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Jathroper Charcoal as Alternative Heat Source. Clyde2
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Transcript of Jathroper Charcoal as Alternative Heat Source. Clyde2
EFFECTIVENESS OF JATHROPER CHARCOAL AS AN ALTERNATIVE HEAT SOURCE FOR COOKING
An Investigatory ResearchPresented to the Faculty of special Science Class
Eucharistic King academySara, Iloilo
In Partial Fulfillment of theReqquirement of the Course
Research 1B
Presented by:Clyde Jess B. Juanitas
IV-St – DominicResearcher
February 2011
Acknowledgment
The Researcher would like to express his gratitude to the following,
who are one way or another, become a part of his research.
First of all, Almighty God, for his gift of knowledge and wisdom. For the
Guidance, his grace and blessing, this enabled the researcher to conduct the
study in the light of truth and faith.
His parents, Mr. and Mrs. Jesus and Harlene Juanitas, his guardians,
Mary Lou Plantig and Analyn Belonio and the rest of the family for their
prayers, moral and financial support, Love and inspiration.
Mrs. Evelyn Tacan, Research teacher, for her hi-valuable assistance,
support, guidance and patiently reviewing the manuscript and for giving the
researcher the title of his study.
To Ms. Maricel Diane and Ms. Beverly Faeldan for grammar checking.
To Mr. Rogelio Ticar, research consultant, for giving their time and
patiently review his work.
His adviser, Mrs. Jenelyn Malbas for the guidance and support she gave
to the researcher before and while conducting the study.
His friends and the SSC – 4 class for their moral and emotional support
whenever is in his time of great need.
Clyde Jess B. Juanitas
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLEACKNOWLEGDMENTTABLE OF CONTENTSABSTRACT
Page
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE I. Background of the study 1
II. Statement of the Problem3
III. Objectives of the study 4 IV. Significance of the study 4 V. Scope and Delimitation 5 VI. Definition of terms 5 VII. Conceptual Framework 6
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 7
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGYI. Materials and Equipment 9II. Experimental Procedure 9III. Methods of Gathering Data 10IV. Research Design 12
CHAPTER IV: Results and DiscussionsI. Data Analysis 13II. Experimental Design and treatment 16
CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONI. Summary 18II. Conclusion 18III. Recommendation 19
BIBLIOGRAPHY 20I. Websites 21
APPENDIX 22
ABSTRACT
A study on the effectiveness of Jathroper Charcoal as alternative
source for cooking was conducted at Brgy. Poblacion Ilaya, Sara, Iloilo to
determine if Jathroper charcoal is effective than paper charcoal in terms of:
a.) Time of ignition
b.) Duration of charcoal.
c.) Time it takes to boil the water.
A total of fifteen 50g charcoal were utilized in three experimental set-
ups which composed of set-up A, utilized Jathroper charcoal, set-up B,
utilized the plain paper charcoal, and set-up C (control) which utilized the
commercial charcoal.
The pre-test post-test experimental design was used to determine the
effectiveness of Jathroper charcoal compared to plain paper charcoal and
commercial charcoal using indicators as, a.) time of ignition, b.) duration of
charcoal, c.) the time it takes the charcoal to boil the water.
Each set-up used clay stove where the three types of charcoal were
placed and ignited simultaneously. The time ignition was determined by
recording the time the charcoal started to produce red ember, the duration
of charcoal was determined by finding the difference between the start of
the charcoal ignition until it loses its ember and the boiling length of water
was measured by recording the time it takes the water to boil from ignition
of the charcoals.
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
I. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Charcoal is one of the most widely-used materials as an alternative
and cheap source of heat. Many households use charcoal for cooking.
As time passes by, the production of charcoal is prohibited because as
many sacks of charcoal are being produced, as many trees are cut. Thus,
this causes the destruction of forest and habitat of wild life, and
eventually cause imbalance of the ecosystem. Furthermore,
indiscriminate cutting of trees for producing charcoal also bring
destructive effects to the environment. Among these are soil erosion,
landslide and the alternation on the natural habitat of wildlife. These
facts call for everybody to work for a common solution to protect our
trees.
