ISSN 2320 2750 Jamshedpur Research Review YEAR II VOL II ISSUE VII

JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 0

ISSN 2320 2750 Jamshedpur Research Review YEAR II VOL II ISSUE VII

JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 1

JAMSHEDPUR RESEARCH REVIEW GOVT REGD. MULTI DISCIPLINARY INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL

Year II Vol. II Issue VII

RNI – JHA/ENG/2013/53159

ISSN: 2320-2750

Postal Registration No.-G/SBM-49/2013-14

Dateline: June 1 2014- August 30 2014

Year II: Volume II: Issue: VII

Place: Jamshedpur

Language: English

Periodicity: Quarterly

Price: Rs.150

No. of Pages- 106(Incl.Cover Pages)

Nationality of the editor: Indian

Name of the editor: Mithilesh Kumar

Choubey.

Owner: Gyanjyoti Educational and Research

Foundation (Trust), 62, Block No.-3,

Shastrinagar, Kadma, Jamshedpur,

Jharkhand, Pin-831005.

Publisher: Mithilesh Kumar Choubey

Nationality of the Publisher: Indian

Printer: Mithilesh Kumar Choubey

Nationality of the Publisher: Indian

Printing Press: Gyanjyoti printing press,

Gyanjyoti Educational and Research

Foundation (Trust), 62, Block No.-3,

Shastrinagar, Kadma, Jamshedpur,

Jharkhand, Pin-831005.

Declaration: Owner of Jamshedpur Research

Review, English Quarterly is Gyanjyoti

Educational and Research Foundation (Trust),

62, Block No 3, Shastrinagar Kadma,

Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, Pin -831005, and

published and printed by Mithilesh Kumar

Choubey and printed at Gyanjyoti Printing

Press, Gyanjyoti Educational and Research

Foundation, 62, Block No.-3, Shastrinagar,

Kadma, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, Pin-831005,

and published at Gyanjyoti Educational and

Research Foundation(Trust), 62, Block No.-3,

Shastrinagar, Kadma, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand,

Pin-831005, and editor is Mithilesh Kumar

Choubey

June 1 2014 – August 30 2014

YEAR II Vol.II Issue VII

ENGLISH QUARTERLY

Editor- in -Chief

Dr. Mithilesh Kumar Choubey editorjrr@gmail.com

A Publication of

GYAN JYOTI EDUCATIONAL AND RESEARCH

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ISSN 2320 2750 Jamshedpur Research Review YEAR II VOL II ISSUE VII

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English Quarterly

JAMSHEDPUR RESEARCH REVIEW June 2014-August 2014 Year II Volume II Issue VII

Ever since its first issue in 2012, Jamshedpur Research Review is the most reputed govt. registered research

magazine in Jharkhand.

EDITORIAL BOARD

Dr. Mithilesh Kr Choubey

Editor –in –Chief

Dr. P.Venugopal

Associate Director, XLRI, Jamshedpur.

Dr. J.P Misra

Dean, Student Affairs, SOMS, Varanasi.

Dr. A.N Misra

Principal, MGM Medical College, Jamshedpur.

Dr. Neha Tiwari

Prof –in-Charge, Dept of MassCom. Karim City College, Jamshepur, Jharkhand.

Dr. Vijay Bahadur Singh

Reader, Dept. of Commerce, Ranchi University. Ranchi. Jharkhand.

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL REFEREE

Dr. Brij Kumar Pandey

Retd. Prof. BSRBA Univ. Bihar.

Dr. S.K Sinha

HOD, English, Jamshedpur Co-operative College, Jamshedpur.

Dr. Vijay Kumar Piyush

HOD, Hindi, Jamshedpur Co-operative College, Jamshedpur.

Dr. Raksha Singh

Principal, Sri Sankaracharya Mahavidhyalya, Bhilai, Chattisgarh.

Mr. Rajesh Dwived

Senior Consulate, Ministry of External Affairs, Govt of India., Ho chi minh City, Vietnam.

COPY EDITOR

Dr. Sanjive Kumar Singh

Dept of Commerce, Jamshedpur Co-operative College, Jamshepur.

GRAPHICS AND CREATIVE ART EDITOR

Mr. Krishna Kumar Choubey

ISSN 2320 2750 Jamshedpur Research Review YEAR II VOL II ISSUE VII

JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 3

PAPER REVIEW COMMITTEE

Dr.P.K Pani

Dept of Commerce, ABM College, Kolhan University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.

Prof. Sudeep Kumar

Xavior institute of social science , XISS, Ranchi, Jharkhand

Dr. S.B.P Gupta

Dept.of Commerce, Nilamber Pitamber University, Palamu, Jharkhand.

Dr. Swati Chakraborty

Royal Thimphu College, Bhutan.

Dr. Prakash Chand

Dept of Political Science,, Dayal Singh (Ev) College, Delhi University.

Dr. Danish Ali Khan

Associate Professor, NIT, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.

Dr Abhay Kr Pandey

D.K College, Dumraon, Buxar, Bihar.

Prof. L Kachap

Dept of Psychology, Jamshedpur Co-operative College, Kolhan University, Jharkhand.

Dr. S. Ansari

Dept of Hindi, Karim City College, Jamshedpur. Jharkhand.

Dr. Poonam Sahay

Dept. of psychology, ABM College, Kolhan University, Jamshedpur.

Dr. K.M Mahato

Dept of Commerce, Jamshedpur Co-operative College, Kolhan University, Jamshedpur. Jharkhand.

Dr. Deepa Saran

Department of Commerce, Jamshedpur Women‘s College, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.

Dr. Sanjiv Chaturvedi

Dept of Commerce, Doranda College Ranchi, Jharkhand.

Dr. Ishtiaque Ahmed

Associate Professor, Dept. of Commerce, Purnia College, Purnia, (B.N Mandal University, Bihar.)

Dr. Manisha Kumari

Institute of Management Studies, Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand.

I N D E X

From the Editor’s Desk 08-08

1. HEDONISTIC PHILISHOPHY: ANCIENT AND MODERN VIEWS Dr. Mithilesh Kr. Choubey & Dr. Vijay Kumar Piyush 09-14

2. TRIBAL SELF – GOVERNANCE AND WOMEN OF SANTHALPARGANAS IN JHARKHAND :A

SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY

Dr. Ambrish Gautam 15-25

3. THE IDIOM IN ‘NECTAR IN A SIEVE’ AND ‘THE COFFER DAMS’

Minakshi Pandeya 26-29

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4. SEEKING INDIVIDUALITY… A FEMININE CONCERN IN THE NOVEL “THE DARK HOLDS NO

TERRORS’’ BY SHASHI DESHPANDE

Rupa Sarkar 30-32

5. IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF JHARKHAND: A CASE

STUDY OF WEST SINGHBHUM DISTRICT OF JHARKHAND

Dr. Sanjive Kumar Singh & Gaurisankar 33-43

6. IMPACT OF TRAINING ON MANAGEMENT & SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF TATA

STEEL

Sweta Gupta 44-51

7. WOMEN WORKFORCE IN INDIA: STATUS REPORT

Chandni Nath 52-56

8. MICA INDUSTRY OF JHARKHAND: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES

Dr. S.K Mujibar Rahaman 57-61

9. FUTURE OF E-RETAILING IN YOUNG INDIA

Kumari Sneha & Vikas Kashyap 62-65

10. AN UNTAPPED POTENTIAL OF JHARKHAND TOURISM

Dr. Kamini 66-70

11. AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF CELLULAR PHONES ON STUDENT

Dr. Istiaque Ahmed 71-79

12. ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTATION IN GOVERNMENT COLLEGES IN KERALA: AN OVERVIEW

Anilkumar.R 80-82

13. SOCIO-EMOTIONAL SCHOOL CLIMATE AND PUPIL ACHIEVEMENT

Dr.Lakshmi Pandey 83-89

14. MUTUAL FUND IN INDIA : AN APPRAISAL OF SELECTED MUTUAL FUNDS

Dr. Ajay Varma 90-92

15. ONLINE BANKING IN INDIA : A CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE

Meetu Ahuja 93-97

16. ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS OF TAMAR BLOCK OF RANCHI DISTRICT, JHARKHAND

Dara Singh Gupta, Manoj Ranjan Sinha & Pushpa Salo Linda 98-101

Sentinelese: Most Isolated Community in the World-

Page 14

Walt Disney of India Died-Page 32

New books: Narendra Modi - Ek Tilism-Page-44

India’s Biggest Library-Page 61

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English Quarterly

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From the Editor’s Desk…..

BETWEEN GOOD AND BAD FORMS OF SELF-

CONCERN

In Greek mythology, Narcissus was renowned for his

beauty. Exceptionally proud of his beauty, he disdained those who loved

him. Nemesis noticed this behavior and attracted Narcissus to a pool, where he

saw his own reflection in the water and fell in love with it, not realizing it was

merely an image. Unable to consummate his love, Narcissus "lay gazing

enraptured into the pool, hour after hour," and finally changed into a flower that

bears his name, the narcissus.(नर्गिस) According to a new study published in a journal of Social Networking,

some Facebook features like profile photo and status updates are linked with

encouraging narcissism. The profile picture is the most tangible aspect of a user's

online self-presentation, making it a touchstone for narcissists seeking to draw

attention to themselves. For the study, researchers investigated the relationship

among adult Facebook users between ages 18 and 50.They asked over 400

individuals a range of questions about their Facebook behaviours. Participants in

the study used Facebook an average of two hours per day and had approximately

500 friends for both.

We all criticize narcissism, especially in others. The vain are by turns

annoying or absurd, offending us whether they are blissfully oblivious or proudly

aware of their behavior. But are narcissism and vanity really as bad as they

seem? Can we avoid them even if we try? In Mirror, Mirror, Simon Blackburn,

the author of such best-selling philosophy books as Think, Being Good, and Lust,

says that narcissism, vanity, pride, and self-esteem are more complex than they

first appear and have innumerable good and bad forms. Drawing on philosophy,

psychology, literature, history, and popular culture, Blackburn offers an

enlightening and entertaining exploration of self-love, from the myth of

Narcissus and the Christian story of the Fall to today‘s self-esteem industry. A sparkling mixture of learning, humor, and style, Mirror, Mirror

examines what great thinkers have said about self-love—from Aristotle, Cicero,

and Erasmus to Rousseau, Adam Smith, Kant, and Iris Murdoch. It considers

today‘s ―me‖-related obsessions, such as the ―selfie,‖ plastic surgery, and

cosmetic enhancements, and reflects on connected phenomena such as the fatal

commodification of social life and the tragic overconfidence of George W. Bush

and Tony Blair. Ultimately, Mirror, Mirror shows why self-regard is a necessary

and healthy part of life. But it also suggests that we have lost the ability to

distinguish—let alone strike a balance—between good and bad forms of self-

concern.

Dr. Mithilesh Kr. Choubey

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HEDONISTIC PHILISHOPHY: ANCIENT AND MODERN

VIEWS

Dr. Mithilesh Kr Choubey

Director, Gyanjyoti Educational & Research Foundation, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.

Dr. Vijay Kumar Piyush

Head of the department, Hindi, Jamshedpur Co-operative College, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand

__________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT

Modern views on Hedonism that

defines hedonism as a pursuit of pleasure as a

matter of ethical principle, or an ethical

system that evaluates the pursuit of pleasure as

the highest good open new windos for studing

the hedonism today. These new views are

quite different from the the old views where

hedonism was considerd as unethical, immoral

and totally out of human values. The paper

presented here, studies the ancient and modern

views on hedonism and investigates how these

new views are distinct from previous ones. It

is indeeded an attempt to see the hedonism

from a different angle.

Key Words: Hedonism, Nihilism, Atheist,

Rama, Ayodhya, Jabali, Ethical Hedonism,

Modern Marketing, Ajit Keshkambli,

Lokayat, Charwak, Modern Indian society

n Ramayana, Rama abandons his claim to

the royal throne and goes on a 14-year

exile, in order to help his father keep a

promise. Rama considers his decision as his

dharma (righteous duty), necessary for his

father's honour. In Ayodhya Khanda, Jabali

accompanies Bharata to the forest, as part of a

group that triesto convince Rama to give up

his exile Jabali uses nihilist (someone who

rejects all theories of morality or religious

belief) reasoning to dissuade Rama from

continuing the exile. He states that those give

up artha (material pleasures) for the sake of

dharma suffer in this life and meet extinction

after their death. Showing further disbelief in

the concept of afterlife, he criticizes the

shraddha ritual, in which people offer food to

their dead ancestors. He calls it a wastage of

food, and sarcastically suggests that if food

eaten by one person at a given place could

nourish another person at another place,

shraddha should be conducted for those going

on long journeys, so they would not need to

eat anything. When Jabali used nihilist

reasoning rejecting all theories of morality or

religious belief to dissuade Rama from

continuing the exile and states that those give

up artha (material pleasures) for the sake of

dharma suffer in this life and meet extinction

after their death. Some editions of Valmiki's

Ramayana contain a section that depicts Rama

angrily denouncing Jabali, beginning with the

following verses:

ननन्दाम्यहं कर्ि पऩत ुः कृत ंत । द्यस्त्वार्गहृ्णाद्पवषर्स्तथब पिर् ्।

ब द््यानयवैपंवधया चरन्त ं। स नास्स्ततकं धर्िऩथादऩेतर् ्।। ( 2-109-33)

यथा हह चोरुः स तथा हह ब ि |

स्ततथागत ंनास्स्ततकर्त्र पवस््ह |

तस्तर्ापि युः शङ्क्यतर्ुः प्रजानार् ्|

न नास्स्तत केनाभिर् खो ब धुः स्तयात ् ( 2-109-34)

[I accuse the act done by my father in taking

you into his service, you with your misleading

intelligence, a firm atheist fallen from the true

I

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path. (2-109-33) It is an exact state of the case

that a mere intellection deserves to be

punished as it were a thief and know an atheist

to be on par with a mere intellectual.

Therefore he is the most suspectable and

should be punished in the interest of the

people. In no case should a wise man consort

with an atheist. (2-109-34)I accuse the act

done by my father in taking you into his

service, you with your misleading intelligence,

a firm atheist fallen from the true path. (2-109-

33) (Translation by D. H. Rao & K. M. K.

Murthy)]

Table 1: Materialistic Schools of philosophy School of

Philosophy

Definition

Hedonism Hedonism is a school of thought that

argues that pleasure is the only

intrinsic good. In very simple terms,

a hedonist strives to maximize net

pleasure (pleasure minus pain).

Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a theory in

normative ethics holding that the

proper course of action is the one that

maximizes utility, usually defined as

maximizing total benefit and

reducing suffering or the negatives.

Nihilism Nihilism is a philosophical doctrine

that suggests the negation of one or

more reputedly meaningful aspects of

life. Most commonly, nihilism is

presented in the form of existential

nihilism, which argues that life is

without objective meaning, purpose,

or intrinsic value. Moral nihilists

assert that morality does not

inherently exist, and that any

established moral values are

abstractly contrived. Nihilism can

also take epistemological or

ontological/metaphysical forms,

meaning respectively that, in some

aspect, knowledge is not possible, or

that reality does not actually exist.

Carvaka

/Lokayata,

Carvaka is classified as a heterodox

Hindu (Nastika) system. It is

characterized as a materialistic and

atheistic school of thought. While

this branch of Indian philosophy is

today not considered to be part of the

six orthodox schools of Hindu

philosophy, some describe it as an

atheistic or materialistic

philosophical movement within

Hinduism.

In the Hindu way of life, the four

purusharthas or goals of human life are,

Dharma (righteousness, duty and moral order),

Artha (wealth and prosperity), Kama (wordly

desires) and Moksha (liberation). Dharma

refers to moral duties, obligations and

conduct, namely, vidhis (do's) and nishedhs

(dont's). Dharma is always given a highest

importance, in Ramayana; Rama himself

represented the Dharma and was crowned as a

King.

An ancient Indian philosopher of 6th

century BC, named Ajita Kesakambali is

considered to be the first known proponent of

India Hedonism. He was probably a

contemporary of Buddha and Mahavira. It has

frequently been noted that the doctrines of the

Lokayata school were considerably drawn

from Ajita's teachings. Like those of

Lokayatins, nothing survives of Ajita's

teachings in script, except some scattered

references made by his opponents for the sake

of refutation. Thus, due to the nature of these

references, the basic framework of his

philosophy has to be derived by filtering out

obscure legends associated with him.

An early Buddhist source

Ajita

Kesakambali argued that:

“There is no such thing as alms or

sacrifice or offering. There is neither fruit nor

result of good or evil deeds...A human being is

built up of four elements. When he dies the

earthly in him returns and relapses to the

earth, the fluid to the water, the heat to the

fire, the wind to the air, and his faculties pass

into space. The four bearers, on the bier as a

fifth, take his dead body away; till they reach

the burning ground, men utter forth eulogies,

but there his bones are bleached, and his

offerings end in ashes. It is a doctrine of fools,

this talk of gifts. It is an empty lie, mere idle

talk, when men say there is profit herein.

Fools and wise alike, on the dissolution of the

body, are cut off, annihilated, and after death

they are not.”

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According to the Brahmajala Sutta,

Ajita propounded Ucchedavada (the Doctrine

of Annihilation after death) and Tam-Jivam-

tam-sariram-vada (the doctrine of identity of

the soul and body), which denied the separate

existence of eternal soul. The extent to which

these doctrines, which were evidently

inherited by Lokayata, were found

contemptible and necessary to be refuted in

the idealist, theist and religious literature of

the time is a possible evidence of their

popularity and, perhaps also, their

philosophical sophistication.

DD Kosambi, an Indian historian calls

Ajita a proto-materialist, notes that " he

preached a thorough going materialist

doctrine: good deeds and charity gained a man

nothing in the end. His body dissolved into the

primary elements at death, no matter what he

had or had not done. Nothing remained. Good

and evil, charity and compassion were all

irrelevant to a man's fate." It is believed that

Lokayata, a system of Indian philosophy that

assumes various forms of materialism,

philosophical skepticism and religious

indifference is hugely based on Ajit‘s views.

Carvaka is classified as a heterodox Hindu

(Nastika) system. It is characterized as a

materialistic and atheistic school of thought.

Caarvaka emerged as an alternative to the

orthodox Hindu pro-Vedic Astika schools, as

well as a philosophical predecessor to

subsequent or contemporaneous nāstika

philosophies such as Ajivika, Jainism and

Buddhism (the latter two later spinning off

into what may be described today as separate

religions) in the classical period of Indian

philosophy.

As opposed to other schools, the first

principle of Carvaka philosophy was the

rejection of inference as a means to establish

metaphysical truths. Etymologically, Carvaka

means "agreeable speech" or "sweet talkers"

(caru – agreeable, pleasant or sweet and vak –

speech) and Lokayata signifies "prevalence in

the world" (loka – world and ayata –

prevalent).

It is only from about the 6th century

that the term Lokayata was restricted to the

school of the materialists or Lokyatikas. The

name Carvaka was first used in the 7th century

by the philosopher Purandara, who referred to

his fellow materialists as "the Carvakas", and

it was used by the 8th century philosophers

Kamalasila and Haribhadra. Adi Shankara, on

the other hand, always used Lokayata, not

Carvaka. By the 8th century, the terms

Carvaka, Lokayata, and Barhaspatya were

used interchangeably to signify materialism.

The Carvaka School of philosophy had a

variety of atheistic and materialistic beliefs.

They held perception to be the only valid

source of knowledge. Carvakas thought that

body was formed out of four elements (instead

of five) and that consciousness was an

outcome of the mixture of these elements.

Therefore, Carvakas did not believe in an

afterlife. To them, all attributes that

represented a person, such a thinness, fatness

etc., resided in the body. To support the

proposition of non-existence of any soul or

consciousness in the afterlife Carvakas often

quoted from Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.

―Springing forth from these elements itself

solid knowledge is destroyed

when they are destroyed—

after death no intelligence remains‖

Carvaka believed that there was

nothing wrong with sensual pleasure. Since it

is impossible to have pleasure without pain,

Cārvāka thought that wisdom lay in enjoying

pleasure and avoiding pain as far as possible.

Unlike many of the Indian philosophies of the

time, Carvaka did not believe in austerities or

rejecting pleasure out of fear of pain and held

such reasoning to be foolish.

The berries of paddy, rich with the

finest white grains, what man, seeking his true

interest, would fling away because covered

with husk and dust? Very similar to

Lokayata‘s Greek school of Hedonism is a

school of thought that argues that pleasure is

the only intrinsic good. In very simple terms, a

hedonist strives to maximize net pleasure

(pleasure minus pain). Despite the long

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 12

protests against materialism, and hedonism by

religious organization and philosophers of

idealism, elements of materialism and

hedonism remained influencing the societies

world over. Many thinkers strongly insist that

modern marketing activities are responsible

for endorsing a consumer society that arguably

follows hedonistic lifestyle and materialistic

stance. This, for many critics, is the dark side

of consumer marketing, undermining its

ethical standing. A consumer society is

defined as one directed largely by the

accumulation and consumption of material

goods. The term "consumer society" is used in

a pejorative sense, coming from the perception

that such a society will inevitably be

hedonistic. It is the search for instant

gratification that we traditionally associate

with hedonism….Phrases such as the "me-

generation and "the culture of narcissism"

have entered the language of popular

discourse with individuals viewed as standing

apart from their community obligations, less

aware of any connectedness to the larger

whole, beguiled by the ceaseless medley of

consumer offerings. When the term

"marketing" is used by critics in this context, it

is meant to cover all the ways used by

marketing to tempt the consumer into buying,

whether through product design, brand name,

packaging or promotion. Materialism and

idealism both will exist. What we need is a

proper balance so that our society grew

democratically.

Ethical hedonism is the idea that all

people have the right to do everything in their

power to achieve the greatest amount of

pleasure possible to them. It is also the idea

that every person's pleasure should far surpass

their amount of pain. Ethical hedonism is said

to have been started by Aristippus of Cyrene, a

student of Socrates. He held the idea that

pleasure is the highest good. In the original

Old Babylonian version of the Epic of

Gilgamesh, which was written soon after the

invention of writing, Siduri gave the following

advice "Fill your belly. Day and night make

merry. Let days be full of joy. Dance and

make music day and night [...] These things

alone are the concern of men", which may

represent the first recorded advocacy of a

hedonistic philosophy.

