Shipping London, Zagreb Office - Bureau Veritas Paris, Rijeka Office - Det Norske Veritas Pula Office - Croatian Register of Shipping Split - RWTV - ABS - RINA, Italy

As a result of these examinations, K hold many approval certificates that help to ensure a constant level of quality product.

In addition to this, customers are encouraged to carry out their own audits or system reviews.

Fig. 25. Approval certificates

Fig. 24. Hydraulic testing

9.0 Instruction for the Installation andInspection of Expansion Joints


Installation

The necessary steps for the installation of all expansionjoints should be pre-planned. The installers shall be madeaware of these steps. It is important that the joints areinstalled at the correct lengths and should not be extendedor compressed to make-up deficiencies in pipe length, oroffset to accommodate piping which has not been properlyaligned. Any precompression or pre-extension of the jointshould not be neglected if this has been specified.

The most critical phases of the installation are as follows:

a) Care should be taken to prevent damage to the thin wall bellows section, such as dents, scores, arc strikes and weld spatter.

b) No movement of the joint due to pipe misalignment, for example, shall be imposed which has not been anticipated. If such movements are imposed, this can result in damage to the bellows or other components. Specifically the fatigue life can be substantially reduced, forces imposed on adjacent equipment may exceed their design limits, internal sleeve clearance may be adversely affected, and the pressure capacity and stability of the bellows may be reduced.

c) Anchors, guide and pipe supports shall be installed in strict accordance with the piping system drawings. Any field variations may affect proper functioning of the joint and must be brought to the attention of a competent design authority.

d) The joint, if provided with internal sleeves, shall be installed with the proper orientation with respect to flow direction.

e) Once the anchors or other fixed points are installed and the piping is properly supported and guided, shipping devices should normally be removed in order to allow the joint to compensate for changes in ambient temperature during the remainder of the construction phase.

Post Installation Inspection prior to System Pressure Test

Careful inspection of the entire system shall be made withparticular emphasis on the following:

a) Are the anchors, guides and supports installed in accordance with the system drawing?

b) Is the proper joint installed in the proper location?c) Are the joints flow direction and pre-positioning correct?d) Have all shipping devices been removed?e) If the system has been designed for gas, and it is to be

tested with water, has provision been made for the support of the additional dead weight load? Some of the water may remain after test. If this is detrimental to the joint or the system, this should be removed before commissioning.

f) Are all guides and supports free to permit pipe movement?g) Has any joint been damaged during handling or installation?h) Is any joint misaligned?i) Are the bellows and other moveable parts of the joint, free

from foreign material?

Inspection During and Immediately AfterSystem Pressure Tests.

WARNING: Extreme care must be taken while inspectingany pressurised system or components. A visual inspectionof the system shall include checking the following:

a) Evidence of leakage or loss of pressure.b) Distortion or yielding of anchors, joint hardware, bellows

element and other piping components.c) Any unanticipated movement of the system due to

pressure.d) Any evidence of instability (squirm) in the bellows.e) The guides, joints and other moveable parts shall be

inspected for binding.f) Any evidence of abnormality or damage shall be reviewed

and evaluated by a competent design authority.

Periodic Service Inspections

a) lmmediately after placing the system in operation, a visual inspection shall be carried out to ensure that the thermal expansion is being absorbed by the joints in the manner for which they were designed.b) The bellows shall be inspected for evidence of

unanticipated vibration.c) A programme of periodic inspection shall be planned

and conducted throughout the operating life of the system. These inspections shall include examination for evidence

of external corrosion, loosening of threaded fastenings and deterioration of anchor guides and supports.

This inspection programme, without other information,cannot give evidence of fatigue, stress corrosion or generalinternal corrosion.

Systems Operation

A record should be maintained of change of system operatingconditions (such as pressure, temperature, cycling, etc.) andpiping modifications. Any such change shall be reviewed by a competent design authority to determine its effect on the performance of the joint, anchors, guides and pipeworksupports.