The use of paper for charcoal is being studied now by scientists. This
move has been initiated after the world-wide call for every individual to
be responsible in the management of their solid wastes, in which paper
wastes comprised as one of the biggest components. Because of
tremendous volume of paper garbage, the government now is initiating
several projects and technologies for recycling and waste management.
Charcoal from paper maybe one of the best answers to the perennial
problem of pollution due to solid waste. Not only this, it can lessen the
dumped papers in the bodies of water and in our backyards. With
charcoal from paper we will have another cheap alternative source of
heat for cooking and reduces the problem on environmental pollution.
Today, more of the households depend much for liquefied petroleum
gas (LPG) for cooking food and other home use that needs heat. This
increases the demand for LPG worldwide, for an 11-kg LPG tank costs
from 500-600 pesos per household for two weeks. The use of LPG is
resulting to a more than a thousand of pesos per household consumption
every month. This adversely affects the family budget, and the effect is
worse for a family of more than five members. With an increased price of
oil per barrel in the world market this increasing demand for LPG will
contribute to a great down fall in the family income, eventually a great
contribution to the world economic crisis. Because of industrialization,
most people now use electricity as source of heat to cook their food, thus
increasing the demand for fuels. This resulted to inflation and economic
instability to the world’s economy specifically affecting the poorest of the
poor.
The utilization of local plants as alternative source of cheap charcoal is
now advanced by technologists and environmentalists as well.
According to Addison Wesly (2003), Studies showed that not only big
trees are potential sources of quality charcoal but seeds of shrubs and
other plants in our surroundings like kasla (Jathropa Curcas) can be
utilized. These plants grow wild in our forests and backyards without too
much attention are given to their culture for they can thrive anywhere.
II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study deals on the effectiveness of Jathroper charcoal as
alternative heat source for cooking in terms of:
1. time of boiling water
2. duration of the charcoal
3. time of ignition of the charcoal
General Problem:
What is the difference of Jathroper Charcoal from paper charcoal in
terms of time of ignition, duration and length of time it takes to boil
water?
Specifically, this study will answer the following questions:
1. What is the difference of Jathroper Charcoal from paper charcoal in
terms of the length of time it takes to boil water.
2. What is the difference of Jathroper Charcoal from paper charcoal in
terms of the duration of the charcoal;
3. What is the difference of Jathroper Charcoal from paper charcoal in
terms of time of ignition of the charcoal.
Null Hypotheses
There is no significant difference in the time it takes to boil water,
duration of the charcoal and time of ignition of Jathroper Charcoal from
paper charcoal.
III. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The following are the objectives of the study:
1. To determine if the Jathroper Charcoal is effective than paper
charcoal
2. To determine the effectiveness of Jathroper Charcoal as an
alternative heat source for cooking.
IV. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will be useful to the people, the teachers and the
researchers.
The people will benefit from this study because not all of them can
have the technology-made appliances for cooking. Instead they use
woods to cook meals to save money.
The teachers especially those teaching science subjects will be
provided with results from this investigation that will be used as their
reference in teaching of science subjects to become meaningful and
realistic.
The researchers will be guided from this study by using the data
gathered to encourage them to conduct similar studies to verify the
results that will further strengthen the veracity of the study.
V. SCOPE & DELIMINATION
This study was conducted at Brgy. Poblacion Ilaya, Sara Iloilo on
December 2009. Three set-ups with 50 grams charcoal in each set-up
were used to gather data in the experiment. Two set-ups represented the
experimental group and one for the control. There were five trials in the
experiment. A total of 750 g of charcoal was used in the study.
The study was limited only at determining the effectiveness of
charcoal from J. curcas in terms of time it takes the water to boil, duration
of the charcoal and the time of ignition of the charcoal.