A dedicated contemporary hedonist

philosopher and writer on the history of

hedonistic thought is the French Michel

Onfray. He has written two books directly on

the subject (L'invention du plaisir: fragments

cyréaniques and La puissance d'exister :

Manifeste hédoniste. He defines hedonism "as

an introspective attitude to life based on taking

pleasure yourself and pleasuring others,

without harming yourself or anyone else."

"Onfray's philosophical project is to define an

ethical hedonism, a joyous utilitarianism, and

a generalized aesthetic of sensual materialism

that explores how to use the brain's and the

body's capacities to their fullest extent -- while

restoring philosophy to a useful role in art,

politics, and everyday life and decisions."

Onfray's works "have explored the

philosophical resonances and components of

(and challenges to) science, painting,

gastronomy, sex and sensuality, bioethics,

wine, and writing.

His most ambitious project is his

projected six-volume Counter-history of

Philosophy,"

of which three have been

published. For him "In opposition to the

ascetic ideal advocated by the dominant

school of thought, hedonism suggests

identifying the highest good with your own

pleasure and that of others; the one must never

be indulged at the expense of sacrificing the

other. Obtaining this balance – my pleasure at

the same time as the pleasure of others –

presumes that we approach the subject from

different angles – political, ethical, aesthetic,

erotic, bioethical, pedagogical,

historiographical…."

The Abolitionist Society is a

transhumanist group calling for the abolition

of suffering in all sentient life through the use

of advanced biotechnology. Their core

philosophy is negative utilitarianism. David

Pearce is a theorist of this perspective and he

believes and promotes the idea that there

exists a strong ethical imperative for humans

to work towards the abolition of suffering in

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 13

all sentient life. His book-length internet

manifesto The Hedonistic Imperative outlines

how technologies such as genetic engineering,

nanotechnology, pharmacology, and

neurosurgery could potentially converge to

eliminate all forms of unpleasant experience

among human and non-human animals,

replacing suffering with gradients of well-

being, a project he refers to as "paradise

engineering". A transhumanist and a vegan,

Pearce believes that we (or our future post

human descendants) have a responsibility not

only to avoid cruelty to animals within human

society but also to alleviate the suffering of

animals in the wild.

Indeed contemporary views on

hedonism aim to make the society more

ethical and morally sound. They establish an

alternative vision that even without the

religious interference; an ethical society can

be developed where injustice, bias and

inequality can be addressed properly.

Bibliography & References

1. Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya (2007). Class

and Religion in Ancient India. Anthem Press.

p. 210-211. ISBN 978-1-84331-727-2.

2. Valmiki. "Book II: Ayodhya Kanda - Book Of

Ayodhya, Chapter [Sarga] 109". Valmiki's

Ramayana. Translated by Desiraju Hanumanta

Rao & K. M. K. Murthy.

3. Valmiki. "Book II: Canto CIX.: The Praises of

Truth". The Rámáyan of Válmíki. Translated

by Ralph T. H. Griffith. 4. Shyam Ranganathan (1 January 2007). Ethics and

the History of Indian Philosophy. Motilal

Banarsidass. pp. 97–. ISBN 978-81-208-3193-3.

5. John Muir (1862). "Verses from the Sarva-

Darśana-Sangraha, the Vishnu Purāna, and the

Rāmāyana, Illustrating the Tenets of the

Chārvākas, or Indian Materialists, with Some

Remarks on Freedom of Speculation in

Ancient India". Journal of the Royal Asiatic

Society of Great Britain & Ireland (Cambridge

University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society)

19: 299–314.

6. Rajendra Prasad (2009). A Historical-

developmental Study of Classical Indian

Philosophy of Morals. Concept Publishing

Company. p. 74. ISBN 978-81-8069-595-7.

7. Mahadev Moreshwar Kunte (1880). The

Vicissitudes of Âryan Civilization in India: An

Essay, which Treats of the History of the

Vedic and Buddhistic Polities, Explaining

Their Origin, Prosperity, and Decline. printed

at the Oriental Printing Press by N. W.

Ghumre. p. 449.

8. The Indian Year Book of International Affairs.

Indian Study Group of International Affairs,

University of Madras. 1963. p. 458.

9. William Theodore De Bary (30 June 2009).

Nobility and Civility: Asian Ideals of

Leadership and the Common Good. Harvard

University Press. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-0-674-

03067-1.

10. Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; and Moore,

Charles A. A Source Book in Indian

Philosophy. Princeton University Press; 1957.

Princeton paperback 12th edition, 1989. ISBN

0-691-01958-4. p. 227.

11. "Philosophical & Socio" by M.h.Siddiqui, p.

63|quote="Carvaka is classified as a

"heterodox" (nastika) system", "part of the six

orthodox schools of Hinduism"

12. Radhakrishnan and Moore, "Contents". p.

224. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to

Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.

13. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A.

Moore. A Source book in Indian Philosophy.

(Princeton University Press: 1957, Twelfth

Princeton Paperback printing 1989) pp. 227–

49. ISBN 0-691-01958-4.

14. Richard King (1999). Indian Philosophy: An

Introduction to Hindu and Buddhist Thought.

Edinburgh University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-

0-7486-0954-3.

15. N. V. Isaeva (1 January 1993). Shankara and

Indian Philosophy. SUNY Press. p. 27.

ISBN 978-0-7914-1281-7. Retrieved 31

December 2013.

16. Cowell and Gough, p. 2; Lokāyata may be

etymologically analysed as "prevalent in the

world " (loka and āyata)

17. Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter,

"Consequentialism", Stanford Encyclopedia of

Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N.

Zalta (ed.),

18. Anscombe, G. E. M., "Modern Moral

Philosophy" in [[Philosophy (journal)|]], Vol.

33, No. 124. (Jan., 1958), pp. 12

19. Bentham, Jeremy (1776). "A Fragment on

Government". Retrieved 31 January 2013.

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20. Bentham, Jeremy (2001). The Works of

Jeremy Bentham: Published under the

Superintendence of His Executor, John

Bowring. Volume 1. Adamant Media

Corporation. p. 18. ISBN 978-1402163937.

21. Mill, John Stuart, Utilitarianism (Project

Gutenberg online edition)

22. C. L. Sheng; Qinglai Sheng (April 2004). A

defense of utilitarianism. University Press of

America. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-7618-2731-3.

Retrieved 23 April 2011.

23. Dean Bredeson (2011). "Utilitarianism vgs.

Dentological Ethics". Applied Business Ethics:

A Skills-Based Approach. Cengage Learning.

pp. 7–10. ISBN 978-0-538-45398-1.

24. Michael Slote (1995). "The Main Issue

between Unitarianism and Virtue Ethics".

From Morality to Virtue. Oxford University

Press. pp. 227–238. ISBN 978-0-19-509392-6.

25. Eldon Soifer (2009). Ethical Issues:

Perspectives for Canadians. Broadview Press.

pp. 11. ISBN 978-1-55111-874-1.

26. Wilson, Fred. "John Stuart Mill". Stanford

Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

27. Hedonism, 2004-04-20 Stanford Encyclopedia

of Philosophy

28. Tim O'Keefe, Epicurus on Freedom,

Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.134

29. Epicurus Principal Doctrines tranls. by Robert

Drew Hicks (1925)

30. Christian Hedonism Forgive the Label, But

Don't Miss the Truth - Desiring God

31. Jonathan Edwards, A treatise concerning

religious affections (Dublin: J. Ogle,

1812)[1](accessed on Google Book on July 26,

2009)

32. , Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology for

Edexcel A2 Biology 2009.

33. Torbjörn Tännsjö; Hedonistic Utilitarianism.

Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press

(1998).

34. Fred Feldman(2006). Pleasure and the Good

Life: Concerning the Nature, Varieties, and

Plausibility of Hedonism. Oxford University

Press and (1997). Utilitarianism, Hedonism,

and Desert: Essays in Moral Philosophy.

Cambridge University Press

35. "The Genomic Bodhisattva". H+ Magazine.

2009-09-16. Retrieved 2011-11-16.

36. "Criação animal intensiva. Um outro

Holocausto?". Revista do Instituto Humanitas

Unisinos. 2011.

37. Gantt, Edwin. "Social constructionism and the

ethics of hedonism". US: Division 24 of the

American Psychological Association, the

Division of Theoretical and Philosophical

Psychology.

SENTINELESE: MOST ISOLATED COMMUNITY IN THE WORLD

Perhaps no people on Earth remain more genuinely isolated than the Sentinelese. They are thought to be directly

descended from the first human populations to emerge from Africa, and have probably lived in the Andaman Islands

for up to 55,000 years. The fact that their language is so different even from other Andaman islanders suggests that

they have had little contact with other people for thousands of years.This does not mean, however, that they live just

as they did 55,000 years ago. Commonly described, for instance, as belonging to the ‗Stone Age‘, they do in fact

make tools and weapons from metal, which they recover from ships wrecked on the island‘s reefs. Like so many

isolated tribal people with a fearsome reputation, the Sentinelese are often inaccurately described as ‗savage‘ or

‗backward‘. Their hostility to outsiders, though, is easily understandable, for the outside world has brought them

little but violence and contempt. In 1879, for example, an elderly couple and some children were taken by force and

brought to the islands‘ main town, Port Blair. The colonial officer in charge of the kidnapping wrote that the entire

group, ‗sickened rapidly, and the old man and his wife died, so the four children were sent back to their home with

quantities of presents.

ISSN 2320 2750 Jamshedpur Research Review YEAR II VOL II ISSUE VII

JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 15

TRIBAL SELF-GOVERNANCE AND WOMEN OF SANTAL

PARGANAS IN JHARKHAND: A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY

Dr. Ambrish Gautam

Assistant Professor, Central University of Bihar, Gaya Campus, Bihar

_________________________________________________________________________________

Santal village community presents a blend of ultimate democracy with influential leaders,

of private ownership with claims and a community with rights. W. G. Archer.

ABSTRACT

Period of half a decade in looking closely at the

PRIs in the Scheduled Areas of undivided

Madhya Pradesh was not less for me to

guesstimate the prevalence and interference of

bureaucracy and officialdom, and its associated

callousness, domination, insensitivity, etc., in

the lives of tribes and poor. Nothing significant

has ever changed in the tribal villages except

that of penetration of party politics, growing de-

fragmentation in the families/communities,

heavy inflow of funds with least visible impacts,

and increasing number of NGOs claiming

empowering the gram sabhas. Question now

arises, are the tribes the animals for our

unprecedented experimentation, or do we

respect them as equal human beings deserving to

'determine themselves' to rule, to govern their

lives and resources? Public institutions, more

often unaccountable, of the 'mainstream' seem to

have dearth of willingness on the later question.

Where do we want to land then? Tribal self-rule

first and foremost is a peculiar area to

understand, to work in. I so far have encountered

the civil society actors and public servants who

advocate for merely the representation,

attendance, decision/distribution of schemes,

and alike. Why do the people not address the

more fundamental issues of the governance —

validity/ relevance/ applicability of the legal

frameworks guiding the local self-governance,

actual (not rhetorical) space for

weak/marginalized in the process and means and

ends, the exclusion/ inequity/ disempowerment

issues as perpetual social processes underneath

the village society, support/hindrances and

control of external actors, and alike. At the end,

it seems, the hegemony of power centers of all

sort will long last, leaving the tribes in constant

distress.More surprising is the silence among the

tribes around the country except states of

northeast and Jharkhand. In Fifth Scheduled

Areas, Jharkhand is the first state where tribes

have raised their voices in support of their

traditional self-governance and demanded its

recognition as PRIs after reformation of the

current frameworks of governance. It is the step

towards seeking 'inclusive' and 'accountable'

governance. But, on the other side, the issue is

very complex and sensitive. Grassroots Institute

of Grassroots India Trust is the pioneer in

commissioning this inquiry entitled into the

crucial issue and at least to reach some vantage

point from where further action can be

ascertained by even other actors.

Keywords: GVS, IAY, JPRA, MWS, NTFPs,

PDS, PESA, PWD, SDO, SPTA, SSA, TSG,

VLW

ribal communities in India have their own

history of struggles for identity,

citizenship, survival, representation and

pro-people development. Jharkhand is

characterized with unique history of

mobilization and assertion for ethnic identities

and control over resources and self-

determination. In the quest of governing the

tribal territories the tribes evolved their own

system of governance for the purpose of

T

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 16

regulating the individual and communal

behaviour of the people in the society.

Jharkhand is reported to the tribal groups having

their traditional social institutions — called

traditional self-governance (TSG) institutions —

with a strong concept of democratic

participation and governance. With the growing

changes in the societies and the formulation of

modern governance systems in the country the

TSG institutions underwent a decay process;

however, the traditional institutions at some

places developed resilience and considerably

overcome the erosion. In the recent times, with

the advent of 73rd

Constitutional Amendments

the whole scenario seems to have changed.

Incorporating inadequately the spirits of PESA,

Jharkhand promulgated in 2001 Jharkhand

Panchayat Raj Act, but owing to bounteous

political awakening among dominant tribal

groups of Jharkhand the party in power could

not dare to announce elections of local bodies.

Voice of a section of tribals, who reject the

election of panchayat bodies under modern

system of local self-governance, cannot be

ignored. They contend, if PESA rules to

constitute PRIs in consonance of traditional,

customary, cultural and localized norms of the

tribal groups, then what is the necessity of

forming new governance institutions in the

villages once TSG institutions have already

existed.

Santals have their own 3-tier community

council. The village council (more hor) is

headed by a manjhi, who is assisted by other

council members in looking after village affairs.

Ten, fifteen or more villages constitute the

jurisdiction of a pargana, headed by a pargana or

parganait, who also is helped by his councilors

to look after the inter-village affairs. The highest

political authority rests with the khunt council

(lo bir), headed by a dehri. Chieftain of the

village is the manjhi. His duties are multifarious

as his position is that of a hospitable

disciplinarian and a communal custodian.

Manjhi is supported by other officials such as

jogmanjhi, godait, paramnik, naeki, kudum

naeki, lasser tengoi' and bhoddos. The tenure of

manjhi is by principle one year, but due changes

that have occurred since British era the post has

emerged as hereditary. Village council is

supreme and keeps control over the TSG

officials. Pargana heads the 'council of five

manjhis' and is supported by chakladar and

deshmanjhi. Particularly after hul (Santal

rebellion) of 1855-56 the British government in

Santal Pargana adopted the pargana body and

modified it in their interests. In the modern

times, heavy erosion of pargana has taken place.

Like Santals the Paharia also have their TSG

institutions, if they have villages of their

exclusive presence. Among Paharia the village

head is dahri assisted by godait and dewan or

nayak. The dahri presides over the council of

elders. The structure above the village is of

parganait or sardar that may or may not be

shared by Santals and non-tribes. Paharia is one

of the primitive tribes in the country that passed

through heaviest burden of assimilation,

acculturation, detribalization and host of

development pressures. As a result the TSG

bodies of Paharias either weakened/eroded at

some places or completely died at the other. In

the villages particularly that came in the

influence of non-tribals and or urban centres the

TSG bodies are difficult to even trace.

Traditional Santal Judiciary is a

legendary. There are four tiers of Santal court:

Manjhi Baisi, Mapanjhi Baisi, Pargana Baisi and

Lo Bir Baisi. The Santal traditional judicial

hierarchy was formulated in the remote past, yet

the amazing aspect of this system is the survival

of it after so many statutory restrictions. In the

present panchayati raj system, this traditional

system of governance wields as much authority

as the statutory panchayats. Even today the

Santal community prefers its own system to the

statutory panchayat and judicial system of the

area. A Santal knows and wishes to know only

his manjhi, pargana and dehri in the adjudication

of justice.

Some of the functions of the manjhis

and parganaits were recognized under the

statutes of colonial rule. In post-colonial India

these tribal self-governance (TSG) institutions

have also been legally recognized. Beginning

from Yule's Rules 1856, A. W. Cosserat's

Arrangement of 1880, Parganait Reward Fund

1895, Rural Police Regulation 1910,

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 17

McPherson's Settlement 1905-12, Gantzer's

Settlement 1922-35, Santal Parganas Enquiry

Commission 1937, Santal Civil Rules 1946 and

Santal Parganas Tenancy (Supplementary

Provisions) Act 1949 of the British times to the

Standing Order 14/53-54, PESA 1996 and JPRA

2001 of post-independence period, all have

recognized the TSG institutions at village and

inter-village level.

The emergence of community life in the

tribes marked with evolution of the mechanism

to administer and control the social behaviour,

which took the shape of TSG institutions.

Social, cultural and ethical issues primarily came

under the purview of TSG bodies. Likewise,

hundreds of matters concerning the welfare of

the community are regulated by TSG bodies. In

the condition if a person does not follow the

norms, the TSG body warns, checks or punishes

approGrassroots Institutetely. Moreover, the

tribes mostly live in resource-rich areas, and the

responsibility of management of resources in the

village territory grossly lies with TSG body of

the village. The TSG institution regulates the

use, distribution, sharing, transfer, inheritance

and ownership on possibly every type of the

resource available in the village. Resources

might be the land, water (natural or managed),

minerals, fishing, grazing grounds and other

CPRs, trees, livestock, sacred groves, etc. Under

the development phenomenon and skewed

societal changes the protection of tribal lands

from alienation and the preservation of culture,

identity and traditions have become the

precarious questions the tribal people nowadays

encounter. Over recent times the TSG

institutions appear to evolving the mechanisms

to address such contemporary vital issues.

Though it is not universally applicable, however,

this can be sighted in majority of the cases

provided the TSG body itself has not died or

been dying.

TSG institutions have its role in

providing with the rights of the women as

human being and regulate their participation in

the management of properties and the

participation in governing systems in the village.

Traditionally, 3 seats are reserved for women in

the TSG body at village level. They are called as

budhi hadam. Sitting on these 3 ex-officio posts

(manjhi budhi, jogmanjhi budhi and naeki

budhi) are, respectively, the wives of manjhi,

jogmanjhi and naeki. Tribal respondents in study

villages have opined variedly on the issue of

giving space for women to head or officiate the

TSG institution. Liberal youths when consented

on the appointment of woman as manjhi, the

orthodox elders at the same time rejected the

proposition. After all the issue of the

participation of women in the TSG institutions is

a crucial one that attracts further careful inquiry.

Yet, pessimist view on this aspect of governance

heads towards not rejecting the future

possibilities of women participation in TSG

institutions if they are inducted into new

constitutional PRIs.

It was the colonial rulers who first timely

altered the TSG system of tribes in Santal

Parganas and fixed the village council officials

for serving their interests of rent collection and

general administration. However, instead of

replacing the local governance system with alien

one, they wisely used the existed system by

allocating additional powers/ resources to the

village council officials especially manjhi and

parganaits. Therefore, the functions of village

officials were also expanded. Rent collection,

thus, was one of some duties and powers the

colonial rulers infused into TSG institutions. In

post independence period, PRIs were formed

throughout the country as a means of

strengthening the village level democratic

institutions and as a part of the dream of gram

swaraj. It had previsions of direct elections of

mukhia and sarpanch. They were expected to

handle different activities like village disputes,

village development work, maintaining

relationship with government officials, and so

on. But, on the behest of imposition of statutory

PRIs in the tribal regions, it had many advance

impacts on the TSG system. The colonizing

alien PRIs turned out to be a centre for political

manipulation, rivalry and competition in the

villages that accelerated weakening of village

councils and degradation of ecology,

simultaneously.

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 18

Mukhia of statutory panchayat, created

under Bihar Panchayat Act 1948, happened to be

active in the villages till the seizure of their

powers in 1994 by the Govt. of Bihar. Various

development works completed through mukhia

and the block offices were reported to be

unsatisfactory by a range of respondents in the

study villages. It reflects that since independence

the development agencies at the lowest level

continued to link with the officials of statutory

panchayats that largely failed particularly in

ensuring the participation of local community.

As a result, whatever the development aid

percolated to the village could not become

accountable to the people leaving dissatisfaction

among them. While on the other side, the TSG

institutions were found having clear-cut vision

for the development of their villages. TSG

institutions thus have multiple advantages in this

respect. The vision about the development of

their villages and capacity to deliver the

development functions have been explored

among the TSG institutions in study villages.

Can TSG officials execute the development

projects? Responses came forward were very

positive and revealing. As regard of managing

the relations with external agencies and

development officials, the TSG officials (one or

two, if not all) of some villages exhibited their

capacities to handle the outsiders. Obviously, as

of now every one of TSG officials is not able to

properly handle the external agencies as he/she

ever remained in isolation of modern

functionaries.

For the Scheduled Areas the PESA

appeared to be the assured solution for self-

governance. In different corners of the country

and Jharkhand the tribal people applauded the

verdict of apex legislative. However, the

contours of the Act, it seems, are not clear to

legislative and executive in Jharkhand.

Conspiracy over the Jharkhand Panchayat Raj

Act 2001 (JPRA) is another classical example of

the fate of PESA in Jharkhand. The JPRA 2001

has so many contradictions vis-a-vis PESA.

Panchayat election has also been a contentious

issue in Jharkhand. No political party heartedly

wishes to hold the elections in the state due to

complex reasons. Fragile politics in the state

does not allow anyone to dare for. Opposite the

flood of petitions, mainly filed by non-tribals, in

High Court challenging the reservation clauses

in the JPRS, the tribal organizations/ individuals

petitioned in High Court advocating the

inconsistency between the JPRA and TSG

systems of tribes in Jharkhand. The issue has

emerged too compound to resolve easily and to

arrive at one conclusion.

Tribal communities, however, mostly

favour the due recognition and allocation of

space for TSG institutions in new PRIs at

appropriate level. Notwithstanding, the JPRA

attracts comprehensive reformation to truly

inculcate the spirits of PESA, which provides for

the gram sabha with majority of the powers.

More complicated issue has been the mandatory

participation of women in PRIs as provided by

73rd

Constitutional Amendment and the central

PESA. But the tribal people appear to be

uncomfortable in accepting the woman's

headship (manjhi or pradhan) in gram

sabha.Participation of Women in Traditional Self-

Governance

WOMEN'S RIGHTS IN PROPERTIES

Rights to property more vest to the

unmarried girls than the married ones. The

unmarried girl is the owner of certain types of

property. So long as she is unmarried the wages

earned by her are the property of the head of the

family. But there are six kinds of wages on

which she has absolute right. First of these is the

irarpa or a bundle of harvested crop. Irarpa is

given in almost all well-off Santal families.

