Combined Heat and Power: An Alternative to Grid Distribution
Transcript of Combined Heat and Power: An Alternative to Grid Distribution
CARIBBEAN THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES INC.
Combined Heat and Power: An Alternative to Grid Distribution
Dr. Jorge Gonzalez Cruz
CARIBBEAN THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES INC.
Distributed Generation
Distributed generation is (DG) is the integrated or stand-alone use of small, modular electricity generation resources by utilities, industry and retail centers, in applications that benefit the entire electric system.
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CARIBBEAN THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES INC.
Introduction to CHPSimultaneous production of two or more types of usable energy from a single energy source (also called “Cogeneration”).Use of waste heat from power generation equipment.
ELECTRICITY
HEAT RECOVERY
UNIT
GENERATORTURBINE
HE
AT
STEAM ABSORPTION CHILLER
CHILLED WATER
FUEL
COOLING TOWER
STE
AM
FOR PROCESS
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CHP vs. Grid GenerationTraditional central power system is inefficient
One-half to two-thirds of energy is wasted as heat
This heat, otherwise lost, can be used for industrial processes, space and water heating, cooling, etc.
Electricity istypically morevaluable thanheat.
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CHP DescriptionEquipment & Technologies
Power EquipmentGas turbineSteam turbineGas turbine-combined cycleReciprocating engineFuel cell, etc.
Heating EquipmentWaste heat recoveryBoiler / Furnace / Heater HRSG
Cooling equipmentCompressorAbsorption chillerHeat pump, etc.
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Absorption Machines
• An absorption machine is a heat operated Air Conditioning System that uses a liquid salt and water as refrigerant. It has no mechanical parts and consumes very small amount of electricity. An absorption machine can be powered by any heat source available at the site including solar energy.
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Yazaki Absorption Machine
PROVIDES COOLING
AND HEATING
10 TO 100 TONS
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INJECTION MOLDING
FUELL CELLS
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
EXCEDENT VAPOR
THERMAL OXIDIZER
Heat Sources to Power Absorption Machines
EXHAUST
TURBINES
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Developments: Energy Efficient Buildings
Technology integrated to the building structure.
HIGH-PERFORMANCE SOLAR COLLECTORS
ABSORPTION MACHINE
WINDOWS WITH LOW-E
GLASS
INSULATION IN ROOF AND
WALLS
AIR-HANDLING UNITS
HOT WATER STORAGE TANK
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Electricity from Cogeneration
ELECTRICITY FROM COGENERATION IN USA
0
5
10
15
20
25
1983 2010
Year
%
ELECTRICITY FROM COGENERATION IN GERMANY
0
10
20
30
40
1983
Year
%
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DG BenefitsPower reliability: reduced power outages & avoid loss of production associated with power loss from the grid.Improved power quality: voltage fluctuations are minimized.Reduced total energy costs: these systems can produce hot or cold water for heating, cooling, and steam. Efficiencies could reach 80% with CHP.
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Why DG in Puerto Rico?
High electricity costsNeed of reliable power supplyHigh fuel costsHigh need for heat (at industry)High need for air conditioning (at industry and business)
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Barriers to DG
Technical requirements for interconnectionBusiness practices and contractual requirementsRegulatory barriers
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CHP ApplicationsCHP Applications• Single buildings• Commercial and industrial
• Multiple buildings
• District energy systems (e.g. communities)
• Industrial processes
• HotelsLFG CHP for district heating system, Sweden
Photo Credit: Urban Ziegler, NRCan Photo Credit: Urban Ziegler, NRCan Micro turbine at greenhouse
Photo Credit: Urban Ziegler, NRCan
CHP Kitchener City Hall
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Comparison of CHP Technologies
Hydrogen, natural gas, propane
Natural gas, biogas, propane, distilate oil
Natural gas, biogas, propane, distilate oil
allNatural gas, biogas, propane
Diesel and residual oil
Fuels
0.003-0.0150.002-0.010.002-0.0080.0040.007-0.0150.005-0.008O&M Cost ($/kWh)
>3,000500-1,300900-1,800800-1,000800-1,500800-1,500CHP Installed Cost ($/kW)
0.2-20.025-0.253-200Any0.05-50.05-5Size (MW)
40-70%20-30%25-40%30-42%25-45%30-50%Electric efficiency (LHV)
FUEL CELLSMICRO-TRUBINE
GAS TURBINE
STEAM TURBINE
NATURAL GAS ENGINE
DIESEL ENGINE
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Payback
• Less than two years for Heat & Power• Less than three years for Waste Heat &
Cogeneration.• About Six Years for Solar Energy
Applications.
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Economic analysis (100-RT)
0123456789
10
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Installation Cost ($/Ton)
Payb
ack
Tim
e (y
ears
)
Ce = $0.10/kWh; Ce = $0.10/kWh; VC=$500/TonCe = $0.12/kWh; Ce = $0.12/kWh; VC=$500/TonCe = $0.16/kWh; Ce = $0.16/kWh; VC=$500/ton
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CHP Project Considerations
• Reliable, long-term supply of fuel
• Capital costs must be kept under control
• Need “customer” for both heat and power– Must negotiate sale of electricity onto grid if not all consumed on-site
• Typically plant is sized for heating base load (i.e. minimum heating load under normal operating conditions)– Heat output typically equal to 100% to 200% of the electricity output
– Heat can be used for cooling through absorption chillers
• Risk associated with uncertainty of future electricity / natural gas (“spark”) price spread
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RETScreen® CHP Project Model Cooling Systems
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Example: CanadaSingle Buildings
• Buildings requiring heating, cooling, and a reliable power supply– Hospitals, schools, commercial
buildings, agricultural buildings, etc.
Reciprocating EnginePhoto Credit: GE Jenbacher
Exhaust Heat Recovery Steam BoilerPhoto Credit: GE Jenbacher
Hospital, Ontario, CanadaPhoto Credit: GE Jenbacher
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Examples: Sweden and USAMultiple Buildings
• Groups of buildings served by a central heating/cooling power plant– Universities, commercial complexes, communities,
hospitals, industrial complexes, etc.– District energy system
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Example: Brazil Industrial Processes
• Industries with a high, constant heating or cooling demand are good candidates for CHP
Bagasse for Process Heat at a Mill, Brazil
Photo Credit: Ralph Overend/ NREL Pix
• Also applicable to industries that produce waste material which can then be used to generate heat and power
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Examples: Canada and SwedenLandfill Gas
• Landfills produce methane as waste decomposes
• This can be used as the fuel for cooling, heating or power projects
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Vision: “Sustainable Communities”
Energy & water needs
Low ImpactBuildings
Ecosystem
Energy, water,
transportation& air qualityinformation management
system
SustainableVillage
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MAYAGUEZ, PR 00680 USAPhone: 787-834-5700 xt 1032
Fax: [email protected]
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