Following the same procedure, a Double Hinge Unit for adesign pressure of 10 bars nominal diameter 800 mm for100 mm ( 50 mm) total movement with ISO. weld endsand with internal sleeves would be expressed thus:

HD 10 800 100 T 1 written as:

HD10/800/100/T/1

External shroud

Internal sleeve

Loose flange

10.0 How to order bellows


BELLOWS TYPE

The types of bellowsavailable are describedin the first section of thisCatalogue. For example,if an axial bellows issuitable and the workingpressure is 6 bar, thenthe bellows type isexpressed as

AR6

NOMINAL BORE

The nominal bores available are given in the first column of each data sheet. Assuming, for example, that you are working in 300 mm pipe, the second part of theidentification code would read

300

TOTAL MOVEMENT

Assuming, for example, that the total movement is less than 70 mm, the third part of the code would read

70

END FITTINGS

The standard end fittings available are shown in the table bellow. If, for example, you require end fittings to EN 1092-1 PN6 then the fourth part of the code would read

L

ACCESSORIES

Finally, the codes for shrouds and sleeves are as follows

0 - no accessories required1 - sleeves required2 - shrouds required3 - sleeves and shrouds

required

If, for example, no accessories are requiredthe final part of the codewould read

0

The complete code would now be written as: AR6/300/70/L/0

All bellows in the James Walker Townson Comflex range can be specified by quoting the following information in its coded form.

TYPE DESCRIPTION

Flange ASA 150 HFlange ASA 300 IFlange ASA 400 J

Flange EN 1092-1 PN6 LFlange EN 1092-1 PN10 MFlange EN 1092-1 PN16 NFlange EN 1092-1 PN25 OFlange EN 1092-1 PN40 P

Pipe ends ISO 6 and 10 bar TPipe ends ISO 16 bar UPipe ends ISO 25 bar V

Loose flange - FIf a loose flange end is required with an ASA 150 flange, the code would be FH.

EXTERNAL SHROUD

INTERNAL SLEEVE

LOOSE FLANGE


AXIAL BELLOWS Design pressure 1 bar Design temperature 300 CTest pressure 1.5 bar

MOVEMENT FREE LENGHT O/LNOMINALDIAMETER

mm mmtotalmm

flangemm

weld endmm

PIPE O/Dmm

BELLOWS O/Dmm

EFFECTIVE AREAcm2

SPRING RATEN/mm

MASSkg

300 255050100

185230

280355 323,9 377 967

8537

1011

350 255050100

190235

285360 355,8 418 1171

9347

1112

400 255050100

190235

285360 406,5 469 1498

10653

1214

450 306060120

230285

300395 455 533 1919

14070

1720

500 306060120

230285

300395 510 583 2332

15578

1922

550 306060120

230285

300395 560 637 2814

17186

2125

600 306060120

230285

300395 610 685 3281

18593

2327

650 306060120

230285

300395 660 714 3580

19497

2530

700 357070140

230285

300395 710 812 4551

258129

3035

750 357070140

230285

300395 760 863 5177

276138

3035

800 357070140

230285

300395 815 914 5844

294147

3540

850 357070140

230285

300395 865 962 6514

310155

3540

900 357070140

230285

300395 915 1015 7297

332165

3545

950 357070140

230285

300395 965 1069 8131

344172

4045

1000 357070140

230285

300395 1015 1116 8909

374187

4050

1050 357070140

230285

300395 1065 1167 9780

390195

4050

1100 357070140

230285

300395 1120 1218 10692

406203

4555

1150 357070140

230285

300395 1170 1249 11261

410205

4555

1200 357070140

230285

300395 1220 1320 12637

437219

5060

Note: For unit sizes or operating conditions outside of the range specified above, please refer to manufacturer!