Second type of property consists of any animal

that her maternal uncle may have given her as

gift. There is again a number of customary

presents on which an unmarried girl has absolute

possession. If her grandfather or elder sister's

husband come to the house, she washes their feet

and they make gift, which is her property. At the

wedding of her elder sister she acts as a leading

girl or ak vuric, and receives various monetary

gifts (Chaudhury 1965). A fifth type of property

which she may have inherited on the death of

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her father and mother. If her mother is already

dead and she gets her father's movable property

on his death and retain it till her marriage. If she

if she is a major, she can dispose off it as she

likes, otherwise it will be kept for her by

guardian until she is married or attains majority.

If her mother dies she will have no claim in her

father's movables if there are brothers. Finally if

there is a partition in the family before girl is

married she is given danguahisa in the form of

cattle.

In principle, the girl has limited rights

in the immovable property of the father. She

cannot ask for a partition if her brothers

separate, however, normally a piece of land is

kept in reserve for financing her marriage. At the

same time her right to maintenance continues if

she is adult and can claim it from her father,

brother or father's agnates. She can also claim

sufficient land for maintenance till her marriage.

Moreover, she can acquire land of her own out

of the wages received in the form of irarpa and

out of other presents from her kindred. On such

land she has absolute right. Similarly, in certain

circumstances an unmarried daughter can inherit

land of her father if there are neither brothers nor

agnates. Unmarried girl also has certain rights

over own person. If anyone violates her modesty

the culprit has to pay five rupees or some other

sum decided as lajao marao. This lajao marao

money is her absolute property. All the utensils,

articles, ornaments, cash or cattle possessed by

her as an unmarried daughter remain her own. If

after marriage she comes to her father to assist

him in harvesting operations, she earns fresh

gleanings and these are added to the original

stock. If the irarpa consists of fowls, pigs, goats,

cattle or cash, it is usually kept at her father's

house until she is finally settled in her new

house after marriage. The settlement of the

married daughter generally starts after the birth

of the first child (Chaudhury 1965).

A married daughter during her lifetime

has full control of ownership in all types of

movable or immovable property. In case of

movables her property is not inherited by her

husband, but is divided equally by her sons.

While in case of land, the inheritance varies

according to its characters. If the land has been

acquired as taben jom (forever) the children of

the married daughter inherit it. If there are sons

they receive the landed property and if there are

no sons, the daughters, married or unmarried,

will get the property. Her husband or his agnates

will not, however, have any claim, for the land

was never theirs. If the woman does not have

any children the land will return to her father,

brothers, mother or male agnates.

PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN TSG

INSTITUTIONS

Traditionally, 3 seats are reserved for women

in the TSG body at village level. They are called

as budhi hadam. Budhi means 'elder', not the

old. Actually it is the post that is designated as

the post of elder, which does never mean the

person sitting on it, is old or aged. Sitting on

these 3 ex-officio posts (manjhi budhi,

jogmanjhi budhi and naeki budhi) are,

respectively, the wives of manjhi, jogmanjhi and

naeki. However, one fact should not be

overlooked that these female officials mostly

participate in the social and cultural functions

and play their vital role. General discussions

revealed that the women have narrow space in

the traditional governance system of the tribes.

Yet, the TSG officials of Kalajora made a point

that the women could participate in baisi and

voice their opinion.

The advocates of traditional self-

governance system, Manjhi Pargana Sardar

Mahasangh, Jamtara/Dumka, articulated that 68

women manjhis hold the post in Jamtara district

alone. Daughters of deceased manjhis have

succeeded as manjhi-hadam in those villages.

For example, manjhi of Madhusinga village near

Ranitaand expired last year. He left neither the

son nor daughter. The village community

allowed the manjhi budhi to look after the works

and she was given charges of manjhi until the

election for new doesn't take place. From all

such incidences it seems that the women may

function as the TSG body heads and members.

Notwithstanding above, all the

respondents agreed that the women are not

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allowed in delivering the religious functions.

Women also accept this conviction. "Women

cannot do religious functions, so they cannot be

naeki. But they can be manjhi to head the TSG

institution", exclaimed Ms. Sobha Soren. The

TSG officials of Udalbani disclosed on the

aspect of women participation in TSG system,

and said that the women can become the manjhi

or hold other post except naeki or kudum naeki,

the religious posts. But in practice the women

normally are not accepted at the post of manjhi,

though they can be pradhan, designated to look

after revenue affairs. Village council of

Udalbani indicated that the wife or daughter of

the deceased manjhi can hold the post provided

he left no son. However, some elders of

Udalbani were found disagreeing on the idea of

selecting or electing the woman on manjhi's

post. They argued, since our TSG system is

intermixed with religion and faith, so entire

community has faith in the post of manjhi. After

all the issue of the participation of women in the

TSG institutions is a crucial one that attracts

further inquiry preferably through 'participant

observation' technique. Other technique of the

research is likely workable because the Santal

women particularly are accustomed to the

traditional governance system in the villages and

do not dare to voice anything against the socio-

religious system. Yet, pessimist view on this

aspect of governance heads towards not

rejecting the future possibilities of women

participation in TSG institutions if they are

inducted into new constitutional PRIs.

TRADITIONAL SELF-GOVERNANCE OR

NEW PANCHAYATI RAJ: TOWARDS

RECONCILIATION

Jharkhand state since its formation is

passing through a dialectical situations taking

the election of panchayat bodies. The politics of

local self-governance has reached the point

where it has become difficult for the government

to hold the elections, as several tribal groups

including Santals have started demanding no

election once the TSG institutions already exist

in their villages. The existing panchayat Act of

Jharkhand also has disparity vis-a-vis the central

PESA 1996 passed by the parliament. So in the

present study it was tried to look into the

possibilities of the reconciliation.

CONSTITUTIONAL IMPERATIVES AND

TSG

After independence the Constituent Assembly

discussed the administration and governance of

tribal areas, and accepted that the governance

and social system in the tribal societies is

different, and, therefore, there existed a need to

continue the special provisions for governance

and administration of tribal areas. Resultantly,

for ensuring the autonomy in the tribal areas,

two schedules — fifth schedule and sixth

schedule — were incorporated in Indian

Constitution. Sixth Schedule was executed in

north-eastern parts of India while Fifth Schedule

was implemented in 9 states of the country.

Under Fifth Schedule, the Governor of the state

was empowered to administer the tribal areas

with the help of Tribal Advisory Council; but

the situation of this Indian state controlled

governance not only emerged as undemocratic

but also irreversibly harmed the tribal societies

(Sharma 2001).

It was only Late Rajiv Gandhi who felt

the unfulfillment of Article-40 and the necessity

of the amendment of Constitution of India to

make a way for gram panchayat to act as local

units of democratic governance. In 1992, thus,

the Parliament amended the Constitution and the

provisions for panchayati raj were made in Part-

IX of Constitution of India, that were not

applicable in Scheduled Areas.

Following a nationwide movement of the

tribal people for tribal self-rule, the Ministry of

Rural Development, Govt. of India constituted a

committee of select Members of Parliament and

experts under chairmanship of Dilip Singh

Bhuria. Consisting of 7 members the Bhuria

Committee submitted its report on 17 January

1995. Meanwhile the Bihar legislature enacted

the new Bihar Panchayat Act 1993 repealing

previous Bihar Panchayat Act 1948 and Bihar

Panchayat Samiti and Zila Parishad Act 1961.

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This Act was enacted in consequence upon the

changes incorporated in The Constitution (73rd

Amendment) Act 1992, which amended the

Part-IX of the Constitution. The Bihar Panchayat

Act 1993 was applicable in whole Bihar but it,

unfortunately, ignored the directions given in

Article-243M. So the authenticity of this Act

was challenged in the High Court of Patna under

Article-226 by Dr. Basudev Besra, an eminent

lawyer (Basudev Besra vs. Union of India,

1996(1)PLJR261) (Gupta 2002). Divisional

Bench comprising of Mr. Justice D. P. Wadhwa,

the Chief Justice of High Court and Mr. Justice

S. J. Mukhopadhyay observed while deciding

this matter that:

"Article-243M is quite explicit. It is, therefore.

Clear that the provisions of the Act in so far as

these are relatable to those contained in Part-IX

would not be applicable to Scheduled Areas. It

was not disputed before us that the provisions of

Part-IX as contained in the Act are so

intermingled with other provisions of the Act

that it is difficult to separate them. As a matter

of fact, Part-IX of the Constitution provides as

that what is Gram Sabha and also the

constitution and composition of Panchayats at

the village, intermediate and district levels in

accordance with the provisions of this part.

Then, there other provision for reservation of

seats for the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled

Tribes and the women falling in both the above

categories and also general category. This part

also prescribes the powers that could be

conferred to the Panchayats and their authority

and responsibilities. There is then provision for

imposition of taxes etc. by the Panchayats; the

constitution of Finance Commission to review

financial position and the audit of accounts of

the Panchayats and the election of the

Panchayats. Based on these very provisions the

Act has been made applicable to the Scheduled

Areas in a skeleton form."

And the Bench lastly held that Bihar

Panchayat Act 1993 shall not apply in Scheduled

Areas of Bihar (i.e. Jharkhand). Side by side in

1996, on recommendations of the Bhuria

Committee the Indian Parliament enacted the

historic 'Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension

to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996'. The Act meant

to give the traditional panchayat of tribes a

statutory status in a democratic manner. The

formal institutions were declared illegal under

the new provisions of the Constitution and the

traditional institutions of the tribal areas were

recognized as legal. This Act intends to provide

the tribals self-rule and right for self-

determination. But viewing tardy progress in

other states where self-governance or self-rule

has been still a distant dream in the scheduled

areas; the tribal people of Jharkhand are

continuously protesting the election of

panchayats (JPRSSS 2003-04). Once the

Jharkhand became the separate state, in April

2001 the government brought in Jharkhand

Panchayat Raj Act 2001 claiming the

incorporation of all the provisions of PESA

1996, and giving the powers of the gram sabha

(equivalent to manjhi baisi among Santals and

hatu panch among Mundas and Oraon) and the

panchayats on different levels. But soon this Act

itself became an issue of controversies in the

scheduled areas of Jharkhand. Even when it has

been amended in 2003, but again it has been

challenged in the High Court of Ranchi by Dr.

Basudev Besra.

NEW PANCHAYAT LEGISLATION FOR

SCHEDULED AREAS AND TSG

For the Scheduled Areas the PESA appeared

to be the assured solution for self-governance. In

different corners of the country and Jharkhand

the tribal people applauded the verdict of apex

legislative. However, the contours of the Act, it

seems, are not clear to legislative and executive

in Jharkhand. The case in point is that the

Deputy Commissioner of Dumka distributed a

letter no. 888 dated 28th June 1999 to all the

BDOs of the district and asked them to select the

members of Panchayat Vigilance Committee,

whereas the Act provides that such Vigilance

Committee will be appointed by the gram sabha.

This mischief is aimed at to subvert the

provision laid down by an Act of Parliament

(Besra 2004). Trusting in the Act, the tribal

respondents in Kumarbandh, Lakdaphaila and

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Asanpahari villages orated, no problem if central

PESA is implemented in true essence. But the

State Government is subjectively imposing the

new panchayats. New panchayats of mukhia

kind will certainly disintegrate our society.

Similarly, the tribal respondents of Kalajora

apprehended and alluded to that the official

messenger as of now usually drops the message

in Telitola situated on the road, so aam sabha is

organized by non-tribal inhabitants without

informing and involving the Santals who are

albeit in majority. They termed this a kind of

'exclusion' from the governance domain. They

were skeptical about the fate of new panchayats

under PESA or separate Act of Jharkhand.

Conspiracy over the Jharkhand Panchayat

Raj Act 2001 is another classical example of the

fate of PESA in Jharkhand. The JPRA 2001 has

so many contradictions vis-a-vis PESA in

relation to distribution of powers amid different

tiers of PRIs, territorial expansion of gram

sabha, confused delegation of powers between

gram panchayat and gram sabha and overlapping

of power delegations to gram sabha and other

PRIs in specific context of controlling the minor

minerals, money lending, minor water bodies,

NTFPs, land alienation, local plans (including

tribal sub-plans) and social sector functionaries.

The study of ELDF has also pointed out the

conflicts between JPRA and the specific state

laws concerning minor water bodies, NTFPs,

land alienation and land recovery and

intoxicants (PRIA 2004). Responding to the

protest of non-tribals on the reservation of the

posts in JPRA of up-mukhia in gram panchayat,

up-pramukh in panchayat samiti and vice-

president of zila parishad, whereas the PESA

president, the legislative assembly of Jharkhand

on 10 October 2003 passed the Jharkhand

Panchayat Raj (Amendment) Bill 2003 in order

to dereserve the said posts (JPRSSS 2003). The

said Bill also incorporated the dereservation of

the post of chairmanship of gram sabha, which

was previously reserved exclusively for the

tribes irrespective of the fact whether the village

has no tribal family. Now again in 2004 the

amended JPRA has been challenged in High

Court of Ranchi (PIL5740/2003, Dr. Basudev

Besra vs. Union of India and State of

Jharkhand).

Panchayat election has also been a

contentious issue in Jharkhand. No political

party heartedly wishes to hold the elections in

the state due to complex reasons. Fragile politics

in the state does not allow anyone to dare for.

Yet, the civil society actors continue lobbying

the politicians and litigating in High Court of

Ranchi. The post of State Election

Commissioner has also been challenged.

Opposite the flood of petitions, mainly filed by

non-tribals, in High Court challenging the

reservation clauses in the JPRS, the

organizations like JOHAR of Chaibasa,

SAATHI of Dumka and individual lawyer, Dr.

Basudev Besra, from Jamtara petitioned in High

Court advocating the inconsistency between the

JPRA and TSG systems of tribes in Jharkhand.

All have arguments in favour of traditional

governance system of the tribes. Dr. Besra even

drafted an alternative Panchayat Act for the

Scheduled Areas of the state (Besra 2003b) and

submitted to the legislative assembly before

release of Jharkhand Panchayat Raj

(Amendment) Bill 2003.

TOWARDS RECONCILIATION

What type of power/ functional

relationships? Though the JPRA has recognized

the traditional head of the village as chairperson

of gram sabha, but should the entire TSG body

be accepted as anchoring the gram sabha? If not,

how would the TSG institution at village level

linked/ integrated in the gram sabha or gram

panchayat. In case the TSG institution is

accepted or integrated into gram sabha, the gram

panchayat will have to devolve majority of the

powers (as also provided by PESA) to the gram

sabha; what will be the consequences in the

condition the JPRA at present bears the

contradictory provisions sanctioning powers to

gram panchayat or above PRIs vis-a-vis gram

sabha7. Will the TSG institutions continue

functioning with what consequences, if they are

not duly integrated/adopted/ accepted? The

matters indeed roll up into complicated affairs

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both at the helm of government and the civil

society actors. The issue is too compound to

resolve easily and to arrive at one conclusion.

Tribal communities, however, mostly favour

the due recognition and allocation of space for

TSG institutions in new PRIs at appropriate

level. JPRA undoubtedly has recognized the

TSG bodies to be incorporated in gram sabha,

but it is the matter who will hold the string, viz.

who will vest the powers most and control over

the resources including finance? Unarguably, the

JPRA attracts comprehensive reformation to

truly inculcate the spirits of PESA, which

provides for the gram sabha with majority of the

powers. Now the debate encompasses on

whether the whole TSG body at village level be

accepted to anchor the gram sabha and be

modified/diversified accordingly. As JPRA also

recognized the pradhan or manjhi as the

chairperson of gram sabha, but in case of the

villages where pradhan and manjhi are two

separate persons, it will obviously generate

troubles. Particularly, the community would not

accept the pradhan as head of gram sabha if the

manjhi also exist there. Another problem with

the pradhan as chairperson of gram sabha must

arise, and that relates with the election/ selection

of chairperson. In fact the pradhan since its

creation during colonial rule is the post of

headman which is made to be hereditary, that,

on the contrary, is not the case with manjhi.

Manjhi as norm has to be elected every year. In

recent times, though, the manjhi also turned to

be hereditary; it, actually, came into being after

the British appointed the manjhis as pradhans

too. Heading towards the reconciliation the tribal

leaders have given their opinions (see Box.4),

which need to be taken into account.

Further complicated issue, as a matter

of concern, is the mandatory participation of

women in PRIs as provided by 73rd

Constitutional Amendment and the central

PESA. Most problematic thing would be the

one-third representation of women in gram

sabha and reservation of women (on rotational

basis) on the post of head of gram sabha. In the

condition the TSG body at village level is

adopted/ integrated the community will at one

time may accept the representation of women as

members in the house, but at other time will be

uncomfortable in accepting the woman's

headship (manjhi or pradhan). This qualmlessly

is going to become great source of conflict even

if the TSG body is not wholly

integrated/adopted. Santal community

particularly is more orthodox in this connection.

Tribal respondents of many of sample villages

although sermonized in favour of women

representation even on the post of manjhi. Yet,

the response of community at large and the

elders specially has not been very supportive.

However, the hopes can be weaved if the women

themselves come out of the veil, which

essentially attracts a heavy input of mass

education.

CONCLUSION

From the study it has been revealed that

the tribal people in Jharkhand are amply

organized to assert their citizenship rights.

Voicing for the 'self-determination of self-rule' is

commendably the articulation of tribal

constituency that has risen only in this part of

the country. In light of Constitutional provisions

and the landmark legislation for Scheduled

Areas, the PESA, the agitating tribal groups or

their representatives have referred the 'traditions,

customs and culture' of tribes to be the basis of

future local governance frameworks and

arrangements. Arguing in support of old-aged

traditional self-governance (TSG) system and

advocating its furtherance and perpetuity as

replacement of Constitutional PRIs, is linked to

what is internationally acclaimed to be the

tribals' right to self-determination of their future.

Quintessentially, this does not restrict to 'self

determination' about land and resources in tribal

territories; but this relates to the 'real future', viz.

who to govern the lives and destiny of tribes.

Furthering the trend of leading the debates on

political identity, Jharkhand was the first to raise

the voices against uniform execution of 73rd

Constitutional Amendments, and demanded the

formulation of separate legislation for Scheduled

Areas (so PESA is the outcome). Following the

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same trend, the state on lines of Sixth Scheduled

Area has raised demands of recognizing,

adopting, accommodating the existing TSG

institutions as such, and not to constitute parallel

panchayats.

During the course of study it has been

reasonably proved that the TSG institutions at

micro level are more or less active among Santal

community, while they have by and large

disappeared or eroded to greater extent among

Paharia provided the Paharia villages are not

located in remotest/forested tracts. In the

villages where Santals or Paharia are in minority

and non-tribes have dominated them in power

balance, these tribal institutions have also lost

their intactness. But, generally speaking, the

TSG institutions of Santals, or led by Santals, at

village level are still in good shape. They have

copious capacities to deliver the functions of

executive, judiciary and development agencies.

The TSG institutions at above level, i.e. pargana,

dehri, do not appear alive and active desirably.

Together with PESA, the JPRA, the

state legislation on panchayats, has also

recognized TSG institutions, but partially.

Moreover, there is a great confusion in the

allocation of powers to gram sabha vis-a-vis

PRIs at above level i.e. gram panchayat,

panchayat samiti and zila parishad. Secondly,

once the JPRA assigned the post of head of gram

sabha to the traditional head of village (pradhan,

manjhi, munda, pahan, etc.), but the TSG

institutions, as a whole has not been taken into

account. It indicates that the 'two' governance

institutions will again persist parallel in the

village, which will be ultimately disastrous.

While the JPRA needs to be revised

comprehensively in line with the true spirits of

PESA, the TSG institutions at village level have

to be accommodated/ integrated as/into gram

sabha, and ultimate powers have to be allocated

to gram sabha for bringing in real grassroots

democracy. The TSG institutions may

appropriately be remodeled/diversified. For the

villages where tribes are totally absent, the gram

sabha can be constituted involving the local

electorate, as it has to be constituted in non-

Scheduled Areas.

Most problematic thing would be the one-

third representation of women in gram sabha and

reservation of women (on rotational basis) on

the post of head of gram sabha. In the condition

the TSG body at village level is adopted/

integrated the community will at one time may

accept the representation of women as members

in the house, but at other time will be

uncomfortable in accepting the woman's

headship (manjhi or pradhan). The response of

community at large and the elders specially has

not been very supportive to the woman in the

capacity of head of village council.

Finally, let alone the insensitivity and

ignorance of bureaucracy and polity in the state,

the tussle of 'modernists' and 'traditionalists'

need to be melted down. Modernists disbelieve

in the communities and their inherited capacities

to deal with the relatively modern issues of

development in the villages. And they look

forward the creation of new

structures/institutions attracting need-based

infusion of capacities of handling the

projects/plans, and that by applying alien

principles of participation they would execute

the development. Their way of looking at the

PRIs at micro level is in fact the narrow way of

looking at the 'governance' at grassroots. There

is a latent tendency in this modernist vision that

deems the PRIs simply the 'vehicles' of

inoculating the development. Here issues of

equity, inclusion, indigenization, self-reliance,

and alike take backseat. On the contrary, the

traditionalists, quite often, tend to romanticize

the realities of tribal lives in contemporary India.

However, what they legitimately put forward is

the appeal to indigenize the 'development' as if

the tribal communities (not individuals) matter,

instead of imposing the alien models/modes of

development. According to them the

development has to be more humane faced and

should not affect the tribes negatively. As a

process of progress, traditionalists demonstrate,

the tribal people have tested vernacular versions

of development, justice, equity and fraternity

based on localized wisdoms. Yet, they bypass

the realities of increasing breakdown of

isolation/ primitiveness of the tribal

communities in the country, which manifested

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the degradation of culture, traditions, values,

customs, ethnicity, etc. However, the civilization

of tribes (not of acculturated/detribalized tribes)

still is superior to that of non-tribes. Baptizing

them uncivilized/savaged is unjust, as the

'civilization' is a relative term. We, no doubt,

have much to learn from these traditional

communities. So is the 'governance', though it

may not be found in virgin form at some places.

British were clever enough in this respect who

recognized and used the traditional governance

system for mainstreaming their agendas; yet, it

was, and is, an exploitative view. Setting aside

all, the traditionalists, however, must have to

realize that the tribal territories are ultimately

the part of the same nation-sate where non-tribes

live (though it is nationalist view, which in itself

is imperialistic. thereby, under circumstantial

imperatives, the tribal communities are guided to

follow the universal model of development and

governance.