VI. DEFINITION OF TERMS
For the clear understanding of the study some key terms were defined
conceptually and operationally
Jathropa curcas – is locally known as “kasla”, “Tubing Bakod” or Purging
nut tree in English, are species of toxic plants in the tropical area, easily
grow and pollinated. In this study, the Jathropa curcas is the main
material which helps to start the ignition process of the Jathroper
Charcoal.
Charcoal - is a black or dark gray form of carbon, produced by heating
wood or another organic substance in an enclosed space without air and
is used as a fuel, as an absorbent, in smelting, in explosives, and by
artists for drawing.
In this study, Charcoal serves as the controlled variable in the control set-
up.
Flame - is a hot glowing body of burning gas, often carrying fine
incandescent particles. In this study, flame is used to test the three set-
ups.
Paper - is a thin material consisting of flat sheets, made from pulped
wood, cloth, or fiber, used for various purposes, for example, for writing
and printing on, for wrapping things in, or for covering walls. In this
study, Paper is the main material used to make a Jathroper charcoal.
Ignition –is the pre-phase of combustion, where ember is present in
small number. Phase of combustion that starts burning process. In this
study, Ignition serves as the basis in order to know the longevity or the
life-span of the charcoal in each set-ups.
Duration- the period of time that something lasts or exists. In this study,
Duration is basis if the Jathroper charcoal lasts longer than Paper
charcoal.
VII. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The time it takes to boil the water
The ignition time The duration or life
span of the charcoal.
Jathroper Charcoal
Paper Charcoal
The diagram above shows the relationship of the Jathroper Charcoal
and the paper charcoal to the time it takes to boil the water, the ignition
time and the duration or life span of the charcoal. This study aims to
compare the ignition time, time it takes to boil the water and the duration of
the Jathroper charcoal and paper charcoal.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Tubang-bakod (Jathropa curcas) or Purging Nut Tree or Big-Purge Nut
is a glaborous, erect, branched shrub which is stout cyclindric and green.
Its fresh leaves and seeds are utilized. Oil, known as curcas oil, is used as
illuminant and lubricant. Jathropa’s chemical constituent – Seed contains
a yellow fixed oil, 29-40%, known as Hell oil, Oleum infernale, and Oleum
ricini majoris In terms of biodiesel availability, this is considered as one of
its sources. The oil firm is set to invest for Jathropa nursery in Kabankalan
City for it has 37% oil content and can be used as fuel without being
refined.
Kasla or Jathropa Curcas is widely known among botanists as herbal
medicine. But this medicinal herb is not just for meds but also processed
to produce bio-diesel and as an alternative power source to lessen the
dependence of the country to crude oil. Jathropa curcas is very abundant
in tropical areas that allow it to grow healthy.
According to Henry Daniel O. Creighton (2000).The plant itself is a
good source of biofuel, from the roots to the seeds, traces of biofuel can
be collected. In the roots, 19.47% of overall biofuel is present, the
stem/trunk contains 20.48%, 39.54% in the seeds and the remaining
20.01% is found in the other parts of the plant.
Paper, a material in the form of thin sheets, manufactured by the webbing
of vegetable cellulose fibers. Paper is used for writing and printing, for
wrapping and packaging, and for a variety of special purposes ranging from
the filtration of precipitates from solutions to the manufacture of certain
types of building materials. In 20th-century civilization, paper is a basic
material, and the development of machinery for its high-speed production
has been largely responsible for the increase in literacy and the raising of
educational levels of people throughout the world.
Paper is composed mainly of the tree’s cellulose; it is a fibrous matter in a
found in the vascular tubes of plants that is essential in the formation of the
paper. In addition, it gives the paper the ability to be burned continually due
to the fact that it its very fibrous and each thread of the fiber are diversely
burned in the paper’s combustion.Charcoal easily burns with the presence of
oxygen in the surroundings, humidity, atmospheric pressure and altitude
affects the ignition rate of a charcoal. In a moist environment (High
Humidity) people would likely experience a hard time in setting charcoals on
flame, especially in an open area where the environmental factors cannot be
manipulated.