AR 1AXIAL BELLOWS Design pressure 1 bar Design temperature 300 CTest pressure 1.5 bar

MOVEMENT FREE LENGHT O/LNOMINALDIAMETER

mm mmtotalmm

flangemm

weld endmm

PIPE O/Dmm

BELLOWS O/Dmm

EFFECTIVE AREAcm2

SPRING RATEN/mm

MASSkg

300 255050100

185230

280355 323,9 377 967

8537

1011

350 255050100

190235

285360 355,8 418 1171

9347

1112

400 255050100

190235

285360 406,5 469 1498

10653

1214

450 306060120

230285

300395 455 533 1919

14070

1720

500 306060120

230285

300395 510 583 2332

15578

1922

550 306060120

230285

300395 560 637 2814

17186

2125

600 306060120

230285

300395 610 685 3281

18593

2327

650 306060120

230285

300395 660 714 3580

19497

2530

700 357070140

230285

300395 710 812 4551

258129

3035

750 357070140

230285

300395 760 863 5177

276138

3035

800 357070140

230285

300395 815 914 5844

294147

3540

850 357070140

230285

300395 865 962 6514

310155

3540

900 357070140

230285

300395 915 1015 7297

332165

3545

950 357070140

230285

300395 965 1069 8131

344172

4045

1000 357070140

230285

300395 1015 1116 8909

374187

4050

1050 357070140

230285

300395 1065 1167 9780

390195

4050

1100 357070140

230285

300395 1120 1218 10692

406203

4555

1150 357070140

230285

300395 1170 1249 11261

410205

4555

1200 357070140

230285

300395 1220 1320 12637

437219

5060


AR 1

Note: For unit sizes or operating conditions outside of the range specified above, please refer to James Walker Townson.

Comflex Type

AR 1



AXIAL BELLOWS Design pressure 3.5 bar Design temperature 300 CTest pressure 5.25 bar

MOVEMENT FREE LENGTH O/LNOMINALDIAMETER

mm

mmtotalmm

flangemm

weld endmm

PIPE O/Dmm

BELLOWS O/Dmm

EFFECTIVE AREAcm2

SPRING RATEN/mm

MASSkg

300 255050100

190250

286362 323,9 377 967

14874

1821

350 255050100

222318

305400 355,6 418 1171

16784

2327

400 255050100

230330

305400 406,4 469 1498

19095

3032

450 255050100

230330

305400 457.2 533 1919

323162

3439

500 255050100

230330

350445 508 584 2332

358179

3943

600 255050100

240336

350445 609,2 685 3281

428214

5057

700 255050100

250344

350445 711,2 813 4552

675214

5968

750 255050100

260355

350445 762 864 5178

722361

6477

800 255050100

260355

350445 812,8 915 5845

769385

7182

900 255050100

285380

350445 914,4 1016 7300

863432

8093

1000 306060120

285380

360470 1016 1118 8921

740410

91105

1050 306060120

300394

360470 1065 1169 9787

785435

96109

1100 306060120

300394

360470 1120 1220 10697

823456

100116

1200 306060120

310406

360470 1220 1321 12637

910497

112130

AR 3.5

AXIAL BELLOWS Design pressure 3.5 bar Design temperature 300 CTest pressure 5.25 bar