So actively considering the above

dialectics one has to stop somewhere and to

begin with. See, both old and new systems of

governance have their own weaknesses and

strengths, which may form the basis for

reconciling the tedious issue. Therefore,

'blending' is last retreat. So are the sketchy

recommendations of this study.

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of Munda and Oraon. Ranchi: Jharkhand

Tribal Welfare Research Institute.

14. Hamilton, B., 1938. In R. M. Martin

(ed.), Eastern India, vol. 1, London.

15. Jones, S., 1978. Tribal

Underdevelopment in India,

Development and Change 9:41-70.

16. JPRSSS, 2003-04. Official memos,

released between 2003 and 2004.

Dumka: Jharkhand Panchayati Raj

Swashashan Samanvay Samiti(JPRSSS).

ISSN 2320 2750 Jamshedpur Research Review YEAR II VOL II ISSUE VII

JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 26

THE IDIOM IN ‗NECTAR IN A SIEVE‘ AND ‗THE COFFER

DAMS‘ Minakshi Pandeya

Research Scholar, Dept of English, Ranchi University,Jharkhand

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

amala Markandaya made her mark as

the first full-fledged woman novelist in

Indian English literature. She has ten

novels to her credit viz. Nectar in a Sieve

(1954), Some Inner Fury (1955), A Silence of

Desire (1960), Possession (1963) A Handful of

Rice (1966), The Coffer Dams (1969), The

Nowhere Man (1975), Two Virgins (1983), The

Golden Honeycomb (1977) and Pleasure City

(1982).

Indian writing in English has some

characteristic features. One of which is the

typical Indian flavour given to it with the use of

Indian words and phrases in their writing.

Keeping in mind the background of Kamala

Markandaya, this article aims to study her style

and diction in two of her novels Nectar in a

Sieve and The Coffer Dams. Kamala

Markandaya is equally well acquainted with the

Indian ideals and mode of life as she is with

Western ideals and mode of life. Markandaya

was born in the famous Purnaiya family of

Mysore. She abandoned her studies before

completing her undergraduate level to join a

small weekly paper as a journalist. In 1948, she

went to England with the intention of working

there as a journalist. In London, she married an

Englishman Mr. Taylor and settled in London.

She continues to write from there. Her very first

novel Nectar in a Sieve was received acclaim.

The language of Indian fiction in

English operates at two levels. First, it is the

language of the non-English speaking Indians

whose language is translated directly from the

vernacular into English. It may consist of

translated words, images and phrases, occasional

transliterations and sometimes syntactical

differences to emphasize tonal rhythm. The

other level is the spoken English of the English

speaking Indian, reported directly. This level is

governed by the range of vocabulary and syntax

particular to the occasion or the person who

speaks it or is spoken to. The third level is the

author‘s own mastery over the language. All

these general trends can be seen in the novels of

Kamala Markandaya. Her language is a fusion

of occasional Indian words in a large heap of

English words. Nevertheless her style,

Meenakshi Mukherjee remarks ―has the smooth,

uniform ease of public school English.‖ (1)

Markandaya has a perfect command

over the English language and she uses it

artistically and with grace. Her very first novel,

Nectar in a Sieve, is unequalled in English

language novels in its first person rendering of

rural Indian life. Rukmani dominates the novel

and narrates her tale from the present to the past.

She is a poor, uneducated peasant woman but

she speaks with the sophistication of a city-bred.

Rukmani refers to the violinist and flute players

who played on Ira‘s wedding day as a ―fiddler‖

and a ―flautist‖ respectively. (NIAS, p.53). In

the beginning of the novel, Rukmani speaks in

plain simple English which later becomes quite

sophisticated. She uses small sentence fragments

to describe the wedding of her sisters.

My three sisters were married

long before I was. Shanta first, a

big wedding which lasted for

many days, plenty of gifts and

feasts, diamond earrings, a gold

necklace, as befitted the daughter

of a village headman. (NIAS ,

p.10)

The later part of the novel shows Rukmani

having a refined vocabulary. She describes the

poverty and hunger of the villagers quite

artistically.

Sometimes with sheer rebellion

we ate grass, although it resulted

in stomach cramps and violent

retching. For hunger is quite a

K

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 27

curious thing: at first it is with you

all the time, waking and sleeping

and in your dreams and your belly

cries out insistently, and there is a

gnawing and a pain as if your very

vitals were being

devoured…(NIAS, p.120)

The use of words such as ―rebellion‖, ―retching‖

and ―devoured‖ seems quite strange when used

by a peasant woman. Later, she describes the

advent of the tannery as an unstoppable and

powerful monster which has the qualities of a

―juggernaut‖. No Indian villager would compare

the Lord with the monster.

I had always felt that the tannery

would eventually be our

undoing…And because it grew and

flourished it got the power that

money brings, so that to attempt to

stop it was like trying to stop the

onward rush of the great

juggernaut.‖ (NIAS, p.180)

If the English language must undergo

some change from its conventional use to suit

Indian speech, it must also be suitably amended

to meet the ends of the theme. This can be done

only if idioms and imagery are adapted to the

Indian theme and context which Markandaya

has successfully done in her novels. Rukmani

provides a few literal translations like getting the

‗mouth of her friends stitched‘, and ‗putting

lines‘ in the face. Some descriptions such as

‗wheat cakes fried in butter‘, ‗rice cakes‘, crisp

golden pancakes seem inadequate. Although the

description is about a village, we find Rukmani

informing the reader that little Ira called Nathan

‗Apa‘ which means father. Later, Rukmani

quickly traces ‗a colam, a pattern in white rice

flour‘. Rukmani explains the things which she

uses as ‗nose-screw‘, ‗water-buffalo‘, ‗dung

cake‘ and ‗bullock-cart‘.

V.K.Gokak in Critical Essays on Indian

writing in English reflects

What I mean by Indianness in Indian

writing in English is the sum total of

cultural patterns of India and the deep-

seated ideas and ideals –political,

economic, secular and spiritual- that

constitute the mind of India and are

reflected in her writing. In Indian

writing in English, however, the

language may seem to clash with a

culture for which it is not a natural

medium. (2)

Markandaya uses imagery and metaphor

picked from Rukmani‘s peasant environs and

experience. Nathan before his marriage is

described ‗as brittle as a bamboo before it bursts

into flames‘. When the peace of the village is

disturbed by the tannery, Nathan knows that

there can be no return and advises her to ‗bend

like grass so that you do not break.‘ Finally

Rukmani and Nathan leave their homes to

‗wander like jackals‘ in the city.

Markandaya‘s language is like pure

running water. She has rich poetic overtones in

her language. But the appropriateness of her

language is questioned by Meenakshi Mukherjee

who asks ―whether it is the most desirable style

in fiction where one has to deal with particular

human beings rooted in their narrow regional

identities‖ (3)

When old granny dies of starvation, having no

relation, none to own her, Rukmani reflects

Once a human being is dead there are

people enough to provide the last

decencies perhaps it is so because only

then can there be no question of further

or recurring assistance being sought.

Death after all is final. I could not

avoid the thought, which came from

my own uneasy conscience, harsh and

bitter, as I watched them lift her up,

light as dust on the bier; as mourners

came up with flowers. (NIAS, p.125)

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 28

Rukmani‘s concern for death in the

above passage seems to have traces of

Markandaya‘s use of ―the technique of objective

epitome‖. (4)

in which ―the subjective conditions

of a character are conveyed not through the

descriptive method but only by describing a few

objective details which ‗epitomize‘ the

conditions and feelings of the character.‖ (5)

Shyamala Venkateswaran‘s article on

―The Language of Kamala Markandaya‘s

Novels‖ discusses the lack of authenticity in her

novels. She relates this to the long absence of

Markandaya from India. According to

Venkateswaran, ―the question is whether the

language expresses the sensibility of her

characters‖ (6)

Venkateswaran‘s article deals with

the first few novels of Kamala Markandaya. She

doesn‘t take into account the last five novels of

Markandaya where she artistically uses the

English language as her means of creative

expression.

Markandaya‘s sixth novel The Coffer

Dams, presents the post colonial era with an

attempt to experiment with a new narrative

technique. There are a number of sub-plots in it

but no strands are left untied at the end.

K. Madhavi Menon and A.V.Krishna Rao say-

Though Clinton is the main focus of

the construction plot, the parallel plot

centers on his wife Helen. Both the

plots are finely interwoven and

interconnected until the denouement

towards the end of the novel. (7)

They further add that narrative

technique is ―a discovery of her carefully filtered

and clarified view of life.‖ (8)

Although the

narrator tries to streamline the plot at times there

are narrative slips like Clinton starting off on

foot at dawn for a funeral and reaching in the

evening.

Markandaya‘s later novels beginning

with The Coffer Dams, move towards

experimentation with language and ―a power

rich in overtones and undercurrents, gone is the

distance of third person narrative in favour of

the stream-of consciousness technique which

plumbs the emotional working of characters in a

language that cuts clean and sure as a surgeon‘s

knife.‖ (9)

Markandaya shows her command over

English and the style moves gracefully yet

effortlessly. But due to subject matter of the

novel, the style becomes quite heavy on the

readers. The maturity of an experienced author

is brought out in the language of Kamala

Markandaya. The language is quite developed

and has a poetic tinge.

The characters in The Coffer Dams

speak English without any inhibition. This is

because Markandaya has first hand knowledge

of the way English people speak. Shyamala

Venkateswaran points out ―it is not that the

novelist has changed the language to suit the

characters, as that the character has been chosen

to suit the language – Helen‘s idiom does not

labor under the disadvantage of having to be an

Indian.‖ (10)

Helen speaks as any British would

speak. She reasons out with Bashiam saying

―You‘re not some kind of freak to me. We‘re

alike, we‘re freaks only to the caste we come

from, not to each other.‖ (TCD, p 136)

Markandaya uses steel-like language

which is quite concrete but it has a soft colour of

poetic abstraction with effective images. There

is a succession of images to show an emotional

impact. e.g. Helen does not smell the rain that

Bashiam can. She says that it is ‗as dry as a

bone.‘ She also speaks of ‗pavements battened

down upon‘. There are images of ‗pop-up

cardboard figure‘ and ‗open weeping sores‘.

Metallic or engineering images and

animal imagery occupy a major place in the

novel. The jungle, the land the rain and the river

running at different elevations- all these are

images that become symbols by the end of the

novel. Steel and iron form prominent and

recurring images. In The Coffer Dams,

Lefevre‘s movements were agile and efficient

―gecko-like‖. There is a reference of people

lined up ―like passive cows at a backstreet

Christian butchery‖ (TCD, p.69) and the river

moved violently ―like an animal placed in a

cage.‖ (TCD, p.31)

Markandaya‘s language slowly moves

towards poetry. She balances beautifully with

her choice of words. She articulates the theme

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 29

beautifully without any experimentation or

oddities of construction. Ramesh Mohan says

that the Tamil resembling structure of sentences

in The Coffer Dams like ‗water rose and rose‘

are very few. This may be obviously because she

had been living abroad for many years.

Commenting on the use of language, Ramesh

Mohan says-

Her latest novel The Coffer

Dams very authentically

reproduces the colloquial

rhythms and nuances of native

English speech. (11)

The British come from different section

of society and this is evident from the cockney

of Jackson. ―All I‘m saying ‗uman is ‗uman‖.

(TCD, p. 159) Markandaya‘s skill in handling

the English language to reveal character and

status is unquestioned here. Meenakshi

Mukherjee feels that Markandaya, Santha Ram

Rao and Manohar Malgonkar ―have generally

by-passed the linguistic and stylistic problems

inherent in the Indo-Anglian situation‖ The

Coffer Dams shows a new development in the

work of Kamala Markandaya. Throughout, the

novel deals with the English in India rather than

the Indians. Markandaya‘s novels are a work of

art. Her language brings forth a series of

interacting physical, physiological, sociological,

psychological and psychic components. She is a

serious novelist and has a deep sense of

commitment to her art. In most of her novels,

her message clearly goes across to the readers

and for her own writing, she says

I do write and re-write and polish

endlessly…. I could not tell you

how I know, when to stop, having

achieved the effect I wanted. I

simply know that that is just right;

and then I stop being haunted.

The imagery, metaphors and symbols

used and the poetic control over the language in

Nectar in a Sieve and The Coffer Dams show

that Kamala Markandaya has a formidable

command over the English language. She uses

the language to open up deeper layers of

encounter and experience. She explores

imaginatively the broad spectrum of human

experience. Most of her published works have

an artistic taste. She makes narrative

experiments and expresses her ideas well. Her

language makes her novels very readable and

most of her novels have absorbing themes.

Western as well as Indian critics have praised

Markandaya‘s control over the English language

and her clear vision towards life.

Bibliography & References:

1. Meenakshi Mukherjee. The Twice Born

Fiction: Themes and Techniques of the Indian

Novel in English. New Delhi. Arnold

Heinemann. 1974. P. 175

2. V.K.Gokak ―Indian Writing in English‖ in

Critical Essays on Indian Writing in English.

Ed. M.K.Naik. Madras Macmillan.1979. p.11

3. Meenakshi Mukherjee. The Twice Born

Fiction: Themes and Techniques of the Indian

Novel in English. Op.cit. P. 175

4. E.M.Palliday. Hemingway‘s Ambiguity.

Symbolism and Irony. American Literature 28.

1956 p.5

5. Ramesh Srivastava. Hemingway and His for

Whom the Bell Tolls. Amritsar. Guru Nanak

Dev University. 1980. P.48

6. Shyamala Venkateswaran. The language of

Kamala Markandaya‘s Novels. The Literary

Criterion. IX:3. Winter 1970. p.57

7. K.Madhavi Menon and A.V.Krishna Rao. The

Coffer Dams. A Critical Study. Ghaziabad.

Vimal Prakashan. 1984.p.166

8. Ibid.p.166

9. Uma Parameswaran. A Study of Representative

Indo-English Novelists. New Delhi. Vikas

Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. 1976. p.105

10. Shyamala Venkateswaran. The language of

Kamala Markandaya‘s Novels. Op.cit. p.66

11. Ramesh Mohan. Some aspects of style and

language in Indian English.

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 30

SEEKING INDIVIDUALITY… A FEMININE CONCERN

IN THE NOVEL ―THE DARK HOLDS NO TERRORS‘‘ BY

SHASHI DESHPANDE Rupa Sarkar

Research scholar,

Department of English,

Kolhan university, chaibasa, Jharkhand

ABSTRACT

This paper attempts to focus on the feminist

concerns and identity crises of the female

protagonist Sarita (Saru) in the novel ‗THE

DARK HOLDS NO TERRORS‘ by Shashi

Deshpande. The writer‘s feminist concern in this

novel primarily centers on the female lead to

point out that she too has individuality. She

urges out of the typical womanhood nature…

seeking for her self identity. This paper studies

the journey of Saru from self-alienation to self-

identification, from negation to assertion, from

diffidence to confidence. The protagonist learns

to trust her feminine self as all woman should do

n relation to the Indian writers in our time

and their feminist concern Shashi Deshpande

in her novel, THE DARK HOLDS NO

TERRORS presents the thought of seeking

individuality.

The rise of male supremacy led to the

woman being deprived of her position in the

community. She‘s been compelled to be faithful

in her marriage without recognizing the similar

duty on his part. Thus feminism became one of

the most important social, economical and

aesthetic revolutions of modern times.The belief

and aim that women should have the same rights

and opportunities as men and the struggle to

achieve this aim is feminism. Also to involve

somebody in such struggles is framed as

feminist concern. It does not advocate hating

men but rather implies the needs of women. She

is a free and autonomous being like all creatures

but finds herself living in a world where men

compel her to assume the status of the other.

The women writers of our time are

highly concerned about matters relating to

feminism. Virginia Woolf in her essay, A

ROOM OF ONES OWN states that there is no

gate, no lock nor any bolt that can be set upon

the freedom of the women‘s mind.

Even in THE SECOND SEX by Simone

de Beauvoir, the idea expressed was that one is

not born a woman rather becomes a woman. It is

the civilization as a whole that produces this

creature—described as feminine. Parents hardly

encourage their girl child to develop an

independent thinking. The growth of a girl in

Indian society is seen mainly in relation to her

attitude towards her family and her duty for

them. Coming into sharp conflict with the sense

of family and her duty is the feeling of self –

identity. Virtually, all women engage in the

feminine role playing. It is against this encoded

and pre defined role of a woman that woman

protagonist‘s revolt.

Shashi Deshpande‘s message that the

modern Indian woman should learn to conquer

her fear and assert herself which is also a

feminist concern. Her writing shatters the myth

that the woman fined fulfillment in marriage and

seek to portray an honest picture of women who

aspire, attempt and strive to be her true self. She

is shown as trying to understand what is

happening to her and try to make things better

for all.

Reading through her novels, one can

feel the quest for liberation and urge for

I

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 31

individuality also its achievements of it in

various ways in all her protagonists. A sensitive

and self-conscious woman writer SHASHI

DESHPANDE is concerned with the identity

crisis of the contemporary woman in her works.

She depicts the anguish, pain and conflict of the

modern educated woman caught between the

patriarchy and tradition and also looking out for

self-expression, individuality and freedom. Her

characters are Indian woman whose educated,

employed and economically independent yet

financial freedom alone is not enough. The

woman needs to define herself, her place in

society and her relationships.

The author‘s protagonist raises her voice

against prescribed role models of daughter,

sister, wife and mother. She feels a strong urge

to redefine human relationships and to interpret

the social code of behavior. To be free and to

realize the self, one needs to make a choice, to

take a stand to take responsibilities for it. When

the protagonist achieves this inner freedom, she

accepts her roles with a new awakening. She is

struggling to find her own voice and

continuously is in search to define herself.

In the novel, THE DARK HOLDS NO

TERRORS, ―SARITA‖ who is a successful

doctor, finds her personal expectations and

familial duties in conflict. Dislocation is another

major cause of the erosion of the sense of self.

Because of patriarchy, a woman gets displaced

through marriage. Throughout her lifetime,

woman is unable to decide her roots and this

leads to her insecurity. Years

on, Sarita still remembers her mother‘s bitter

words uttered when as a little girl she was

unable to save her younger brother from

drowning. Now her mother is dead and Sarita

returns to her family home ostensibly to take

care of her father, but in reality to escape the

nightmarish brutality her husband inflicts on her

every night. In the quiet of her father‘s company

Sarita reflects on the events of her life: her

stultifying small town childhood, her

domineering mother, her marriage to the

charismatic young poet Manohar (who turns

vicious when he realizes his career is going

nowhere and that his wife has overtaken him

professionally), her children... As she struggles

with her emotions and anxieties, Sarita gradually

realizes that there is more to life than

dependency on marriage, parents and other such

institution – and she resolves to use her new

found truths to make a better life for herself.

Sarita speaks out loud ―How odd to live

for so long and discover that you have no home

at all.‖ We see her being concisions about

relationships both in family and in society. She

is aware of her life and her career. The novel

presents both internal and external conflicts of

the protagonist towards her realization of self.

Her journey is first within her and then

outward…where she becomes a silent rebel.

The journey of the protagonist is shown

from self-alienation to self-identification. From

negation to assertion ... from diffidence to

confidence. She learns to trust her feminine self.

She emerges as a new leaf, a new woman who

can control herself and shed her passivity right

to an individual life and the right to development

of her individual capabilities which she realizes

in her life.

In the novel we see the powerful

portrayal of one woman‘s fight to surive in a

world that offers no easy outs. Sarita‘s desire to

be free from the shackles of tradition and

exercise her right to reveal her individual

strength.

Shashi Deshpande‘s feminie concern is

an attempt to clear the picture and to erase the

conception of sufferings, disappointments and

frustrations that makes her novels be very likely

to be influenced to the treatment from the

feminist angle. We come to realize that though

not very publically stated feminist, Shashi

Deshpande occupies a significant place among

the cotemporary women novelist, who concern

themselves with the problems of women and

their quest for identity…seeking self, seeking

individuality.

Through her writings she has tried to

break the long silence of women in our country.

She does not let herself get overwhelmed by the

Western Feminism. She highlights woman‘s

inferior position and the subsequent degradation

in a male-dominated society. It would be unfair

to label her ‗feminist‘ in Western terms. She

shows the very essence of feminism to her

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 32

female characters where the strength lies in self

discovery. She can best be called an articulator

of women who are caught at the crossroads of

change in a society which is undergoing the

birth pangs of transition from tradition to

modernity. All the protagonists of Shash

Deshpande are extremely intelligent,

introspective and sensitive women who embark

on a quest for identity and the true meaning of

life. This is where her feminist concern gets the

different ideological elements for woman and

that makes her an Indian feminist.

References

1. Awasthi, A. K. The Quest For Identity

In The Novels Of Shashi Deshpande.

New Delhi: Bahri Publication,1992.

2. Bebel, August. Women In The Past,

Present And Future:

Thiruvananthapuram, 2013.

3. Deshpande, Shashi. The Dark Holds No

Terrors. New Delhi: Penguin

Books,1980.

4. Kaur, Satbir. Shashi Deshpande: A

Feminist Interpretation. Ludhiana:

Unistar Books, 2009

5. Sarbjit, K. Sandhu. The Image Of

Women In The Novels Of Shashi

Deshpande. New Delhi: Prestige Books,

1991.

6. Suneel, Seema. Marrige,A Compromise-

A Study Of Shashi Deshpande‘s ―The

Dark Holds No Terrors‖. New

Delhi:Prestige,1995.

7. Sumeet, Reddy Y. S. Unpublished

Thesis Entitled The Novels Of Shasi

Deshpande:A Study In Feminist

Perspective. Anantapur:S.K.University,

1997.

8. Swain, S.P. ‗Shashi Deshpande‘s The

Dark Holds No Terrors: Saru‘s

Feminine Sensibility, ‗Indian Women

Novelist.‘ New Delhi: Prestige Books,

1995.