Flame’s temperature is difficult to measure when appropriate measuring
device are not readily available, mercurial thermometer are very risky to
used in directly measuring the flame’s temperature. Taking the temperature
of water is inconsistent since there are many factors that influence the
water’s temperature like the type of water, altitude
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
I. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
The materials for this study include scratch papers, seed of Jathropa
curcas, pail of water, mortar and pestle, wide-mouthed basin and a long
plastic tube with a diameter of 1 inch, three identical clay stoves, three
identical aluminum pots, commercial black charcoal, and a flame source.
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The flow of processes below gives the detailed discussion of procedure
under study in making charcoal from the samples
Jathroper Charcoal Paper charcoal
Selecting seeds Selecting paper
Selecting paper Paper Shredding
Seed drying Paper molding and weighing
Paper Shredding
Paper molding and weighing
Paper drying and seed incorporating
Slice the obtained J. curcas to get its seeds, separate the outer
covering of the seed from the inner content. Dry the inner content up under
the heat of the sun; it should be small enough so that it will be easy for the
fiber to separate. Soak these pieces of paper in a wide-mouthed basin; add
water until it reaches the top of the papers. Let it soak for about three to five
days. Then, cut the plastic tune into 2 inches high and 1 inch in diameter. Put
some soaked paper in it and press the papers until they are compressed.
Weigh the molded papers; using the flat form balance make sure that they
are of similar weight. After this, dry the molded papers and implant seeds to
samples.
III. METHODS OF GATHERING DATA
To test the hypothesis observes the following:
1. The time it takes to bring water into its Boiling temperature
2. Ignition time
3. Duration (life span)
The hypothesis was tested by igniting the three different set-ups
simultaneously. Set-up A contains 50 g Jathroper Charcoal, set-up B, with
50 g Paper Charcoal, and the Set-up C or the control set-up contains 50 g
common charcoal.
The randomly selected charcoal samples from different sources
were weighed using a plat form balance to obtain equal weights of 50 g
each from each sample. They were burned in a clay pot simultaneously
using a flame source. The time for the charcoal to ignite from each
sample was recorded at the start they were sparked until the appearance
of the flame. The time of ignition was obtained by subtracting the time
when the charcoal ignited from the time the flame has appeared.
To test the time it takes the water boil 50 ml water was placed in a
pot and brings it to boil. The time it takes the water to boil was recorded
from the start of ignition until bubbles appear. The time of boiling was
obtained by subtracting the time for the start of ignition from the time for
bubbles to appear.
The life span of the charcoals was obtained by subtracting the time
charcoals start to ignite from the time their embers were lost.
All set-ups were observed and were given 3 minutes each to let the
charcoals start to ignite and the time was recorded simultaneously. The
same procedure was followed in each set-up to provide equal humidity, at
on pressure and other factors that can affect combustion of the charcoal.
The remarks will serve as the raw data for the experiment. Five 50 g
of charcoal in each set-up will be tested which are chosen in random
manner.
The time the charcoal starts to burn until it loses its ember will be the
measure of the life span of the charcoal.
The length of time it takes the head source to bring the water to boil
was also recorded.
The time of ignition is the difference from the time the flame source
was placed on the charcoals to the time it started to ignite.
IV. RESEARCH DESIGN
The experiment used the Pre-test-Post-test Control Group
Experimental Design in order to determine the effectiveness of J. curcas
charcoal as alternative source of heat.
Two experiments were conducted using three set-ups of five trials
with equal amount of charcoal in each set-up. The first experiment was
conducted as pre-test. After a desired period of time, the same
experiment was repeated. This is known as the post-test. This design is
used to find out if changes will vary from one period to another using the
same subject.