mm

mmtotalmm

flangemm

weld endmm

PIPE O/Dmm

BELLOWS O/Dmm

EFFECTIVE AREAcm2

SPRING RATEN/mm

MASSkg

300 255050100

190250

286362 323,9 377 967

14874

1821

350 255050100

222318

305400 355,6 418 1171

16784

2327

400 255050100

230330

305400 406,4 469 1498

19095

3032

450 255050100

230330

305400 457.2 533 1919

323162

3439

500 255050100

230330

350445 508 584 2332

358179

3943

600 255050100

240336

350445 609,2 685 3281

428214

5057

700 255050100

250344

350445 711,2 813 4552

675214

5968

750 255050100

260355

350445 762 864 5178

722361

6477

800 255050100

260355

350445 812,8 915 5845

769385

7182

900 255050100

285380

350445 914,4 1016 7300

863432

8093

1000 306060120

285380

360470 1016 1118 8921

740410

91105

1050 306060120

300394

360470 1065 1169 9787

785435

96109

1100 306060120

300394

360470 1120 1220 10697

823456

100116

1200 306060120

310406

360470 1220 1321 12637

910497

112130

AR 3.5


Comflex Type

AR 3.5



AXIAL BELLOWS Design pressure 6 bar Design temperature 300 CTest pressure 9 bar


mm

mmtotalmm

flangemm

weld endmm

PIPE O/Dmm

BELLOWS O/Dmm

EFFECTIVE AREAcm2

SPRING RATEN/mm

MASSkg

40 19303860

145210

200265 48,3 59 22

8046

11

50 20304060

170225

235290 60,3 80 38

4933

12

65 22,5354570

180225

240290 76,1 95 57

5842

23

80153055

3060110

180200300

245265370

88,9 115 78 1235731

334

10017,53055

3560110

185205305

245265370

114,3 140 1271617038

445

125203055

4060110

200225340

270295410

139,7 170 190 23910957

567

150203055

4060110

200225340

270295410

168,3 200 26428913071

789

175203055110

4060110220

2202353351020

295305410915

193,7 235 356 44818610352

9101335

200203060120

4060120240

2252403651110

295305435915

219,1 260 44650720910553

12131646

225203060120

4060120240

295305435975

244,5 285 547 56723311759

14151852

250203060120

4060120240

2352503901145

2953054451020

273 315 67563526012462

16172261

30035

62,5125

70125250

2653851180

3454651055

323,9 380 967 33618090

242989

35035

62,5125

70125250

2503551130

3304351005

355,6 420 117526114271

253293

40035

62,5125

70125250

2553601135

3304351005

406,4 475 1503 29616281

2735105

4503575150

70150300

3805351185

457,2 535 1927478217109

4147145

5003575150

70150300

2654201325

3805351190

508 585 2341 529241121

4559160

6003575150

70150300

2654201355

3805351190

609,6 690 3291631287144

5575195

700 357570150

265420

380535 711,2 790 4404

733333

8291

750 357570150

380535 762 840 5020

784357

86108

800 357570150

265420

380535 812,8 890 5678

835380

90115

900 357570150

265420

380535 914,4 995 7114

937426

105130

1000 357570150

265420

380535 1016 1095 8713

1039473

115145

1050 357570150

380535 1065 1145 9573

1091496

120150

1100 357570150

380535 1120 1195 10474

1142520

125160

1200 357570150

310460

380535 1220 1300 12397

1244560

135170

AR 6AXIAL BELLOWS Design pressure 6 bar Design temperature 300 CTest pressure 9 bar