9. Y. S. Sunita Reddy, Op.Cit., 56.

WALT DISNEY OF INDIA DIED Pran Kumar Sharma ( 15 August 1938 - 5 August 2014), better known as Pran, was an Indian cartoonist best

known as the creator of Chacha Chaudhary (1971) died on August 5 2014 He had been suffering from colon

cancer and subsequently was admitted to a hospital in Gurgaon, where he died at approximately 9:30 pm local time

He also created other characters like Shrimatiji, Pinki, Billoo, Raman, and Channie Chachi. Born in Kasur,

British India, Pran graduated with a BA from Gwalior and Master of Arts (Political Science) degree from evening

Camp College, Delhi. He then pursued a five-year course in Fine Arts from Sir J. J. School of Art, Mumbai through

distance as a private student while in Delhi, so that he could apply as a drawing teacher at schools, but he

discontinued Pran began his career in 1960 as a cartoonist for the Delhi-based newspaper Milap with comic strip

Daabu. Apart from Daabu, Indian comics scenario was largely based on reprints of The Phantom and Superman. In

1969, Pran sketched Chacha Chaudhary for the Hindi magazine Lotpot, which made him famous.[5]

Pran has also

created other cartoon characters like Shrimatiji, Pinki, Billoo, Raman, Channi Chachi and others, which are

regularly published in Indian magazines. He was included in People of the Year 1995 by Limca Book of Records for

popularizing comics in India.[3]

In 1983, the then Prime Minister of India, Mrs. Indira Gandhi released Pran's comics

"Raman - Ham Ek Hain" which promoted national integration. Pran received a Lifetime Achievement Award 2001,

from Indian Institute of Cartoonists.[6]

Pran has also given lessons in cartooning at the Pran's Media Institute, run by

his son Nikhil. Maurice Horn notes that Pran has been given the title of "Walt Disney of India" in The World

Encyclopedia of Comics. The Chacha Chaudhary strips find permanent place in International Museum of Cartoon

Art, USA.

ISSN 2320 2750 Jamshedpur Research Review YEAR II VOL II ISSUE VII

JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 33

IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON THE SOCIO-

ECONOMIC CONDITION OF JHARKHAND: A CASE STUDY

OF WEST SINGHBHUM DISTRICT OF JHARKHAND

Gaurisankar Dr. Sanjive Kumar Singh

Research Scholar Assistant Professor

Dept of Commence, Kolhan University Dept. of Commerce

Jharkhand. Jamshedpur Co-operative College,

Jamshedpur.

ABSTRACT

The paper ‗Impact of Industrialization

on the Socio-Economic Condition of West

Singhbhum District of Jharkhand‘ attempts to

study the impact of industrialization on the

socio-economic condition of West Singhbhum

district of Jharkhand. My study shows that

people of the West Singhbhum are against the

industrialization. They strongly believe that

heavy industrialization of the district would

bring huge disaster in long run.

To study the impact of ore and mineral

based heavy industrialization on West

Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, a great deal of

primary data was collected through face –to –

face interview with the government officials,

social activists, newspaper reporters,

businessmen & local entrepreneurs working in

the district. To study the attitude of local

residents towards heavy industrialization, a

detail field survey was conducted with sample

size of 200. Samples were picked up randomly

from all the important segments of the local

population - tribes, Sadans, non-tribes etc. A

formally designed questionnaire was used for

the survey. Villages surveyed were; Thalkobad,

Tirilposi, Jamkundiya, Digha, Manoharpur

Block, Chaibasa city, Chakarderpur of west

Singhbhum district of Jharkhand.

est Singhbhum is the largest district

of the state of Jharkhand. In 1991 the

district of Singhbhum was bifurcated

to from Pashchimi and Purbi Singhbhum. It lies

in the South Chotanagpur division with the

subdivisional Head Quarters at Singhbhum

sadar, Porahat and Saraikela. The district is

bounded on north by Khunti district, on the east

by Saraikela Kharsawan district, on the south by

Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj and Sundergarh districts

of Orissa and on the west by Gumla district of

Jharkhand and Sundargarh district of Orissa.

Besides the district headquarter of Chaibasa, the

other towns in the district are : Chakradharpur,

Chiria, Gua, Jhinkpani, Kharsawan, Kiriburu,

Noamundi.The blocks in the district are:

Bandgaon, Chakradharpur, Chaibasa, Goilkera,

Jagannathpur, Jhinkpani, Khuntpani,

Kumardungi, Majhgaon, Manjhari, Manoharpur,

Noamundi, Sonua, Tantnagar, Tonto

According to the 2011 census West

Singhbhum district has a population of

1,501,619, roughly equal to the nation of

Gabonor the US state of Hawaii. This gives it a

ranking of 335th in India (out of a total of 640).

The overall Literacy rate is 38.9%. Male

Literacy stands at 54.7% and female literacy was

recorded as 22.4%.The district has a population

density of 209 inhabitants per square kilometre

(540 /sq mi). Its population growth rate over the

decade 2001-2011 was 21.69%. Pashchimi

Singhbhum has a sex ratio of 1004 females for

every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 59.54%.

The majority of the population of West

Singhbhum consists of tribals. The district has

some 2016 villages. It is divided in 15

administrative blocks inhabited by approx 12

lakhs people. It has a sex ratio of 985 females

per 1000 males. The tribals constitute more than

50.5% of this district's population.

W

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 34

Table :1 Socio Economic Condition of West Singbhum District of Jharkhand

No Indicator Data

1 Population

Persons 2,082,795

Male 1,054,641

Female 1,028,154

Children (0 to 4 years) 249,509

Decadal growth (1991-2001) 16.35%

Rural 1,731,897 (83.15%)

Urban 350,898 (16.85%)

Sex ratio (females per 1,000 males) 975

Household size (per household) 5

SC population 101,629 (4.88%)

ST population 1,111,322 (53.36%)

2 Literacy rate

Persons 50.17

Male 65.60

Female 34.37

3 Religious groups (largest three)

Others 1,043,701

Hindus 890,741

Muslims 72,044

4 Important towns (largest three)

Adityapur 119,233

Chaibasa 63,648

Chakradharpur 38,403

5 Amenities in villages

Total inhabited villages 2,777

Villages with:

Safe drinking water 2,732

Electricity (domestic) 244

Primary schools 1,914

Medical facility 449

Paved approach road 625

6 Health

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ISSUE

The greater part of West Singhbhum

district is covered with deposits of iron-ore and

other industrially important minerals including

Chromite, Magnetite, Manganese, Kainite, Lime

Stone, Iron Ore, Asbestos, Soap-stone. The

district contains large deposits of iron ore which

are increasingly being mined to feed the growing

demand for steel production. West Singhbhum

is one of the poorest districts in the country. The

poverty ratio in Jharkhand was 39.1 per cent in

2009-10 In terms of number of poor; it was 1.26

crore in 2009-10. It seemsthat heavy mining and

industrialization is not emproving the life of

local population.

Due to poverty and underdevelopment

many social and economical problems are

predominating the entire region. Naxalism has

been haunting the entire region for more than 20

years, creating lot of trouble for the people of

the state.

INDUSTRIALISATION IN JHARKHAND

Since January 2013, the Cabinet Committee

on Infrastructure headed by the Prime Minister

has recommended clearance to the many for

opencast mining in Saranda forest in areas that

form the Singhbhum Elephant Reserve to three

private firms.

JSW Steel owned by Sajjan Jindal got lease

of 998.7 hectares in Ankua forest division.

Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL) led

by Congressman and industrialist Naveen

Jindal got 512 hectares in Ghatkuri forest.

The approval of 138.8 hectares forestland in

Ghatkuri to Rungta Mines Limited

There are 155 proposals on the anvil for

leases in 500 sq km — nearly two-thirds of

the forest.

According to state government recors,

considerable progress in industrialization has

been achieved during the policy period. As

many as 26 mega industries, 106 large and

medium industries and 18,109 micro and small

industries have been set up in the State during

the period with an approximate investment of Rs

28,424.06 crore and about 63,000 people thus

far got employment in these industries.

It has contributed to the revenue

collection of the State besides improving the

quality of life in certain pockets like

Jamshedpur-Saraikela-Chaibassa, Ramgarh-

Patratu-Hazaribagh, Latehar-Chandwa, Ranchi-

Lohardaga, and Bokaro-Chandankiyari-

Dhanbad-Giridih etc.

Major industrial houses have inked

MoUs with the State Government. Several

bottlenecks and difficulties notwithstanding, the

industries have been able to acquire about 8,000

acres of land. In addition the State Government

has also been able to provide approximately

Pregnant women* who received at least three or more antenatal

checkups

32.6%

Pregnant women* who received at least one TT injection 65.5%

Women* who had institutional delivery 21.9%

Children aged 12-23 months who were fully immunised** 60.8%

Children aged 12-23 months who received at least one dose of

Vitamin A

66.5%

7 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme

Households issued job cards# 237,588

Cumulative person days employment generated# 1,290,880

Households completed 100 days employment# 358

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 36

3000 acres of land to these industries including

power units. Around 17 mega industries have

already come into production and several other

industrial units are likely to be commissioned.

During the financial year 2011-12.1.4

Steel production in the State has increased from

8 million tonnes (MT) to over 12 million tonnes

per annum during the 11th Plan period.

Jharkhand is presently producing about 20-25%

of total steel being produced in the country.

With the proposed expansion of a number of

integrated steel plants, the State will be

producing over 25 MT of steel and thus will turn

to be a steel-hub of India. Even various types of

auto grade steels, are now being produced within

the State. Similarly the production of alumina in

the State has increased from about 80,000 metric

tonnes to over 200,000 metric tonnes.

Significant enhancement could also be achieved

in cement and clinker production. Growth in

Mining and Quarrying has also been observed in

the State. The output from this sector has

increased from Rs 6523.4 crore in 2003-04 to Rs

10170.5 crore in 2009- 12.

‗Go‘ and ‗No Go‘ zone: There has been

large scale change in industrial environment due

to economic liberalization, privatization and

globalization. Strong emphasis is being placed

on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

(MSME). Clusterisation is being promoted,

pollution norms have become more stringent,

concept of ‗go‘ and ‗no go‘ zoning has been

developed for mining clearances etc.

Organisations like Industrial Area Development

Authorities {Ranchi Industrial Area

Development Authority (RIADA), Adityapur

Industrial Area Development Authority

(AIADA) & Bokaro Industrial Area

Development Authority (BIADA)}, State Khadi

Board, Jharkhand Industrial Infrastructure

Development Corporation (JIIDCO) and

JHARCRAFT are making significant

contribution in industrialization of the State and

are cash surplus. But desired progress in areas

like IT, Biotechnology, Special Economic Zone

(SEZ), Food Processing, Down Stream

Processing etc is yet to be achieved.

SURVEY FINDINGS

Current industrial policy aims at

creating industry-friendly environment for

maximizing investment especially in mineral

and natural resource based industries, MSMEs,

infrastructure development and rehabilitation of

viable sick units, The objective here is to

maximize the value addition to state's natural

resources by setting up industries across the

state, generating revenue and creating

employment.

But, the reality looks somewhat

different. Locals are not in favour of any form

of heavy industrialization- based on mines and

ore & minerals.

My survey findings show that people of

the West Singhbhum are against the

industrialization. They strongly believe that

heavy industrialization of the district would lead

to huge disaster in long run. Following has the

details

RURAL UNEMPLOYMENT- WOMEN

TRAFFICKING

67 percent employed tribes of West Singhbhum

distinct of Jharkhand are associated with

unorganized sector. Tribal women work as maid

servants, daily wages labourers in the

neighouring urban areas. A very large number

of tribal girls migrate to metro cities through

human trifling. Recent reports show that young

girls have been sold by human traffikers marely

for Rs. 10-20,000. Opportunities for

employment are very poor in the entire region.

Men work in neighboring cities as daily wages

workers.

Despite poor employment opportunities

in the district, there is no chance that heavy

industrialization would generate better

employment opportunities for the locals because

literacy rate is only 22 percent in rural areas. 83

percent, population of West Singhbhum is rural,

only 3 percent workers are skilled in the district,

not fit for the modern factories where, skilled

labors are required. Previous experiences show

that local workers get jobs during the period

when the factory is under construction. But,

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 37

once the factory is ready for the opertaions, local

unskilled workers are replaced by skilled

outsider workers. Most of the local industries

hire local workers just as daily wages labours.

It is found that many local industries do

not recruit locals because, they believe that

locals create law and order problem taking local

support. So it is not surprising that 44 percent

respondents believed that impact of

industrialization on the rural employment

opportunities of West Singhbhum District of

Jharkhand would be negative. Of them, 35

percent believed that it would be very negative.

47 percent respondents believed that, in long -

run impact of industrialization would be very

negative and 34 percent believed it to be

negative on the rural employment opportunities

in the district. That means, as much as 81

percent respondents believed that impact of

industrialization would have adverse impact on

the rural employment opportunities of West

Singhbhum district of Jharkhand in long run

FORESTS, BIO-DIVERSITY

West Singhbhum is a land of World

Famous Saranda Forests. Saranda forest is a

dense forest in the hilly region of West

Singhbhum district in the Indian state of

Jharkhand Sal (Shorea robusta) is the most

important tree in the area and it seems to have a

preference for the rocky soil of the area.

Although Sal is a deciduous tree and sheds its

leaves in early summer, the forest undergrowth

is generally evergreen, which has such trees as

mangoes, jamun, jackfruit, and piar. Other

important trees are mahua, kusum, tilai, harin

hara (Armossa rohitulea), gular (Fiscus

glomerata), asan. 1100 hectares of virgin forests

of >40 per cent canopy cover is presently under

iron ore mining leases. Several new aspirants for

mining lease are in the waiting. The perennial

rivers, Karo and Koina, pass through these

forested areas supporting a diverse floral and

faunal resource. Wolrd‘s best quality of Saal

trees are found here. In

1911, 86% area of West Sighbhum was covered

by forests. But in 2011 it is reduced to 32

percent. Forests are the first victim of

industrialization. Huge forest area of West

Snghbhum is destroyed in last 100 years due to

heavy mining, illegal crusher machines,

increasing number iron and steel industries,

illegal tree cutting for Sal wood smuggling,

road construction in the deep forest area, and

wide spread railway lines. Risk is that

industrialization would only deepen the

problem.

My suevey findings also support the

above facts. As per my survey findings, 87

percent respondents believed that impact of

industrialization on the forest area of West

Singhbhum District of Jharkhand would be

negative. 47 percent believed that it would be

negative and 40 percent believed that it would

be very negative Long term impact of

industrialization might be very negative on

forests of this region as well. As per my survey

findings, 71 percent respondents believed that in

long -run impact of industrialization would be

very negative and 25 percent believed that

impact would be negative on the forests of West

Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. That means, as

much as 95 percent respondents believed that

impact of industrialization would have adverse

impact on the forests of West Singhbhum district

of Jharkhand.

Bio diversity has been the identity of

this region for the time memorable and any

further industrialization is very serious threat for

the bio diversity of the region. Saranda and its

neighboring hilly areas are the house of wild

elephant, chital, dear, and many other animals

and this region was a kingdom of Lions

(Singhbhum) once. But lions have deserted the

place long ago and due to heavy deforestation

and urbanization wild elephants are migrating

towards neighboring states like Orrisa and West

Bengal. Symbiotic relationship between Man-

Animal –Forest is at state now. Any further

intrusion of this area for industrial purpose will

only multiply the cracks. Risk of extinction of

many precious species of herbs and shrubs is

also there. Many medicinal plans are already at

the extinction level now.

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WATER RESOURCES: RED AREA TO

‗LAL PAANI‘

According to my survey findings, 90

percent respondents believed that impact of

industrialization on the water resources of West

Singhbhum District of Jharkhand would be

negative. Of them, 57 percent believed that it

would be negative and 33 percent believed that

it would be very negative. Long term impact of

industrialization would also be very negative on

water resources of this region. As per my survey

findings, 72 percent respondents believed that in

long -run impact of industrialization would be

very negative and 24percent believed it to be

negative on the water resources of West

Singhbhum district of Jharkhand.

That means, as much as 96 percent

respondents believed that impact of

industrialization would have adverse impact on

the water resources of West Singhbhum district

of Jharkhand.

Almost every villages in Saranda is now

facing the drinking water problem. The forest is

the catchment of three large rivers — Koina,

Table 1: Impact of industrialization on tribes of West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand

Measurement on a five point scale. Sample Size-100.

Factors Short Term

Impact

Short -term Impact Long term

Impact

Mean

1- Very negative.

2- Negative.

3- Neither negative nor

positive.

4- Positive.

5-Very Positive.

Areas Mean Long term positive impact

Rural Economy 2.4400 Negative 1.9600

Very negative

Rural

Employment 2.6364 Negative 1.8400 Very negative

Forests 1.8000 Very Negative 1.3400

Very negative

Water Resources 1.8000 Very Negative 1.3400 Very negative

Air and

environment 1.6600 Very Negative 1.4700

Very negative

Tribal culture 2.3400 Negative 1.4500

Very negative

Social tension 2.2800 Negative 1.9200

Very negative

Rural Health 2.3800 Negative 1.4800

Very negative

Treasure of ore

and minerals 2.4600 Negative 1.0500

Very negative

Utility of ore and

minerals 2.4500 Negative 1.5000

Very negative

Wild life 2.3600 2.0000

Very negative

Livelihood of

tribal community 2.4100 Negative 1.3600

Very negative

Nexalite incidents 2.6100 Negative 1.3000 Very negative

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Subarnrekha, and Damodar, and several streams

flow through it. But there are 12 large mining

companies operating in 200 sq km of this 800 sq

km forest which holds one-fourth of India‘s

iron-ore reserves. The Ho adivasi living in the

forest first launched ‗Lal Paani Andolan‘ against

the pollution of the streams from effluents and

surface-run off in 1978 at Noamundi and their

resistance has continued.

According to a survey report 56 villages

are in need of potable water. There is a problem

of high iron content in the water. (Reported by

Saranda Plan outline of October 2011).

According to the report, Thalkobad, Tirilposi,

Baliba lie downstream of Steel Authority of

India (SAIL)‘s crushing plant at Kiriburu where

ore is washed and crushed into uniform pieces.

At Kiriburu, SAIL‘s Rs. 4.23 crore-slime

beneficiation machine meant to extract ore from

the water that is discharged back into the river

does not work. ―It has not worked even once

since it was inaugurated in 2010. When the

inspection teams come, the guesthouses are full

and the orchestra comes from Jamshedpur,‖ says

a SAIL official. SAIL‘s mines in Saranda

accounted for over 80 per cent of its 15 million

tonne production last year.

Downstream, villagers dig shallow pits,

a few inches deep by the river to collect drinking

water. Farms in Thalkobad, Karampada,

Navgaon, Bandhgaon, Mirchgada, Bahada,

Kalaita, Jumbaiburu have been ruined by the

ore-laden water. River is polluted because

private mining companies wash 200-250

dumpers carrying iron, oil and grease every day

in the river.

ENVIRONMENT

According to my survey findings, 95

percent respondents believed that impact of

industrialization on the air & external

environment of West Singhbhum District of

Jharkhand would be negative. Of them, 56

percent believed that it would be negative and

39 percent believed that it would be very

negative. Long term impact of industrialization

might be alsobe very negative on air & external

environment of this region as well. As per my

survey findings, 60 percent respondents believed

that, in long –run, impact of industrialization

would be very negative and 34 percent

believed, it to be negative on the environment of

West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand.

That means, as much as 94 percent respondents

believed that impact of industrialization would

have adverse impact on the air & external

environment of West Singhbhum district of

Jharkhand.

TRIBAL CULTURE

The tribes of Jharkhand consist of 32 tribes

inhabiting the Jharkhand state in India. The

tribes in Jharkhand were originally classified on

the basis of their cultural types by the Indian

anthropologist, Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi. His

classification was as follows:

Hunter-gatherer type — Birhor, Korwa,

Hill Kharia

Shifting Agriculture — Sauria Paharia

Simple artisans — Mahli, Lohra, Karmali,

Chik -Baraik

Settled agriculturists — Santhal, Munda,

Oraon, Ho, Bhumij, etc.

Jharkhand has 32 tribal groups: Munda,

Santhal, Oraon, Kharia, Gond, Kol,

Kanwar, Savar, Asur, Baiga, Banjara,

Bathudi, Bedia, Binjhia, Birhor, Birjia,

Chero, Chick-Baraik, Gorait, Ho, Karmali,

Kharwar, Khond, Kisan, Kora, Korwa,

Lohra, Mahli, Mal-Paharia, Parhaiya,

Sauria-Paharia. West Singhbhum district is the

natural habitat of many of them for thousands of

years.

As per my survey findings, 63 percent

respondents believed that impact of

industrialization on the tribal culture of West

Singhbhum District of Jharkhand would be

negative. Where, 49 percent believed that it

would be negative and 14 percent believed that

it would be very negative. Long term impact of

industrialization might be also be very negative

on the tribal culture of this region. As per my

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 40

survey findings, 67 percent respondents believed

that in long -run impact of industrialization

would be very negative and 24 percent believed

it to be negative on the tribal culture of West

Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. That means, as

much as 91 percent respondents believed that

impact of industrialization would have adverse

impact on the tribal culture of west Singhbhum

district of Jharkhand.

SOCIAL HARMONY

In past, many cases of mounting tension

between tribes and non- non tribe population

have been noticed. It is because of getting

control over livelihood opportunities in the

region. As per my survey findings, 71 percent

respondents believed that impact of

industrialization on the social harmony of West

Singhbhum District of Jharkhand would be

negative. Where, 60 percent believed that it

would be negative and 11 percent believed that

it would be very negative. Long term impact of

industrialization might be very negative on the

social harmony of this region.

As per my survey findings, 38 percent

respondents believed that in long -run impact of

industrialization would be very negative and 42

percent believed it to be negative on the social

harmony of West Singhbhum district of

Jharkhand. That means, as much as 80 percent

respondents believed that impact of

industrialization would have adverse impact on

the social harmony of west Singhbhum district

of Jharkhand.

TREASURE OF ORE AND MINERALS

55 percent respondents believed that

impact of industrialization on the ore and

mineral reserves of West Singhbhum District of

Jharkhand would be negative. Of them 54

percent believed that it would be very negative

and 01 percent believed that it would be

negative. 43 percent respondents believe that

impact of industrialization on the ore and

mineral reserves of West Singhbhum District of

Jharkhand would be neither negative nor

positive. Long term impact of industrialization

might be very negative on the ore & mineral

reserves of this region. As per my survey

findings, 95 percent respondents believed that in

long -run impact of industrialization would be

very negative and 5 percent believed it to be

negative on the mineral reserves of West

Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. That means, as

much as 100 percent respondents believed that

impact of industrialization would have very

adverse impact on the ore & mineral reserves of

west Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. So, it

may be concluded that the impact of any further

industrialization will have very horrendous

impact on the ore & mineral reserves of West

Singhbhum district of Jharkhand in long run.