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
I. DATA ANALYSIS
PRE – TEST
TABLE 1.1SET UP 1
BOILING
TIMEIGNITION
TIMELIFE-SPAN
JATHROPER CHARCOAL
TIME TIME TIME
1 4:23:01 1:56:09 7:49:032 3:45:05 2:07:02 7:53:103 3:23:07 1:59:01 6:55:074 3:16:05 1:56:02 7:57:065 3:09:04 1:29:05 8:31:02
Table 1.1 shows the recorded time in terms of Boiling time, ignition time
and the Life-span of the Jathroper charcoal used in set up 1. The data shows
that the Jathroper charcoal takes almost 2 minutes to ignite but its longevity
lasts until 8 minutes.
TABLE 1.2SET UP 2
BOILING TIME
IGNITION TIME
LIFE-SPAN
PAPER CHARCOAL
TIME TIME TIME
1 5:43:08 1:47:03 7:34:052 4:49:07 1:42:06 6:37:073 3:23:03 1:43:01 7:14:034 - - -5 3:19:03 1:40:09 5:54:06
In Table 1.2,are the results from set up 2, the utilized Paper charcoal,
compared to the first set up, its ignition time was faster than the
jathropher charcoal but its duration only lasts 6-7 minutes.
TABLE 1.3CONTROL SET-UP
BOILING TIME
IGNITION TIME
LIFE-SPAN
BLACK CHARCOAL
TIME TIME TIME
1 - 1:03:09 3:24:072 - 1:14:04 3:54:093 - 1:11:02 2:59:074 - 1:20:01 3:10:055 - 1:23:06 2:55:01
Table 1.3 is the control set up which contains the utilized commercial
charcoal. Due to the fact that the commercial charcoal ignites faster than the
other two charcoals, it easily turned into ashes, thus, its life-span only lasts
in a short period of time.
POST-TEST
TABLE 2.1SET UP 1
BOILING
TIMEIGNITION
TIMELIFE-SPAN
JATHROPER CHARCOAL
TIME TIME TIME
1 4:18:04 2:01:05 6:57:042 4:05:01 1:57:01 7:54:093 3:56:09 1:30:04 7:53:074 3:08:09 1:55:09 8:34:065 3:49:01 2:00:01 7:54:10
Table 2.1 shows the results of the Post test of set up 1, utilized
Jathroper charcoal. As observed above the boiling time, ignition time and life
span are moreover have nearer results to the recorded time in the pre test.
TABLE 2.2SET UP 2
BOILING
TIMEIGNITION
TIMELIFE-SPAN
PAPER CHARCOAL
TIME TIME TIME
1 - - -2 5:41:06 1:55:05 7:33:063 3:20:10 1:45:01 5:51:094 5:44:10 1:48:01 7:41:105 4:48:08 1:45:04 7:40:01
Table 2.2 shows the post test results of set up 2(utilized paper
charcoal).
The results proved that the boiling time, ignition time, and its duration are
moreover near to the results in the pre test.
TABLE 2.3CONTROL SET-UP
BOILING TIME
IGNITION TIME
LIFE-SPAN
BLACK CHARCOAL
TIME TIME TIME
1 - 1:19:10 3:11:042 - 1:13:05 3:27:083 - 1:24:06 2:54:054 - 1:04:01 2:54:025 - 1:04:02 3:31:06
Table 2.3 is the post test control set up(commercial charcoal). As
shown above, its life span and ignition time was still faster than the other
two set ups, making the pre test true that it only last in a shorter period of
time than the other two charcoals.
II. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND TREATMENT
The Jathroper Charcoal has a faster time in boiling water compared to
the other two charcoal samples and has the longest life-span in all the
three set-ups. But its ignition time is slower compared to the other three,
this is due to the fact that the Jathroper Charcoal is composed of
materials with different densities and chemical compositions that made
the variation in the combustibility of the said material, the different
materials that composed the charcoal provide its long life-span compared
to those plain paper charcoal and (carbon) black commercial charcoal
which shows great difference in terms of their life spans or the time it
takes the charcoal until it is completely turned into ashes.