mm

mmtotalmm

flangemm

weld endmm

PIPE O/Dmm

BELLOWS O/Dmm

EFFECTIVE AREAcm2

SPRING RATEN/mm

MASSkg

40 19303860

145210

200265 48,3 59 22

8046

11

50 20304060

170225

235290 60,3 80 38

4933

12

65 22,5354570

180225

240290 76,1 95 57

5842

23

80153055

3060110

180200300

245265370

88,9 115 78 1235731

334

10017,53055

3560110

185205305

245265370

114,3 140 1271617038

445

125203055

4060110

200225340

270295410

139,7 170 190 23910957

567

150203055

4060110

200225340

270295410

168,3 200 26428913071

789

175203055110

4060110220

2202353351020

295305410915

193,7 235 356 44818610352

9101335

200203060120

4060120240

2252403651110

295305435915

219,1 260 44650720910553

12131646

225203060120

4060120240

295305435975

244,5 285 547 56723311759

14151852

250203060120

4060120240

2352503901145

2953054451020

273 315 67563526012462

16172261

30035

62,5125

70125250

2653851180

3454651055

323,9 380 967 33618090

242989

35035

62,5125

70125250

2503551130

3304351005

355,6 420 117526114271

253293

40035

62,5125

70125250

2553601135

3304351005

406,4 475 1503 29616281

2735105

4503575150

70150300

3805351185

457,2 535 1927478217109

4147145

5003575150

70150300

2654201325

3805351190

508 585 2341 529241121

4559160

6003575150

70150300

2654201355

3805351190

609,6 690 3291631287144

5575195

700 357570150

265420

380535 711,2 790 4404

733333

8291

750 357570150

380535 762 840 5020

784357

86108

800 357570150

265420

380535 812,8 890 5678

835380

90115

900 357570150

265420

380535 914,4 995 7114

937426

105130

1000 357570150

265420

380535 1016 1095 8713

1039473

115145

1050 357570150

380535 1065 1145 9573

1091496

120150

1100 357570150

380535 1120 1195 10474

1142520

125160

1200 357570150

310460

380535 1220 1300 12397

1244560

135170

AR 6


Comflex Type

AR 6





mm

mmtotalmm

flangemm

weld endmm

PIPE O/Dmm

BELLOWS O/Dmm

EFFECTIVE AREAcm2

SPRING RATEN/mm

MASSkg

40 19303860

150215

200265 48,3 59 22

8046

11

50 20304060

185250

240300 60,3 80 39

6843

22

65 22,5354570

190250

245300 76,1 95 58

7954

23

8012,52555

2550110

195215335

245265385

88,9 115 79 1238342

334

100153055

3060110

200235335

245265385

114,3 140 1271619254

456

125153055

3060110

215240375

270295430

139,7 175 192 23916182

6710

150153055

3060110

215240375

270295430

168,3 205 26628919397

8911

175153055110

3060110220

2352603451025

295320400900

193,7 235 358 44826016382

12121541

200153055110

3060120220

2402653601045

295320415920

219,1 260 44750729317286

14141850

225153060120

3060120240

2953204401015

244,5 285 549 56732617286

16172260

250153060120

3060120240

2502754151180

2953204551040

273 315 67763536318291

18192668

30035

62,5125

70125250

2854001200

3504651060

323,9 385 967 461263132

2734100

35035

62,5125

70125250

2703851145

3404501005

355,6 425 118136219899

2939105

40035

62,5125

70125250

2803901150

3404501005

406,4 475 1510 412225113

3345120

4503575150

70150300

3905551225

457,2 540 1934670305153

4765180

5003575150

70150300

2904501380

3905551220

508 595 2349 741337169

5275195

6003575150

70150300

3004651380

3905551220

609,6 695 3301881401202

8090240

700 357570150

300465

390555 711,2 795 4415

1022465

93120

750 357570150

390555 762 850 5032

1092497

95125

800 357570150

315485

390555 812,8 900 5690

1163529

100135

900 357570150

325490

390555 914,4 1000 7128

1304593

115150

1000 357570150

325490

390555 1016 1100 8728

1445657

125170

1050 357570150

390555 1065 1150 9589

1515689

130180

1100 357570150

390555 1120 1205 10491

1586721

140190

1200 357570150

390555 1220 1305 12415

1728786

155205




mm

mmtotalmm

flangemm

weld endmm

PIPE O/Dmm

BELLOWS O/Dmm

EFFECTIVE AREAcm2

SPRING RATEN/mm

MASSkg

40 19303860

150215

200265 48,3 59 22

8046

11

50 20304060

185250

240300 60,3 80 39

6843

22

65 22,5354570

190250

245300 76,1 95 58

7954

23

8012,52555