WILD LIFE

Saranda Forest Wildlife is a signature of

West Singhbhum. The district is covered with

hills alternating with valleys, steep mountains,

and deep forests on the mountain slopes. It

contains some of the best Sal tree forests and the

famous Saranda forest.

There are plenty of waterfalls and a

large variety of wild life like elephants, bisons,

tigers, leopards, bear, wild dogs and wild boars.

Sambar Deer, deer and spotted deer are also

found but their numbers are decreasing in the

forests adjoining inhabited areas.

In 2001 first Elephant sanctuary was set

in the region. he Singhbhum Elephant Reserve,

the first Elephant Reserve of the Country, was

created in 2001 under the Project Elephant,

comprising an area of 13,440 Sq. Km. In East

and West Singhbhum and Saraikela-Kharsawan

Districts (old Singhbhum District) for scientific

and planned management aimed at conservation

of Elephant habitats and viable population of

wild Asiatic Elephants in Jharkhand, ecological

restoration of their existing natural habitats and

migratory routes, mitigating Human-Elephant

conflicts in problem areas, moderating pressure

of human and their live-stock on crucial

Elephant habitats, protection from poachers, etc.

Besides 8910.10 Sq. Km. of non-forest area, the

Reserve includes 4529.90 Sq. Km. of forest area,

subsuming the entire Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary,

and has been divided into the management units

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 41

of Core Area (2577.38 Sq. Km.) and Buffer

Area (1952.52 Sq. Km.). ― Industrilization is the

biggest threat for wild life in the district.

Deforestation will reduce the boundaries of wild

life habitat. Natural water sources like ponds

and rivers will be more polluted with chemicals,

dusts of ore and minerals and other industrial

waste. Green plants will be died prematurely

because of fine dust cover on their leaves. And

air will be more toxic‖, experts believe.

71 percent respondents believed that

impact of industrialization on the wild life of

West Singhbhum District of Jharkhand would be

negative. i.e 64 percent believed that it would

be negative and 07 percent believed that it to be

very negative. 18 percent respondents believed

that impact of industrialization on the wild life

of West Singhbhum District of Jharkhand would

be neither negative nor positive. Long term

impact of industrialization might be very

negative on the wild life of this region as well.

As per my survey findings, 32 percent

respondents believed that in long -run impact of

industrialization would be very negative and 52

percent believed it to be negative.

That means, 84 percent respondents

believed that impact of industrialization would

have adverse impact on the wild life of West

Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. Therefore, it

may be concluded that the impact of any further

industrialization will have very horrendous

impact on the wild life of West Singhbhum

district of Jharkhand in long run.

AGRICULTURE AND OTHER ECONOMIC

ACTIVITIES

Agricultural production is characterized

by mono cropping practices with only 8% of the

net cropped area being irrigated. The district is

also rich in various produces such as Amla,

Chironji, Mahua and Sawai Grass. Among other

activities paddy is cultivated predominately in

the district. Besides Maize, pulses and oil seeds

are also cultivated on seasonal basis. The

predominant activity other than paddy and maize

are cultivated in various blocks. Sawai grass,

cultivated in Jagannathpur, Tonto , Jhinkpani

and Nuamundi blocks Tasar silk in Manjhri,

Kumardungi, Jagannathpur, Jhinkpani,

Chaibasa, Khuntpani, Bandgaon, Sonua,

Goelkera and Monoharpur blocks & Lac in

Sunua, Goelkera and Manoharpur blocks. In

some pockets of Jhinkpani, Tonto, Bandgaon,

Goelkera and Monoharpur blocks fruits such as

Papaya, Jack fruit, Custard apple and Guava are

grown. In the West Singhbhum district, Dhaba,

Saharian, Laria, Mungia and Modia tasar are

reared by the farmers. As on date they have been

rearing traditional ways in Asan and Arjun host

trees. About 60000 families are engaged in this

activity and 8720 active rearers resides in 503

villages carrying out tasar sericulture. The

district has about 61000 ha. of fallow land. The

topography of the district is highly undulating

resulting water run off, soil erosion and slineand

alkline soils in many parts of the district.

Therefore the soil conservation measures are

required. The scope to undertake farm forestry,

soil conservation and soil reclamation measures

is available in the district.

I found that further industrialization in

the area would lead to reduction in agriculture

land as well as forest area. That means, source of

livelihood will be reduced for the locals.

Locals‘ Apprehensions are very much visible in

the following survey findings. As per my survey

findings, 65 percent respondents believed that

impact of industrialization on the livelihood of

West Singhbhum District of Jharkhand would be

negative. Where, 56 percent believed that it

would be negative and 09 percent believed that

it would be very negative. Nonetheless, 23

percent respondents believe that impact of

industrialization on the livelihood of West

Singhbhum District of Jharkhand would neither

be negative nor positive. Long term impact of

industrialization might also be very negative on

the livelihood of this region. As per my survey

findings, 82 percent respondents believed that in

long -run impact of industrialization would be

very negative and 08 percent believed it to be

negative on the livelihood of West Singhbhum

district of Jharkhand. That means, 90 percent

respondents believed that impact of

industrialization would have very adverse

impact on the livelihood of West Singhbhum

district of Jharkhand.

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NEXALISM

The Red Corridor is a region in the east

of India that experiences considerable Naxalite–

Maoist insurgency. The naxalites group mainly

consists of the armed cadres of Communist Party

of India. Nexalism is a very serious challenge

for Jharkhand. 19 out of 25 districts of

Jharkhand are nexalite affected. West

Singhbhum is a very underdeveloped hilly area.

Its boundries are attached with nexal affected

districts of Orrisa and West Bengal. West

Singhbhum is situated down the red corridor of

nexals where nexals from Andrapradesh to

Chattishgarh move freely. So, nexal incidents

are quite high in the region. Due to dense

forests and unapproachable hilly areas,

maintaining law and order condition in the

district is a very big challenge. Jharkhand not

only fared as the state with the highest incidence

of Naxal violence in the first quarter of 2013 but

it also further consolidated its lead over

Chhattisgarh with twice the incidents and thrice

the deaths reported by the latter. According to

the latest statistics of Red terror compiled by the

Union home ministry, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand

and Bihar together account for over 80% of

Left-wing extremist violence across the country.

Odisha has shown a significant decline in Red

terror, while West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and

Madhya Pradesh reported nil/negligible

violence.

The total number of incidents relating to

Naxalism fell to 272 (until March 31, 2013)

from 417 in the corresponding period of 2012,

and deaths to 89 as compared to 120 in the first

quarter of last year. However, the share of

Jharkhand in the nationwide Naxal violence is a

worrying trend Of the 52 people who died due to

Naxal violence in Jharkhand, 37 were civilians

(of which 14 were killed after being branded

'police informers') and 25 from the security

forces.

As per my survey findings, most of the

respondents believed that industrilisation would

further increase nexal incidents in the area It is

believed that poverty and underdevelopment is

the root cause of naxalism in the county. Due to

its poor development, West Singhbhum is a very

fertile land for nexal breeding. In the course of

my survey I found that local industrialists and

contractors, mines owners etc., give millions of

rupees to the nexal outfits to safely run their

business. Risk is that when more industries will

be set up in the district, nexals will get more

money. That may further increase the nexal

activities in the area.

It is very important that benefits of

industrilisarion must be transferred to local

youths otherwise; they will join nexal groups for

easy money. One local youth said. ―when we

demand employment they do not. But when we

demand lavvy they do.‖ Nexas between local

industrialists and nexal outfits might be a very

dangerous combination. Unemployment,

poverty, exploitation of locals is the root cause

behind, nexalism in the area. As per my survey

findings, 53 percent respondents believed that

industrialization in West Singhbhum district of

Jharkhand would have negative impact in terms

of reducing nexalite incidents in the region. 44

percent believed that there would be negative

impact in terms of reducing nexalite incidents in

the region. 9 percent believed that there would

be very negative impact of industrialization in

terms of reducing nexalite incidents in the

region. 27 percent respondents believe that there

would be no impact of industrialization on the

nexalite incidents in the region. However, 17

percent respondents believed that

industrialization in West Singhbhum district of

Jharkhand would have positive impact in terms

of reducing nexalite incidents in the region

Longterm impact of industrialization might be

resulted in increase in nexlite incidents . As per

my survey findings, 82 percent respondents

believed that in long -run impact of

industrialization would be very negative and 10

percent believed it to be negative in terms of

nexalite activities in the West Singhbhum

district of Jharkhand. That means, 92 percent

respondents believed that impact of

industrialization would further intensity the

nexalite incidents in the region.

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 43

CONCLUSION

My survey findings show that ore and

mineral based heavy industrialization is

extremely disastrous for the future of West

Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. In long run

(25 years onwards) when ores and minerals of

the state will completely be finished the district

will remained with the residue of necked

mountains, polluted rivers, deforested lands and

excavated mine areas. Now time has come

when heavy extraction of ore and minerals is

controlled and alternative source of income

generation be adopted.Sustainable

industrialization is the need of the hour for the

district as well as the entire state.

Bibliography and References:

1. Gautam Kumar Bera (2008). The unrest

axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern

India. Mittal Publications. pp. 32–35.

ISBN 978-81-8324-145-8.

2. J.B. Hoffmann (1984). A missionary social

worker in India. Editrice Pontificia

Università Gregoriana. p. 54. ISBN 978-88-

7652-539-1.

3. Birsa Munda and His Movement 1874–

1901: A Study of a Millenarian Movement

in Chotanagpur, by Kumar Suresh Singh.

Oxford University Press, 1983

4. "State animals, birds, trees and flowers"

(PDF). Wildlife Institute of India. Archived

5. from the original on 4 March 2009.

Retrieved 5 March 2014.

6. Census of India. Ministry of Finance India.

^ "Census Reference Tables, C-Series

Population by religious communities".

Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2013-11-12.

7. "Jharkhand". India Brand Equity

Foundation. Retrieved 2014-01-28.

8. Dr. Arun C. Mehta. "District-specific

Literates and Literacy Rates, 2001".

Educationforallinindia.com. Retrieved 2013-

11-12. 9. jharkhand.gov.in, Retrieved 12-4-2014 10. "83 districts under the Security Related

Expenditure Scheme". IntelliBriefs. 2013-

12-11. Retrieved 2013-09-17.

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ISSN 2320 2750 Jamshedpur Research Review YEAR II VOL II ISSUE VII

JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 44

IMPACT OF TRAINING ON MANAGEMENT & SOCIAL

DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF TATA STEEL

Sweta Gupta

Research Scholar, Dept of Commerce

Kolhan University, Chaibasa, Jharkhand.

____________________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT

In this study, it has been tried to emphasize the

importance of training in accomplishment of any

CSR activity. Weather it is tribal education,

youth development, employability development,

women empowerment, old age education, self-

help group formation or entrepreneurship

development etc., some sort of training is must.

Training is expected to inculcate positive

changes in knowledge, skills and attitude. In the

modern world with rapidly changing

technologies, growing information and

innovation it is very difficult for any corporate

to sustain themselves until the society is not

aligned with changing trend. Every corporate

has their own CSR initiatives to develop the

society for mutual growth or for responsible

business. TATA Steel has been taken as a case

study to explain the importance of training in

CSR activities.

Keywords: Training, CSR, Responsible

Business, Social Development

raining and development is vital part of

the human resource development. It is

assuming ever important role in wake of

the advancement of technology which has

resulted in ever increasing competition, rise in

customer‘s expectation of quality and service

and a subsequent need to lower costs. It is also

become more important globally in order to

prepare workers for new jobs.

Technological advancement is primarily

responsible for increased need of training inputs

to employees. There are other factors too that

contribute to the need of training. Training is

also necessary for the individual development

and progress of the employee, which motivates

him to work for a certain organization apart

from just money. We also require training

update for employees of the market trends, the

change in the employment policies and other

things.The following are the two biggest factors

that contribute to the increased need to training

and development in organizations:

Change: It is one of the biggest factors that

contribute to the need of training and

development. There is in fact a direct

relationship between the two. Change leads to

the need for training and development and

training and development leads to individual and

organizational change, and the cycle goes on and

on.

Development: Development implies

opportunities created to help employees grow. It

is more of long term or futuristic in nature. It is

not limited to the job avenues in the current

organization but may focus on other

development aspects also. The major difference

between training and development therefore is

that while training focuses often on the current

employee needs or competency gaps,

development concerns itself with preparing

people for future assignments and

responsibilities. Training can be imparted in

various ways. We can broadly classify it in two

ways Informational training methods &

Experimental training methods.

Materials and methods: For the purpose of in-

depth study the contents have been taken from

relevant book, articles, journals and websites.

The method used is analytical and descriptive. It

T

ISSN 2320 2750 Jamshedpur Research Review YEAR II VOL II ISSUE VII

JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 45

is based on secondary sources of information

have been taken.

WHY TO USE TRAINING AS A CSR AND

RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS TOOLKIT

A system of care training agenda

necessarily will have to involve families,

community agencies, the faith community and

other community partners. It will have to look at

the various needs and requirements of all

stakeholders involved. Some of these factors can

be addressed through specific agency trainings,

but in many cases new methods of training will

have to be developed that go beyond any one

agency‘s agenda or curriculum.

In today‘s social media driven world the

way in which training can be delivered is much

more varied than in the past. For example, Web

casts, Webinars, and computer-based trainings

are the order of the day to ensure maximum

participation in a cost effective manner. Another

aspect of a modern training and development

effort within systems of care is that of ensuring

that all events give participants the ability to

evaluate and offer feedback.

Moving from a traditional training

program that is focused on the employees of one

agency to a more dynamic interagency and

family involved training program can be

challenging. A system of care requires

revaluation of how to go about building a

training and development program that is open

to all involved partners. With one of the systems

of care focuses being on family and youth

involvement, our local system must think about

new presenters and co-presenters, assuring

cultural diversity in our presenters and cultural

competence in our presentations.

1. TATA STEEL : PHILOSOPHY BEHIND

SOCIAL WELFARE

TATA Steel is the beginning line of the

TATA group. This company has provided the

identity to the TATA group. TATA Steel is one

of the leading Iron and Steel producers of globe.

Every major business has an impact on the

communities and societies in which it operates.

In all its operations throughout the world, TATA

Steel contributes to local and regional economic

and social development in myriad ways.

TATA Steel makes an enormous

economic impact on society, both direct and

indirect, by virtue of the nature of its operations

and its extensive social initiatives. The pre-

requisite for economic and social development

in any region is the availability of adequate

infrastructure facilities. TATA Steel has always

endeavoured to take the necessary measures in

this direction in order to ensure all conveniences

in its areas of operation and in the lives of

extended communities.

At Tata Steel, there is a continuous

effort of staying in touch with employees to

ensure that there is the right culture to engage

them in consistent performance improvement.

Company has always registered steady quality

improvement and productivity enhancement

through dedicated efforts of the Company‘s

Performance Improvement teams, focused on

technical best practice transfer and the value of

knowledge networks.

At Tata Steel, the process of training

and development is focused on needs and

outcomes with the objective of technical and

managerial competency building. The critical

skills required to perform a job are identified

and the employees are mapped against those

skills by the Positional Training Facilitators,

mentors or immediate supervisors. Training

needs are identified on the basis of the gap

between desired and existing skill levels and

training is imparted accordingly.

The process for addressing training and

development needs follows this method:

70% - On-the-job inputs

20% - Conversations, Mentoring and

Coaching

10% - Classroom training

Education is a basic human right, vital

to personal and societal development and well-

being. As an integral part of its CSR practices,

Tata Steel has from the very beginning

maintained a strong focus on improving

ISSN 2320 2750 Jamshedpur Research Review YEAR II VOL II ISSUE VII

JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 46

educational facilities in its areas of operation

thereby increasing the literacy rates in these

regions. Tata Steel has, from its inception

undertaken various initiatives in education that

have catered to the needs of youth in rural and

urban areas alike.

TATA Steel is contributing for societal

development in past years. Local Education: to

create the Education Excellence Model. Tribal

Education: to integrate the tribal youths with

main stream. Early Childhood Education to

establish the strong base since very beginning.

Camp School: to help underprivileged girl

children enter the mainstream of learning.

2. TATA STEEL SOCIAL WELFARE

ACTIVITIES

―In a free enterprise, the community is not

just another stakeholder, but is, in fact, the

very purpose of its existence.‖ - Jamsetji Tata.

It is these words of Jamsetji Tata,

Founder of TATA Steel that have shaped the

Company‘s culture of social responsibility. At

TATA Steel, the benefits of wealth creation

extend beyond the business, flowing into the

communities in which the Company operates.

TATA Steel‘s approach to business has evolved

from the concept that the wealth created must be

continuously returned to society. The

responsibility of combining the three elements

of society – Social, Environmental and

Economic – is of utmost importance to the way

of life at TATA Steel. It is the combination of

these three elements that ensures that business is

sustainable for all stakeholders.

The Company has a focused approach

through the creation of a brand called

PRAGATI, which encompasses all the CSR

activities of TATA Steel. In keeping with 100

years tradition of serving society, PRAGATI

was developed to serve the long term

perspective of CSR communication. Today,

TATA Steel‘s CSR activities in India encompass

the Company‘s Steel Works, Iron ore mines and

collieries, reaching out to the city of

Jamshedpur, its peri-urban areas and over 800

villages in the states of Jharkhand, Orissa and

Chhattisgarh.

2.1. TATA Steel engagements in the

community include the following

Urban Services, development &

management of utilities as well as road

infrastructure

Rural Services, including the creation of

sustainable livelihoods

Sports and Youth Welfare

Education & Employability Training

Healthcare Facilities and Services

Conservation and promotion of traditional

Culture & Heritage

Environment Conservation and Preservation

of Biodiversity

Disaster Management

Support to non-profit Organisations

The Corporate Sustainability Services

(CSS) Division delivers these responsibilities

through its institutionalised divisions. In its

areas of operation, capacity building for human,

social and financial value creation has spawned

initiatives in sustainable livelihood, education,

health, renewable energy and affirmative action

with the objective of improving the economic

and social status of the communities. With the

focus of each delivery arms changed, the

Company also re-strategised its priorities and

identified key interventions.

2.2. The most prominent social-activity

groups are:

TATA Steel Rural Development Society

(TSRDS)

Community Development & Social Welfare

Department (CD&SW)

Tribal Cultural Society (TCS) - working

with the tribal communities

TATA Steel Family Initiatives Foundation

(TSFIF) - working in urban and peri-urban

areas of Jamshedpur with family welfare

activities and HIV/AIDS

Urban services

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 47

2.3. Tribal Upliftment Programme: UTHNAU

UTHNAU is evidence of how much

TATA Steel has invested in the communities

around it – both financially and emotionally.

The word ‗UTHNAU‘ has its roots in the

language of the Santhals and stands to denote

the upliftment and progress for the tribal people.

In areas around Jamshedpur as also in the areas

of its operations in Jharkhand, Orissa and

Chattisgarh, TATA Steel in a number of ways

has touched the lives of the tribal. TATA Steel is

dedicated and committed to bring the indigenous

tribes of Jharkhand to the mainstream of

civilisation. Some of the initiatives taken in

different areas of development may be grouped

as follows:

2.3.1. Education

Adult literacy programmes

Youth leadership programmes

Early child education centres

Several camp schools for tribal children

A technical training centre in Seraikela

2.3.2. Health

Family planning camps

Immunisation camps for children

Cataract operation camps

‗Cleft lip and palate‘ operation programmes

HIV/AIDS awareness programmes

Mobile Medical Camps

2.4. Youth Leadership Programmes

With the purpose of inculcating a sense

of responsible citizenship in the young

generation of the Country, TATA Steel has

incorporated a range of programmes in its

comprehensive CSR curriculum that are

specially designed for the purpose. Youth

Leadership projects include activities related to

civic education, leadership development and

community service. Along the way, participants

develop associations with each other and

cultivate a sense of team spirit and collective

responsibility.

TATA Steel‘s Youth Leadership

Programmes seek to teach young people

particular skills associated with leadership,

particularly those related to expression of

opinion and youth empowerment. A concerted

effort is made to apprise the children of the

importance of ethics in both personal and public

life through a plethora of activities ranging from

quizzes, creative slogans, paintings, drawings,

essays, poetry, projects, exhibitions, skits, one-

act plays, etc. (Fig.-1)

Fig.-1, Source- Tata Steel 12th CS Report 2011-12

ISSN 2320 2750 Jamshedpur Research Review YEAR II VOL II ISSUE VII

JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 48

2.5. Educated Population

TATA Steel has from the very

beginning maintained a strong focus on

improving educational facilities in its areas of

operation thereby increasing the literacy rates in

these regions.

TATA Steel has undertaken various

initiatives in education that have catered to the

needs of youth in rural and urban areas alike.

TATA Steel supports the right to free and

compulsory education for all children up to the

age of fourteen years and supports initiatives to

improve literacy levels amongst adults.

2.5.1. Local Education

Tata Steel has undertaken several

ventures to attain "education for all" with

specific focus on the enlightenment of the rural

and urban slum children, the girl child and the

SC/ST youth.

The Company donated a building on a

71-acre campus to the Xavier Institute for Tribal

Education (XITE) in an Endeavour to assist less

privileged tribal students improve their quality

of life. It also assists the Xavier Labour

Relations Institute (XLRI), a premier

management institute in Jamshedpur.

At Jamshedpur, the Company has

created the Jamshedpur School of Art and also

supports centers of performing arts and culture

as an extremely generous sponsor. Support

through the TATA Group has facilitated many

more such centers across the country including

the prestigious National Centre for Performing

Arts, Mumbai.

2.5.2. Tribal Education

TATA Steel has influenced the

integration of tribal in the economy in a less

obvious and immediate way by propping up the

education of tribal children and youth of various

ages at different stages in their academic career.

Some of the initiatives include:

Informally run balwadis (crèches/nurseries)

for infants and toddlers.

Financial assistance and sponsorships.

As part of Project Aakanksha, a total of 127

children from primitive tribal groups

mainstream children to formal schools.

Sponsorship of two tribal students every

year by TCS at the Tata Institute of Social

Sciences.