The fast combustion in pure mixtures (homogeneous) of paper and the
pure substance carbon (elemental level) in the black charcoal makes it
insufficient or sometimes unable to sustain giving heat to the water in the
pot which disables it to make the water in the pot to boil just like what
happened to the black charcoal since the charcoal sample is already
consumed before it can further rise the temperature of the water. Pure
substance like carbon in the black charcoal made it easily consumed in
the process of combustion making it the fastest to turn into ashes.
The Jathroper charcoal made two out of three significant markers in
testing its effectiveness. After 3 minutes the charcoal ignites, the flame
size is observed. Flame size varies with different factors such as
composition and the nature of the system’s surrounding. The plain paper
charcoal easily ignites than that of the Jathroper Charcoal burns with
greater average flame size than the plain one.
The biofuel of Jathropa curcas present in the Jathroper charcoal give in
a high feasibility as flame source but also gives a slow ignition time but
stays longer compared to the paper charcoal due to the fact that high
traces of biofuel is entrench in the Jathroper charcoal .
The lesser materials present on the plain Paper Charcoal gives it a
definite specific heat that makes it easier to burn. Jathroper Charcoal
burns slower due to the fact of the different densities of its composition
gives variation in its specific heat. The different specific heat of the
masses means a variety in the ignition, longevity and time it takes the
water to reach boiling temperature.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study on the effectiveness of Jathroper charcoal as an alternative
heat source was conducted at Brgy. Poblacion Ilaya, Sara Iloilo on December
2009 to find out the following:
1) What is the length of time for the charcoals to bring the water to
boiling temperature;
2) What is the life span of the charcoal; and
3) What is the time of ignition of the charcoals?
Three set-up were used in the experiment using 50g of Jathroper
charcoal to set-ups A,B, and C. Each were lighted and time recorded.
Results showed that Jathroper charcoal ignited slowly has shorter time
to boil water and has a longer life span.
Conclusion
All set-ups were done with the same factors that affect s the
nature of the charcoal. On the other hand, charcoals that slowly ignites
showed longevity in burning
It is observed that the Jathroper Charcoal swiftly brings the water
into its boiling point.
It was also observed that plain Paper Charcoal ignites faster than
the Jathroper Charcoal making one of the Null Hypothesis true. The
homogeneous nature of the paper charcoal had brought it into early
ignition process than the heterogeneous nature of the Jathroper charcoal.
Recommendation
Jathroper charcoal yielded 2 out of 3 positive results. With this
basis, the researchers recommend the adaption of this innovation in the
field of charcoal making.
To further improve the study, the researcher recommends the
following:
(1)The position/placement of Jathropa curcas seed as it is being
incorporated in the Jathroper charcoal should be fixed in one area to avoid
variation of specific heat and heat capacity;
(2)Measuring the weight, size and shape of the Charcoal should be
more or less identical with one another( lower degrees of error);and
(3)The paper quality should be identical to avoid having different
results with respect to its effect in the charcoals combustion process.
Furthermore, application studies on other biofuel-bearing plants
apart from J.curcas should be explored.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
WEBSITES
http://www.dinagyang.com.ph/schools/forums
http://www.gov.ph/news
http://www.stuartexchange.org/TubangBakod.html
http://www.oil.com/jathropastudies
Microsoft Encarta Premium Suite 2005
www.biofuel.org.ca
www.camptips.net
www.chemistryonaction.org.eu.
www.papermaking.com.eu
www.eHow.com
www.knowcharcoal.com
APPENDIX
Seed Drying Paper Shredding
Pounding of Jathropa curcas seeds Soaking of paper in the basin
Molding of soaked paper in the plastic tube Pounded Jathropa Curcas seeds
was being
incorporated in the soaked paper
Apply pressure to push the formed Molded Jathroper
Charcoal
Jathroper Charcoal
Drying of Jathroper Charcoal Drying of Paper
Charcoal
Jathroper Charcoal(Finished Product) Paper Charcoal(Finished Product)