2550110

195215335

245265385

88,9 115 79 1238342

334

100153055

3060110

200235335

245265385

114,3 140 1271619254

456

125153055

3060110

215240375

270295430

139,7 175 192 23916182

6710

150153055

3060110

215240375

270295430

168,3 205 26628919397

8911

175153055110

3060110220

2352603451025

295320400900

193,7 235 358 44826016382

12121541

200153055110

3060120220

2402653601045

295320415920

219,1 260 44750729317286

14141850

225153060120

3060120240

2953204401015

244,5 285 549 56732617286

16172260

250153060120

3060120240

2502754151180

2953204551040

273 315 67763536318291

18192668

30035

62,5125

70125250

2854001200

3504651060

323,9 385 967 461263132

2734100

35035

62,5125

70125250

2703851145

3404501005

355,6 425 118136219899

2939105

40035

62,5125

70125250

2803901150

3404501005

406,4 475 1510 412225113

3345120

4503575150

70150300

3905551225

457,2 540 1934670305153

4765180

5003575150

70150300

2904501380

3905551220

508 595 2349 741337169

5275195

6003575150

70150300

3004651380

3905551220

609,6 695 3301881401202

8090240

700 357570150

300465

390555 711,2 795 4415

1022465

93120

750 357570150

390555 762 850 5032

1092497

95125

800 357570150

315485

390555 812,8 900 5690

1163529

100135

900 357570150

325490

390555 914,4 1000 7128

1304593

115150

1000 357570150

325490

390555 1016 1100 8728

1445657

125170

1050 357570150

390555 1065 1150 9589

1515689

130180

1100 357570150

390555 1120 1205 10491

1586721

140190

1200 357570150

390555 1220 1305 12415

1728786

155205


AR 10


Comflex Type

AR 10





mm

mmtotalmm

flangemm

weld endmm

PIPE O/Dmm

BELLOWS O/Dmm

EFFECTIVE AREAcm2

SPRING RATEN/mm

MASSkg

40 19303860

160230

210280 48,3 60 23

10964

12

50 20304060

180250

230300 60,3 85 39

7948

23

65 22,5304560

190265

240315 76,1 100 57

13278

34

80152550

3050100

195220350

245275405

88,9 115 79 12314070

456

100153055

3060110

200225355

245275405

114,3 145 129161213107

568

125153055

3060110

215260395

270315450

139,7 180 193 239185101

71013

150153055

3060110

215260395

270315450

168,3 205 268289219120

101317

175153055

3060110

235270400

295330460

193,7 240 360 448320178

141824

200153055

3060110

240275405

295330460

219,1 265 450507358199

162126

225153055

3060110

295330460

244,5 290 552 563398221

182330

250153055

3060110

255290420

295330460

273 315 680635443246

202533

30035

62,5125

70125250

3354751340

3855251180

323,9 385 980 506426213

3948130

35035

62,5125

70125250

3504651310

3905051145

355,6 430 1191535438219

4850140

40035

62,5125

70125250

3554751315

3905051145

406,4 480 1520 607495248

5557160

45035

62,5125

70125250

4305451130

457,2 545 1943695417209

6684200

50035

62,5125

70125250

3554751315

4305451130

508 595 2358 766460230

7393225

60035

62,5125

70125250

3654801325

4305451130

609,6 700 3312909545273

89114270

700 357070140

375520

430575 711,2 800 4427

1052574

104139

750 357070140

430575 762 850 5045

1124613

111148

800 357070140

385535

430575 812,8 900 5704

1195652

118159

900 357070140

395545

430575 914,4 1005 7144

1339730

134177

1000 357070140

415560

430575 1016 1105 8745

1482805

147198

1050 357070140

430575 1065 1155 9607

1554848

156207

1100 357070140

430575 1120 1205 10509

1626887

164218

1200 357070140

435580

430575 1220 1310 12435

1770966

177239



mm

mmtotalmm

flangemm

weld endmm

PIPE O/Dmm

BELLOWS O/Dmm

EFFECTIVE AREAcm2

SPRING RATEN/mm

MASSkg

40 19303860

160230

210280 48,3 60 23

10964

12

50 20304060

180250

230300 60,3 85 39

7948

23

65 22,5304560

190265

240315 76,1 100 57

13278

34

80152550

3050100

195220350

245275405

88,9 115 79 12314070

456

100153055

3060110

200225355

245275405

114,3 145 129161213107

568

125153055

3060110

215260395

270315450

139,7 180 193 239185101

71013

150153055

3060110

215260395

270315450

168,3 205 268289219120

101317

175153055

3060110