Project Sahyog helps tribal students to

develop self-esteem and plan their future.

Assistance and support for The Xavier

Institute for Tribal Education near

Jamshedpur.

Financial support worth Rs 25 lakhs to more

than 493 meritorious tribal students each

year since 2004.

50 matriculate students identified every year

for coaching that prepares them for higher

studies.

2.5.3. Early Childhood Education

Early childhood education is a vital

preparatory ground to formal schooling in both

rural and urban areas. In the urban areas out of

about 570 students who were enrolled in 12

centres, over 380 students (67%) have been

integrated into formal schools. In rural areas, 22

centres catered to 550 Children in the age group

of 3-6 years with a 100% success rate for 110

students in the age group of 5-6 years. (Fig.-2)

The Company supports many schools in

its areas of operation. For example twelve

primary schools have been identified for support

near Dhamra Port in 2008-09. Twenty-four

teachers will provide academic support to 480

students

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 49

Fig.-2, Source- www.tatasteelindia.com

2.5.4. TQMS Initiative in City School:

Tata Quality Management Services

(TQMS) has set out to foster quality education

among students in line with Tata Steel's

Educational Excellence Programme. One of the

major initiatives introduced by TQMS in 2010 is

"Education Quality Improvement Project"

(EQUIP), whereby the schools try to identify

and resolve improvement opportunities as a

team.

2.5.5. Other Education Initiatives

Various other initiatives have been followed to

develop educated population. Some of the

initiatives are-

Camp School: To help underprivileged girl

children enter the mainstream of learning a camp

school programme was initiated with the help of

the Jharkhand Education Project. The nine-

month intensive learning course offered to

students aged 9-14 makes up for education lost

till the 5th standard and qualifies them for

admission to class VI. In 2009-10, 200 girl

children enrolled in the two camp schools.

Nearly 200 girls who had discontinued studies

attended the 9-month residential bridge course at

Camp Schools in Pipla and Noamundi.

Scholarships: Financial assistance programme

for meritorious SC/ST students covered 660

students last year. In May 2008 annual

scholarships to promote the talent and

knowledge of students from Scheduled Castes

and Scheduled Tribes were announced. These

awards often encourage students from families

who would not be able to support further studies.

Among these are the Sakshar Samaj

programme for functional literacy in adults and

the Moodie Endowment for financial assistance

to students pursuing professional courses. The

total grant is Rs. 1.1 million annually for 110

awards. More than 2400 meritorious SC/ST

students from Jharkhand, Orissa & Chhattisgarh

provided with scholarship to pursue studies.

(Fig.-3)

Fig.-3, Source- Tata Steel 12th CS Report

2011-12

Grow Smart with TATA Steel: This project is

aimed at encouraging learning and self-

development in students from remote areas of

India. It also focuses on spreading knowledge

through vocational training for adults.

1120

490

0

500

1000

1500

At ECE Enrolled to

formal school

Status of Children at ECE Centres

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 50

Employability Enhancement

Creating employment is the first step in

ensuring social sustainability. TATA Steel has

initiated various programmes to enhance the

employability of Rural, Urban & Tribal areas.

Special thrust has been given for empowerment

of women.

2.5.6. Rural Initiatives

Sustainable Livelihood: In developing and

developed economies, demand for unskilled and

semi-skilled labour is reducing. Even where

agriculture is the main economic activity, trends

such as globalisation mean that simple

subsistence farming is becoming less viable and

social problems arise from migration caused by

the inability of agriculture to support a large

workforce. To address these problems Tata Steel

works with local people in rural and urban areas

to harness resources and skills that are available

to develop opportunities for sustainable

livelihoods.

TSRDS as a part its interventions in the

areas of sustainable livelihood has focused on

improving agricultural productivity. Some major

projects initiated in this direction are:

In the first collaborative project with

Agriculture Consultancy and Management

Foundation (ACMF), Chennai, interventions

in approximately 20 acres resulted in

increased productivity of 2.25 tones/acre in

the first year of the programme against the

target of 2 tones/acre. (Fig.-4)

Fig.-4, Source- www.tatasteelindia.com

A land and water management programme

has been initiated in Ganjam district of

Orissa. In the first phase of this programme,

in the year 2008-2009, TSRDS took up the

job of reviving 29 non-functional lift

irrigation systems of which 22 were

completed by end of FY09, covering over

720 acres of land benefitting 1400 families.

Around 9000 acres of land has been brought

under cashew and mango plantation,

benefitting around 3700 households from

129 villages of East Singhbhum district,

Jharkhand.

1587 youth have undergone skills training

by in-house resources as well as by

professional bodies.

Vocational Training: To take the process of

development beyond the creation of economic

wealth, as many as 3000 youths were given

training in different kinds of vocations to build

skills in different areas till date. Of these, about

780 unemployed young men and women from

Kalinganagar and Chhattisgarh have been able

to successfully access market oriented livelihood

advancement skills and opportunities through

various programmes. Apart from training on

Tally and Basic as well as Advanced Computer

skills, the youth are trained for such vocations

as: Community Health Providers, Pathological

Laboratory Assistant, Automobile Mechanic &

Electrical Technician.

2.5.7. Tribal Initiatives

The world of tribals is unique and has to

be dealt with special care. The TSRDS, a

corporate NGO supported by Tata Steel and the

TCS, a non-profit organisation promoted by Tata

Steel, are both instrumental in providing

sustainable livelihood to the community around

its areas of operations. Tata Steel seeks to secure

the interests of the marginalised and provides

sustainable solutions to their concerns in its

operational areas. The Company covers over 800

villages under its social responsiveness

initiatives in the states of Jharkhand, Orissa and

Chhatisgarh.

INCREASE IN PRODUCTIVITY OF CROP

22.25

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Target Actual

Tones/A

cre

ISSN 2320 2750 Jamshedpur Research Review YEAR II VOL II ISSUE VII

JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 51

Income Regeneration: Various Income

regeneration activities started by TATA Steel.

Some of them are -

Formation of Self Help Groups.

Arranging for credit in self-employment

ventures.

Encouraging micro enterprises like dokra,

carpet weaving, terracotta, mat making, food

processing, poultry farming, mushroom

farming, pisciculture and floriculture.

2.6. Empowerment of Women

The Company has undertaken many

pioneering initiatives in empowerment

programmes for women, one of which was

‗Tejaswini‘, launched in 2002. It signaled a new

beginning and focused on Tata Steel‘s women

employees on the shop floor at jobs which were

till then were strictly considered as the male

domain. Being an equal opportunities employer,

Tata Steel designed this programme to transform

the female employees into proficient operators

of heavy mobile equipment like tractors and

locomotives.Some initiatives of Tata Steel under

the Women Empowerment Programme may be

listed as follows:

Since the early 1970s Tata Steel has been

taking in Lady Graduate Trainees. Initiatives

have been taken to train women in the

required mechanical skills through Female

Trade Apprentice courses.

A Women Empowerment Cell has been set

up at Tata Steel as a special wing at the IR

Division. It looks after women‘s issues in

addition to organising need-based training

facilities for the underprivileged.

The Sexual Harassment Redressal

Committee has been constituted in

adherence to the Company‘s Code of

Conduct Clause of an Equal Opportunity

employer.

3. CONCLUSION

Training and development helps the

growth of a business. It has a clear focus on

having a well-motivated and trained workforce.

The company needs to have motivated and

confident society who help any organisation in

order to remain competitive. In addition, well-

trained society is an asset to the business and

help to Social Development. This study has

examined the impact of role of private sector in

resource mobilisation. In addition, the study has

also evaluated the different ways a private sector

can adopt or follow for social welfare through

training & development. The results shown in

the study are useful in providing clear

understanding of the training efforts by the

private sector. The study brings the clear

understanding that any private sector and the

society are knitted very closely to each other for

mutual growth.

Bibliography & References

1. E. B. Flippo, Principles Of Personnel

Management (Mc-Graw Hill

International Editions: Management

Series)

2. Dugan Laird, Elwood F Holton,

Approaches to training and development

(III Edition, Sharon S S Naquin)

3. George Green, Training & Development

(John Wiley & Sons)

4. Leslie Rae, Effective Planning in

Training and Development (Kogan,

2000)

5. http://www.jamshedpurlive.net

6. http://www.managementstudyguide.com/

training-and-development.htm

7. http://www.tatasteel.com.

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 52

WOMEN WORKFORCE IN INDIA: STATUS REPORT

Chandni Nath

Research Scholar, Dept. of Social Science.

Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand

ABSTRACT

Women in the workforce earning

wages or a salary are part of a modern

phenomenon, one that developed at the same

time as the growth of paid employment for men;

yet women have been challenged by inequality

in the workforce. Until modern times, legal and

cultural practices, combined with the inertia of

longstanding religious and educational

conventions, restricted women's entry and

participation in the workforce. Economic

dependency upon men, and consequently the

poor socio-economic status of women, have had

the same impact, particularly as occupations

have become professionalized over the 19th and

20th centuries. In India, female labour force

participation has been on flip-flop side. Despite

the economic growth and increasing women

literacy rate, female participation is gradually on

decrease in comparision to male counterparts.

The paper presented here, addresses the issue of

declining female labour force participation in

India.

Key Words: Women Workforce

Participation(WWP), Sectoral Distribution

Of Work Force, Sex Ratio Of Work Force,

Indian Women In Senior Positions

ccording to the International Labour

Organization (ILO), out of 131 countries

for which data was available, India

ranks 11th from the bottom in female labour

force participation (FLFP). In fact, the National

Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) data

reveals falling FLFP from over 40% in the mid-

1990s, to 29% in 2004-05, to 23% in 2009-10

and 22.5% by 2011-12.

New analysis of data from the 2011

census shows only half as many urban women

work as their rural counterparts. Only few

countries like including Iran, Pakistan and Saudi

Arabia—do worse than India when it comes to

women‘s participation in the workforce. Others

such as Somalia, Bahrain and Malaysia do much

better. Among the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India,

China and South Africa) which are comparable

emerging economies, India has the lowest

female participation rate, with only 29% of

women over the age of 15 working. As the chart

below shows, even among the MINT

countries—Mexico, Nigeria, Indonesia and

Turkey—only Turkey has the same participation

rate as India.

Figure 1: Workers sex ratio in some Indian

states

A

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 53

Figure 2: Women‘s Workforce Participation Rate

Female labour force participation in

rural sector is more than urban sector. In the

rural sector women are engaged in agriculture

related work. Number of female workers per 100

male workers is highest in Maharashtra,

followed by Rajshthan, MP and Andra Pradesh.

In the states like UP, Bihar, and West Bengal

Number of female workers per 100 male

workers is less than 40 percent in the rural areas.

That means, in these undeveloped states, 50

percent of the population is not involved directly

in any economic activity. Number of female

workers per 100 male workers is far below in

almost every state in India. Following table

shows the low percentage of women in urban

labour force.

Table No.1 : Sectoral distribution of employed persons, by sector and sex (2004 through 2007)

Region Agriculture Industry Services

Africa 43% women / 42%

men

11% women / 20%

men

46% women / 39%

men

Asia (excluding China) 32% women / 26%

men

12% women / 25%

men

56% women / 49%

men

Latin America and the Caribbean 7% women / 22%

men

13% women / 27%

men

80% women / 51%

men

Europe and other more developed

regions 6% women / 8% men

15% women / 36%

men

79% women / 55%

men

Source : "The World's Women 2010". United Nations. p. 84.

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 54

INDIAN WOMEN IN SENIOR POSITIONS

IN THE WORKPLACE

There is a marked decrease in the

proportion of Indian women in senior positions

in the workplace. According to the findings of a

new study by Grant Thornton, titled

International Business Report, the proportion of

women in senior positions in the Indian

workforce fell from 19 per cent in 2013 to 14

per cent in 2014. Globally, the proportion of

senior roles filled by women in 2014 is 24 per

cent, with China at 38 per cent, Eastern Europe

at 37 per cent, and Southeast Asia at 35 per cent

leading the way. For the study, more than 6,700

interviews were conducted between November

2013 and February 2014 in India and globally

across industries. What is even more alarming,

the report notes, is that despite the increasing

impetus to improve female participation in the

workforce and address the lack of women at the

top, half of all Indian business have no

programme to support or mentor women, nor do

they plan one in the near future.

In Indian companies, human resource

director (21 per cent) is the most common role

filled by women in senior positions. Eighteen

per cent of women representatives occupied

other leadership positions in companies. The

report states that Indian companies have

negligible female representation in senior roles

such as general/office manager, director and

president/vice president. The survey finds

growing support among businesses for

regulation to get women on boards and to

facilitate their career paths. Women's

representation on corporate boards and executive

committees has long been a cause for concern.

According to a study by McKinsey & Co,

female representation on executive boards of

Indian companies currently stands at a meagre 5

per cent. The Companies Act, 2013, is set to

have far-reaching implications for corporate

boardrooms across India. The provisions of the

new Act, which mandates every listed company

to have at least one female director within a

year, and other companies reporting minimum

revenue of Rs 300 crore to have at least one

female director within three years, is set to

create a wide career pipeline for women to rise

up the corporate ladder...open doors for more

women candidates for boards. According to data

compiled by Bloomberg, nearly half of the top

100 companies traded on the Bombay Stock

Exchange including the biggest two by market

value; do not have even a single female member

on their boards.The report also highlights that in

an average year; just 14 per cent of graduates

hired at mid-level positions in Indian businesses

are women, compared to the global figure of 21

per cent. It calls on corporate India to unpack the

current male bias in hiring and promotion,

saying that is key to increasing diversity.In 011-

2012 the percentage of women enrolled in

specific undergraduate degree programs

included:

o 29% Engineering/Technology

o 37% Computer

Science/Computer Application

o 32% Management

o 32% Law

Enrollment of Higher Education

Students by Gender in India is very low 41.6%

women and 58.4% men are enrolled in the

higher education institutions.

REASONS

Economists have tried to understand this

discrepancy. Some cite the problem to be India‘s

unemployment rate among the young, who make

more than half of the population. But such

joblessness should affect both men and women,

and it also doesn‘t explain the long-term trend of

low women‘s workforce participation rates.

Others believe that younger people in cities are

staying in education for longer. While that

certainly contributes to the overall picture, it

cannot explain the large difference between

urban and rural figures. In mainly agricultural

economies, urban women often find less work

than rural ones. Half the working population in

India is employed by the agricultural sector. But

agriculture‘s contribution to Indian economy has

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 55

been steadily falling and is now less than half

that of the services industry. This should have

corresponded with rapid growth in numbers of

working women in cities, but that hasn‘t

happened.

I observed that some discrepancy may

arise because many women are involved in

home-based work and are part of the informal

sector, where their contribution tends to be

under-reported. The two main factors keeping

women at home are social customs and very low

education levels among women. Breaking such

customs is hard. To a certain extent, men control

women‘s lives. And women have internalized

this as the norm. In such situations, the little

work they do is the result of compulsion, such as

when the household income is not enough,

rather than choice.

The power of social norms may be

partially explained based on data from the city

of Leicester in the UK, where one in four city-

dwellers is of Indian background. According to

a 2010 report by Sheffield Hallam University,

Economic activity rates among Indian women in

Leicester are nine percentage points lower than

for Indian women nationally. In a large enough

group of Indians, those social norms are more

strongly held than when Indians are widely

dispersed in the rest of the UK. Although

education levels have improved in recent

decades, not as many educated women have

found work.

In India, there is a U-shaped relationship

between education and participation of women

in the workforce. Illiterates participate more out

of necessity. Women with a middle-level

education (below graduate) have different

aspirations and can afford to remain out of the

workforce. Only better educated women have

been ‗pulled‘ into the labour force in response to

better paid opportunities. Skills shortage among

women is also to blame. There is a large divide

between what they can do and what jobs are on

offer. For instance, the lowest worker sex ratio is

seen in construction, manufacturing and the

retail trade, which are booming in cities.

The safety of women is also a concern

in Indian cities, as was highlighted after the

2012 Delhi gang rape case. Better governance

and improved policing ought to help, but urban

India‘s gender imbalance is a deeper cause for

worry. The national average is 940 females per

1,000 males, but that drops to 912 for cities with

a population larger than 1m. The imbalance is

greater still in India‘s biggest cities, with Delhi

at 867 females per 1,000 males and Mumbai at

861.According to Varsha Joshi, director of

India‘s census operations. The discrepancy in

these figures may be partly explained by the

mass migration of workers, mainly men, from

rural to urban areas, But the drop is large enough

that further investigation is needed to spot other

reasons.

But there are some positive signs also.

According to India‘s National Sample Survey,

the proportion of working women in urban areas

has increased from 11.9% in 2001 to 15.4% in

2011. One of the fastest-growing sectors for

urban working women has been domestic work.

About 1.5m urban women were added to that

sector in the last decade, which is more than one

in ten jobs created for women in that time.

But the areas that have shown the most

significant growth, such as domestic work, tend

to fall into the category of ―informal‖ work—

and under India‘s labor laws, these workers

have few workplace rights. This makes it harder

for women to have sustainable jobs, let alone a

career.

CONCLUSION

Female labour force participation is very

low in India. According to recent research

reports, female labour force participation in

urban areas is far lower than rural areas. Even in

the private sector percentage of female managers

at the top executive levels is negligible. It is

observed that low education level, social taboos

and lack of training and educational

opportunities are responsible for such a low

female labour force participation in India.

Safety of the female workers is also a big issue

in this respect. In India women are involved in

such as uncompensated household work,

childcare, eldercare, and family subsistence

farming. Women, still expected to fulfill the

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 56

caretaker role and take time off for domestic

needs such as pregnancy and ill family

members, preventing them from conforming to

the ―ideal-worker norm. With the current norm

in place, women are forced to juggle full-time

jobs and family care at home. In such a situation,

many competent and skilled women give up

their well-paid jobs and stay at home to care

family. As gender roles have followed the

formation of agricultural and then industrial

societies, newly developed professions and

fields of occupation have been frequently

inflected by gender. Some examples of the ways

in which gender affects a field include,

prohibitions or restrictions on members of a

particular gender entering a field or studying a

field; Discrimination within a field, including

wage, management, and prestige hierarchies;

Expectation that mothers, rather than fathers,

should be the primary childcare providers. These

gender restrictions may not be universal in time

and place, and that they operate to restrict both

men and women. However, in practice, in India

norms and laws have historically restricted

women's access to particular occupations; civil

rights laws and cases have thus primarily

focused on equal access to and participation by

women in the workforce. These barriers may

also be manifested in hidden bias and by means

of many micro inequities.

Bibliography and References

1. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Wo

men-account-for-just-22-of-workforce-in-

India/articleshow/26548372.cms

2. http://qz.com/176658/india-has-the-lowest-

workforce-participation-rate-of-women-

among-the-brics/ retrieved 27-3-2014

3. Census Report 2011

4. http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/internat

ional-womens-day-few-in-senior-positions-

india-office/1/204063.html retrieved 23-3-

2014.

5. "The World's Women 2010". United

Nations. p. 84. Retrieved May 15, 2014

6. Perkin, Joan (1993). Victorian Women.

London: John Murray (Publishers) Ltd.

pp. 192–3. ISBN 0-7195-4955-8.

7. King, Russell (2010). People on the Move:

An atlas of migration. University of

California Press. pp. 78–9.

ISBN 0520261518.

8. Reconstructive Feminism: Changing the

Way We Talk about Gender and Work

Thirty Years After the PDA. 2009. pp. 79–

117.

9. Anne Witz, Patriarchy and Professions: The

Gendered Politics of Occupational Closure,

Sociology, 24.4, 1990, pp.675-690. Sage

Pubctns.

10. S. A. L. Cavanagh, The Gender of

Professionalism and Occupational Closure:

the management of tenure-related disputes

by the 'Federation of Women Teachers'

Associations of Ontario' 1918-1949, Gender

and Education, 15.1, March 2003, pp. 39-57.

________________________

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 57

MICA INDUSTRY OF JHARKHAND: PROBLEMS AND

CHALLENGES Dr. S.K Mujibar Rahaman

Email:- rskmujibar@gmail.com

___________________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT

There is huge demand of good quality of mica in

the global cosmetics market. Since Jharkhand is

among the largest producers of Ruby Mica, it

has huge market opportunity. But mica industry

in Jharkhand is totally unorganized. Illegal

mining as well as use of child labours in the

State‘s mica mines are turning out to be the

biggest obstacles in the way ahead. World‘s

reputed cosmetic companies are reluctant to

import mica from Jharkhand due to alleged

involvement of child labors in the state‘s mica

mines. Now time has come when state

government as well as central government must

take some serious steps to stop the use of child

labours in this industry and also take some

concrete actions to stop black marketing and

illegal mining of Mica in the state. Apart from

these problems, state‘s mica industry is also

facing serious infrastructural problems that need

serious interventions.

he word ―Mica‖ is thought to be derived

from the Latin word micare, mining to

shine, in reference to the brilliant

appearance of this mineral (specially when in

small scale). Mica is a class of silicates, having a

prismatic angle of 120 degrees, eleminently

perfect basal cleavage affording thin, though

laminate of scales, color less to jet black,

transparent to translucent, of widly varying

chemical composition, and crystallzing in the

monoclinic system. Jharkhand- an India's poor,

remote east, is the biggest producer of Mica.

The mica that gives sparkle to the

world‘s most beautiful faces brings only few

rupees to the poor producers of it. Mica is a

mineral coveted for centuries for its unique

lustre. But its numerous uses in modern products

now make it a valuable commodity. It is mica

that gives make-up products such as eyeshadow,

nail polish, lipstick and concealer their sparkle.

Mica gives automotive paints their shine, is used

in building materials, and as an insulator in

electronic chips. It is found in lasers and

radar.Jhumri Telaiya of Jharkhand became

famous in India in 1957 owing to its connection

with Vividh Bharati, a nationally broadcast radio

service of the All India Radio. But, very few

people know that the little-known town, Jhumri

Telaiya was once a major mica mining centre in

the country. While laying a railroad through

Koderma in 1890s, the British first discovered

vast mica deposits in the region. Mining

activities started soon after and many mining

houses were established. Prosperous

businessmen built huge mansions in Jhumri

Telaiya. Till late 1960s, Mercedes and Porsche

cars, and thoroughbreds from Arabia used to be

common in Jhumri Telaiya.