235270400

295330460

193,7 240 360 448320178

141824

200153055

3060110

240275405

295330460

219,1 265 450507358199

162126

225153055

3060110

295330460

244,5 290 552 563398221

182330

250153055

3060110

255290420

295330460

273 315 680635443246

202533

30035

62,5125

70125250

3354751340

3855251180

323,9 385 980 506426213

3948130

35035

62,5125

70125250

3504651310

3905051145

355,6 430 1191535438219

4850140

40035

62,5125

70125250

3554751315

3905051145

406,4 480 1520 607495248

5557160

45035

62,5125

70125250

4305451130

457,2 545 1943695417209

6684200

50035

62,5125

70125250

3554751315

4305451130

508 595 2358 766460230

7393225

60035

62,5125

70125250

3654801325

4305451130

609,6 700 3312909545273

89114270

700 357070140

375520

430575 711,2 800 4427

1052574

104139

750 357070140

430575 762 850 5045

1124613

111148

800 357070140

385535

430575 812,8 900 5704

1195652

118159

900 357070140

395545

430575 914,4 1005 7144

1339730

134177

1000 357070140

415560

430575 1016 1105 8745

1482805

147198

1050 357070140

430575 1065 1155 9607

1554848

156207

1100 357070140

430575 1120 1205 10509

1626887

164218

1200 357070140

435580

430575 1220 1310 12435

1770966

177239

AR 16


Comflex Type

AR 16



AXIAL BELLOWS Design pressure 25 bar Design temperature 300 CTest pressure 37,5 bar


mm

mmtotalmm

flangemm

weld endmm

PIPE O/Dmm

BELLOWS O/Dmm

EFFECTIVE AREAcm2

SPRING RATEN/mm

MASSkg

40 10202040

150215

190255 48,3 60 23

13568

12

50 12,5242548

175255

220300 60,3 80 38

13769

23

65 12,5242548

190265

225300 76,1 95 58

15886

34

80 15303060

220330

255370 88,9 115 80

18794

45

100 15303060

235345

255370 114,3 140 128

236118

67

125 22,5454590

280430

310460 139,7 175 192

254127

913

150 22,5454590

290440

310460 168,3 205 267

305153

1317

175 22,5454590

290445

320470 193,7 240 360

484242

1925

200 22,5454590

300455

320470 219,1 265 450

545273

2127

225 22,5454590

320470 244,5 290 552

603302

2331

250 22,5454590

320470

320470 273 315 680

673337

2534

300304080

6080160

3704251115

390445925

323,9 385 979 724557279

2848120

350304590

6090180

3754501175

380455970

355,6 430 1191750525263

5460145

400304590

6090180

3954751195

380455970

406,4 480 1521 850595298

5370170

450304590

6090180

430505985

457,2 535 1891950665333

6578205

500304590

6090180

5001265

430505985

508 585 2302 1050735368

7385235

600304590

6090180

4255001265

430505985

609,6 685 32451250875438

90105315

700 30456090

445535

450535 711,2 800 4427

16181123

100130

750 30456090

450535 762 850 5045

17311212

120140

800 30456090

465550

450535 812,8 900 5704

18441291

125150

AR 25

AXIAL BELLOWS Design pressure 25 bar Design temperature 300 CTest pressure 37,5 bar


mm

mmtotalmm

flangemm

weld endmm

PIPE O/Dmm

BELLOWS O/Dmm

EFFECTIVE AREAcm2

SPRING RATEN/mm

MASSkg

40 10202040

150215

190255 48,3 60 23

13568

12

50 12,5242548

175255

220300 60,3 80 38

13769

23

65 12,5242548

190265

225300 76,1 95 58

15886

34

80 15303060

220330

255370 88,9 115 80

18794

45

100 15303060

235345

255370 114,3 140 128

236118

67

125 22,5454590

280430

310460 139,7 175 192

254127

913

150 22,5454590

290440

310460 168,3 205 267

305153

1317

175 22,5454590

290445

320470 193,7 240 360

484242

1925

200 22,5454590

300455

320470 219,1 265 450

545273

2127

225 22,5454590

320470 244,5 290 552

603302

2331

250 22,5454590

320470

320470 273 315 680

673337

2534

300304080

6080160

3704251115

390445925

323,9 385 979 724557279

2848120

350304590

6090180

3754501175

380455970

355,6 430 1191750525263

5460145

400304590

6090180

3954751195

380455970

406,4 480 1521 850595298

5370170

450304590

6090180

430505985

457,2 535 1891950665333

6578205

500304590

Junta Expansiba Diseño Ingenieria Muy Bueno

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Transcript of Junta Expansiba Diseño Ingenieria Muy Bueno