The city once boasted of most number

of phone connections and phone calls made in

India. Most of the mica business was moved to

the government-owned corporations sometime

in 1973-74 through a government venture called

as Bihar Mica Syndicate which was having Mica

mines in Sapahi, 40 km from Jhumri Telaiya.

This government venture was renamed to Bihar

State Mineral Development Corporation

(BSMDC), which is now known as Jharkhand

State Mineral Development Corporation.Most of

the mica used to be exported to USSR, for space

and military equipment. With the dissolution of

the USSR and the discovery of a synthetic

substitute for mica, the mining activity declined

in 1990s. Koderma district was famous for its

mica production worldwide and the district is

known as ―Abarakh Nagari‖. But gradually

T

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excavation of low quality of mica ore and high

cost of production results in closure of mica

related industry. Today Out of 8 (eight) mica

factories are closed and only 2 (Two) are

functional namely: M/s Daruka &

Company and M/s Vinod Bajaj Mica plates and

powder are being exported.The Koderma district

and the Lokai-Indarwa area covers the southern

part of Great Mica-Belt of Jharkhand, Bihar and

India. Previously the Mica belt was known as

Bihar mica belt which extends for a distance of

160 km having an average width of 25 kms. The

mica belt strenches from Gurpa in Gaya district

in the west through Nawada, Koderma,

Hazaribag, Giridih in Jharkhand and Jamui as

well as Bhagalpur district of the Bihar state in

the east. Its maximum width is about 40 km at

Koderma-Hazaribagh-Nawada area. The whole

belt encompasses roughly 4,000 sq. km. around

area and lies on the north fringe of Chotanagpur

plateau and runs in an east-north east to west-

southwest direction.

India is the largest producer of sheet

mica. And, Jharkhand is the largest producer of

Only high-quality muscovite film mica, which is

variously called India ruby mica or ruby

muscovite mica in India. It is s used as a

dielectric in capacitors. Sheet mica is used in

electrical components, electronics, isinglass, and

atomic force microscopy. Other uses include

diaphragms for oxygen-breathing equipment,

marker dials for navigation compasses, optical

filters, pyrometers, thermal regulators, stove and

kerosene heater windows, radiation aperture

covers for microwave ovens, and micathermic

heater elements. Mica is birefringent and is

therefore commonly used to make quarter and

half wave plates. Specialized applications for

sheet mica are found in aerospace components in

air-, ground-, and sea-launched missile systems,

laser devices, medical electronics and radar

systems. Mica is mechanically stable in

micrometer-thin sheets which are relatively

transparent to radiation (such as alpha particles)

while being impervious to most gases. It is

therefore used as a window on radiation

detectors such as Geiger-Müller tubes.

Muscovite splittings from India accounted for

essentially all domestic consumption. Mica

mines in an around Koderma are Bandarchua,

Suggi, Pesra-Uparchala, Khalaktambi, Dhab,

Dhanapahari, Guthwa, Domchach, Kushana,

Dashro, Dumerdiha, Katiya, Arwatanr and

Jalahia etc.

DEMAND

Growing inclination of cosmetic

industry towards natural mineral products like

mica is a good opportunity for Indian mica

industry to revive itself. Today the main source

of this material is India, which accounts for 60%

of global production and possesses an industry

that is estimated to have grown by 8.5% during

the last two years. Nonetheless, concerns about

the safety of the country's mica supply chains

are increasing. According to the Australian

newspaper The Age, child labour is endemic in

India's mica mining business and 86% of the

country's mica exports in 2010-2011 were

unregulated.

PRODUCTION FIGURES

India officially produces about 15,000

tonnes of crude and scrap mica a year, according

to the government's Bureau of Mines. It has a

few hundred tonnes stockpiled. Yet it exported

more than 130,000 tonnes - more than eight

times the official production figure - in 2011-12,

more than half of it to China.At present, the

majority of mica mining and trade is illegal, in

India The bulk of India's exports of high-quality

mica flakes come from illegal mines and much

of it from the work of child miners But where

the truckloads of mica are going, and for what

purpose, is deliberately kept hidden by the

suppliers who are at the beginning of a complex

and clandestine supply chain. Export figures

have always consistently exceeded production

figures. The report of production level indicates

a steady decline from 21,902 T in 1970 to 9608

T in 1984, the percentage of fall being more than

56% during this 15-year period. It is interesting

to note however, that the decline in production

does not seem to have affected the capabilities to

meet the export demand. It is logical that the

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roduction was regulated in accordance to the export demand.

Table 1.1

Import and Export of Mica

(Since 2003-2004 to 2008-09)

Year

Export Import

Quantity (kgs) Value (Rs.) Quantity(kgs) Value (Rs.)

2008-09 417639 262435685 1057344 267287866

2007-08 373584 255700230 1450776 237743683

2006-07 327738 255420579 393354 124441236

2005-06 330972 247478780 260843 82217448

2004-05 305639 219399766 126692 42452292

2003-04 328654 242515310 96297 36954653

Source:- Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence & Statistics, Ministry of Commercial &

Industry, Govt. of India.

PRESENT CONDITION OF MICA INDUSTRY

IN JHARKHAND

Mica industry in Jharkhand is little

better than a black market, dependent on a huge

unskilled workforce, forced into working for

lower and lower prices. Profits are made off the

backs of children. According to some reports

Jharkhand mica is extracted by organisations

whose certification of ethical practice through an

audit process cannot be guaranteed. Working

condition is also not good at all. Some place in

the region in which mica is mined is too

dangerous for visitors to arrive unaccompanied.

There's also the problem that evidence of child

labour is frequently hidden during these visits.

A child labour excavate approximately

10 kg of the mineral and earns 50 fifty rupees

daily Depending on its quality and type, mica on

the international market can fetch anywhere

from several dollars a kilogram to more than

$1000. The work is hard and dangerous.

Children working risk snake and scorpion bites,

and the hollowed-out caves they mine in often

collapse. They suffer cuts and skin infections, as

well as respiratory illnesses, such as bronchitis,

silicosis and asthma. It does not matter whether

mica mines are closed in state government

papers, illegal mining is always there. Two

decades ago, in the face of environmental

concerns and in an effort to better regulate the

mica industry, Bihar government shut mines

across the state. But the closures have driven

child labour further, literally and metaphorically,

underground. In Jharkhand, small village

children sell their mica to small traders, who

consolidate several villages' work to sell on to

bigger suppliers, who sell it on to exporters and -

usually through China - to the world's cosmetics

houses, paint companies and electronics

manufacturers. ''It is like a mafia - there is a

black market for this, there are subcontractors in

each village who rely on these children's labour.

But the miners don't know where the mica they

mine ends up. They are the third, fourth, fifth

layer in the supply chain, and the subcontractors

and the suppliers deliberately don't tell them

where it goes.''Jhumri Telaiya, whole streets are

dedicated to the mica trade, most of it black

market. Men in kurta pyjamas sit in front of

enormous sacks full of mica flakes for export.

According to locals, government

closures of legal mines have simply forced

people into working illegally.'The illegal mining

continues. Hundreds of thousands of villages are

involved in this trade. They are dependent on it,

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and they are very poor. Without this they would

have no income at all.

In all of India, only Jharkhand has the

high-quality mica, the quality for the cosmetics

industry, so the demand is strong. Ninety per

cent of the mica mined in Jharkhand goes

overseas; electronics, paints, automobiles and

cosmetics industries are the major buyers.

interestingly through illegal mining.

But it is not illegal mining and child

labor only creating trouble for the Mica Industry

in Jharkhand. In India, Mica mining is purely a

state subject; the mines are owned by the

respective State Governments and are leased out

to the miners based on merit as decided by the

State Governments. The process of mining is

highly speculative in nature and so far no

scientific methods have been established to

explore the occurrence and exploit the deposits

of the mineral on a cost-effective basis. In the

absence of scientific methods, the method

generally adopted is to excavate a few trial pots

to ascertain whether a particular pegmatite vein

is rich enough in mica or not. If the process

meets the day to day expenditure, further mining

is followed up; otherwise the area is abandoned

and a new area is tried. This is wholly a hit-and-

miss affair.The time has now come for India to

systematically study the occurrence of mica and

to follow cost-effective methods of mechanical

mining operations. As no other country is so rich

in deposits of block mica as India, it is essential

for India to develop methods of its own rather

than depend on other countries for import of

such technology.

Unhealthy competition among the

traders failed to stimulate growth in the unit

value realization of processed mica due to the

development of substitutes and also the

introduction of scrap mica –based products.

Hence mining operations became almost

uneconomical and resulting several mines

closure.

The rationalization of price structure

after canalization and incorporation of a

Government organization for such a purpose

subsequently infused life into the morbid

industry and offered stability to continuing

operation. However, this step has not adequately

met the situation and calls for a thorough review

of mining operations vis-à-vis changing export

trends. Details of the working mines compared

to the total number of closed mines as on

1.1.1982 are given in Table 1.* Since 1982,

government of India has not released any data.

The decrease in number of mica mines

in India from 1961 to 1970 has been at the rate

of about 1.9% per year on average. The

reduction from 1970 to 1975 was about 52.5%;

from 1975 onwards, the reduction stabilized at a

level of 0.18% per year on an average. The

above figures are based on IBM sources. There

seems to be some discrepancy in the information

regarding the number of reporting mines

between IBM and DGMS. The discrepancy

seems to be due to the differences in definition

of a mine for conservation and development

purposes (IBM) and safety regulations (DGMS).

OTHER PROBLEMS OF MICA MINING

IN JHARKHAND

Increasing costs of electrical energy,

explosives, transportation charges etc.;

Demand and value are not commensurate

with the quantity and cost of production;

Non-availability of credit facilities;

Old techniques;

In 1970s when similar problems were faced by

Brazilian mica mine owners and reportedly the

following incentive were taken by them:

Waiver of land rent or deed rent;

Exemption of import duty and sales tax

on mining machinery and equipments

including those required for prospects;

Accelerated rate of depreciation for

mining machinery;

Exemption from income-tax on

prospective expenses.

Apart from the above, the following facilities

ought to be provided specifically to meet the

situation in Jharkhand.

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 61

Regulating the mining and its supply

chain management. Controlling illegal

mining and child labour.

Treating mica mining as an industry and

providing credit facilities;

Generous reimbursement of expenses

for developing infrastructure and

approach roads etc.;

Providing uninterrupted power supply

and supply of explosives.

Rectification of industrial law relating to

the mica industry.

To provide the rules for the benefits of

workers by payment of minimum wages

with good working condition,

compensation, bonus, medical benefits,

safety and security.

Proper financial facilities provided by

the government to the owner of the mica

industry in mining, processing and

marketing, by which they can solve their

financial problem.

To provide security through the state

government (Jharkhand) to the people

involved in the mining works.

Establishment of research institute to

discover various new areas for the

utilization of mica and help to increase

the demand.

Establishment of training center through

which the persons who are engaged in

the extraction of mica and processing of

mica, can be trained and they can

improve the quality of mica and its

products.

Transportation and communication

facility can be improved by investing

huge amount for infrastructural

development by the government which

would help in collection of mica from

different interior places.

References:

1. Annual Report (2007-2008), Ministry of

Mines, Government of India, National

Informatics Centre.

2. Biagi, Paolo (2008), "Quarries in Harappa",

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science,

Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western

Cultures (2nd edition) edited by Helaine

Selin, pp. 1856–1863, Springer, ISBN 978-

1-4020-4559-2.

3. Padhi, S.N. (2003), "Mines Safety in India-

Control of Accidents and Disasters in 21st

Century", Mining in the 21st Century: Quo

Vadis? edited by A.K. Ghose etc., Taylor &

Francis, ISBN 90-5809-274-7.

4. Rapp, George Robert (2002),

Archaeomineralogy, Springer, ISBN 3-540-

42579-9.

5. Khullar, D.R. (2006), "Mineral Resources",

India: A Comprehensive Geography,

pp. 630–659, ASMITH Publishers, ISBN

81-272-2636-X.

6. Lyday, T. Q. (1996), The Mineral Industry

of India, United States Geological Survey

INDIA’S BIGGEST LIBRARY The National Library of India, Kolkata, is the largest library in India by volume and India's library of

public record. t is under the Department of Culture, Ministry of Tourism & Culture, Government of

India. The library is designated to collect, disseminate and preserve the printed material produced in

India. The library is situated on the scenic 30 acre (120,000 m²) Belvedere Estate, in Kolkata (formerly

Calcutta). The Library is the largest in India, with a collection in excess of 2.2 million books .Before

independence, it was the official residence of Lt. Governor of Bengal.The history of the National Library

began with the formation of Calcutta Public Library in 1836. That was a non-governmental institution

and was run on a proprietary basis. People contributing 300 (US$5.00) in subscription became the

proprietors. Prince Dwarkanath Tagore was the first proprietor of that Library. 000

ISSN 2320 2750 Jamshedpur Research Review YEAR II VOL II ISSUE VII

JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 62

FUTURE OF E-RETAILING IN YOUNG INDIA

Kumari Sneha

Ph.D Research Scholar, Dept. of Commerce, Ranchi University, Jharkhand.

Vikas Kashyap Ph.D Research Scholar, Dept. of Commerce, Ranchi University, Jharkhand.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT

The Indian e-commerce industry was $1.8

billion in 2013. India's e-commerce market was

worth about $2.5 billion in 2009, it went up to

$6.3 billion in 2011 and to $14 billion in 2012.

India has close to 10 million online shoppers and

is growing at an estimated 30% CAGR vis-à-vis

a global growth rate of 8–10%. Electronics and

Apparel are the biggest categories in terms of

sales. The paper outlines the eco-system,

opportunities and challenges of e-retailing in

young India

set of ideas that made sense a century

ago and shaped the modern perspective

of shopping are not much relevant now.

Some old fashioned ideas that shopping is a

burden and people dislike shopping and they

shop only out of compulsion of meeting their

family needs is totally outdated now.

It‘s a well established fact now that new

age modern shoppers buy things for rewarding

themselves and satisfying their psychological

needs. They buy to show off their personality

and to boost their esteem needs.

Today‘s retailers understand needs of

these young customers and try to make their

shopping comfortable, convenient and

economical. 21st century retailing is different

from the traditional retailing that it not only

meet the customers‘ needs but also give them

feeling of ‗delight‘ and ‗happiness‘. For the new

age retailers, teenagers are most important

because they are the true global citizens. What is

popular in New York is also popular in Delhi.

Teen have become the latest marketing

phenomenon. Adults may have similar taste in

some categories. But, teens are different. They

follow very similar tastes worldwide. They are

the new followers of e retailing.

In small cities and town, a new

multitude of teenagers is developed. This

segment has easy accesss to mobile and internet

connectivity. India has an internet user base of

about 137 million as of June 2012. The

penetration of e-commerce is low compared to

markets like the United States and the United

Kingdom but is growing at a much faster rate

with a large number of new entrants. The

industry consensus is that growth is at an

inflection point. Today, teenagers extensively

use social networking sites to connect and share

with their friends. The Internet has evolved as a

great tool for millions across the globe. From

seeking information, to buying online more and

more students are coming online.

There are 51 million smartphone users

in urban India today, an 89% increase from

2012, when there were just 27 million users. The

study also reveals that the biggest spike is in the

youngest age group between 16 to 18 years,

where numbers have gone from 5% in 2012 to

22% this year, a four-fold increase. The growth

is driven by the range of low-cost smartphones

introduced by both local and international

players. "So far affordability was a major issue

but now buyers with a budget of Rs 5,000 to

6,000 who might not have been intending to

purchase a smartphone, can get one, as defined

by this Smartphone Incidence Study 2013,

compiled by Nielsen Information Mobile

Insights, are those with operating systems (OS)

A

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 63

that allow installation of applications.

According to 2011 census there are

231million youths (age group between 15-14)

live in India. Today, teenagers extensively use

social networking sites to connect and share with

their friends. The Internet has evolved as a great

tool for millions across the globe. From seeking

information to making life-long friends, more

and more students are coming online.

Advent of Internet has affected the

every aspect of teenager‘s life. In this respect

retailing is not an exception. In India, Internet

retailing is expected to emerge as the next major

retailing channel in India in coming 10 years.

Internet retailing is expected to comprise 1% of

total retailing value sales in India by the end of

2018. Much of this is set to be due to the low

prices on offer online, as well as the

convenience of shopping from home and the

availability of a high number of leading brands,

all of which is set to combine to drive numerous

consumers to shift away from store-based

retailing towards internet retailing. A substantial

proportion of the country‘s urban consumers are

now switched from store-based retailing to

internet retailing. The main contributor to this

shift was the rise of apparel and footwear

internet retailing over the course of 2013.

Companies such as

Flipkart, Snapdeal, Homeshop18, Myntra and

Jabong, among others, have begun to advertise

their online apparel lines aggressively through

media such as television advertising campaigns

and social media platforms, specifically

Facebook. These companies offer a wide range

of apparel brands, many these carry lower unit

prices than similar products offered under

economy brands or private label in store-based

retailing outlets. This drove a high number of

Indian consumers, especially youngsters, to

begin making more use of internet retailing to

shop for apparel and footwear, electronic

gadgets like and pendrive, mobile phones etc.

India has an internet user base of about 137

million as of June 2012. The penetration

of e-commerce is low in India compared to

markets like the United States and the United

Kingdom but is growing at a much faster rate

with a large number of new entrants. The

industry consensus is that growth is at an

inflection point. Consumers in India are now

adopted innovative approaches to payment, such

as net banking, prepaid wallets, and cash- or

card-on-delivery. About 20–50% of online

transactions are supported by the cash-on-

delivery payment method. Leading logistics

companies have recognised the growth in the

ecommerce sector and are investing in their

network to better address the opportunity. Some

e-tailer companies are also building their own

logistics. The average turnaround time for e-

tailing deliveries has declined from 4–5 days to

1–2 days.

Table No I: Drivers of Indian E-Commerce

Increasing broadband Internet (growing at 20%MoM) and 3G penetration.

Rising standards of living and a burgeoning, upwardly mobile middle class with high disposable

incomes

Availability of much wider product range (including long tail and Direct Imports) compared to what is

available at brick and mortar retailers

Busy lifestyles, urban traffic congestion and lack of time for offline shopping

Lower prices compared to brick and mortar retail driven by disintermediation and reduced inventory and

real estate costs

Increased usage of online classified sites, with more consumer buying and selling second-hand goods[

Evolution of the online marketplace model with sites like eBay,Flipkart, Snapdeal,

Infibeam,qnetindia.in,Dealkyahai.com and Tradus. The evolution of ecommerce has come a full circle

with marketplace models taking center stage again.

Indian government‘s reluctance to support organized restail sector.

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 64

Three other factors, responsible for

paradime shife in the India retail sector in

recent future are:

a) Internet access infrastructure: India's

Internet user base is expected to grow to

between 300 million and 450 million in the

next 3–5 years, driven by growing adoption

of fixed broadband and the launch of 3G/4G

services.

b) Payment infrastructure: Consumers in

India have adopted innovative approaches to

payment, such as net banking, prepaid

wallets, and cash- or card-on-delivery.

About 20–50% of online transactions are

supported by the cash-on-delivery payment

method.

c) Logistics and delivery infrastructure: Leading logistics companies have

recognised the growth in the ecommerce

sector and are investing in their network to

better address the opportunity. Some e-tailer

companies are also building their own

logistics. The average turnaround time for e-

tailing deliveries has declined from 4–5 days

to 1–2 days in the last year or two.

As per "India Goes Digital", a report by

Avendus Capital, a leading Indian Investment

Bank specializing in digital media and

technology sector, the Indian e-commerce

market is estimated at Rs 28,500 Crore ($6.3

billion) for the year 2011. Online travel

constitutes a sizable portion (87%) of this

market today. Online travel market in India is

expected to grow at a rate of 22% over the next

4 years and reach Rs 54,800 Crore ($12.2

billion) in size by 2015. Indian e-tailing industry

is estimated at Rs 3,600 crore (US$800 mn) in

2011 and estimated to grow to Rs 53,000 Crore

($11.8 billion) in 2015.

Last year, an Snapdeal had garnered

revenues of about Rs.600 crore . in 2014 it is

expecting to cross Rs.2000 crore revenue. The

company presently has 5,000 brands and over a

million products listed on its website, which it

expects to increase to 25,000 brands and 20

million products in the next 2 years. Similarly

the movie and events ticketing portal run by Big

Tree Entertainment Pvt Ltd saw revenues rise

almost 80 per cent to Rs 52.6 crore ($8.7

million). The digital commerce firm, which

draws a chunk of its business from the home-

shopping network and runs an e-commerce

portal, also saw acceleration in revenue growth

with the turnover of TV18 Home Shopping

Network (which runs HomeShop18) rising to Rs

225.4 crore ($37.4 million). HomeShop18 has

over 500 brands spread across more than 12

million SKUs which are made available to

customers in over 3,000 towns and cities in

India. HomeShop18 witnessed 3.7 million

transactions in 2012 (January-December 2012),

representing a 97 per cent increase compared

with the same period in 2011.

In the country, there are many

platforms for internet marketing such as blog,

forums, search engines and some online

advertising sites like Google adwords and

Adroll.social media sites Facebook and

twitter.India got its own version of the so-called

Cyber Monday known as Great Online Shopping

Festival in December 2012, when Google India

partnered with e-commerce companies including

Flipkart, HomeShop18, Snapdeal, Indiatimes

shopping and Makemytrip. "Cyber Monday" is a

term coined in the USA for the Monday coming

after Black Friday, which is the Friday after

Thanksgiving Day.

Table 2: Amonut rose in India by some

leading e-tailing companies (2012-14)

Name of the company Amount raised

(2012-14)

Flipkart.com

US$140 million

Snapdeal

USD 50 million

Myntra

$50 million

BookMyShow.com

US$17 million

Challenges

eCommerce demand highly secure, stable and

protected hosting but most of the hosting

companies working in India are not suitable for

eCommerce hosting purpose. They are providing

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 65

much less secure and threat protected shared

hosting.

Within the Indian e-commerce industry,

product categories with a larger ticket size tend

to offer a lower gross margin than less-

expensive items. For example, the margin for

electronics tends to be 8–10%, compared with

25–40% for apparel. As a result, ecommerce

companies that have significant depth within a

given vertical are having to expanding

horizontally in order to increase their margins.

There are two key cost components that

ecommerce companies will need to manage in

order to increase net margins and achieve

profitable growth.

Customer acquisition costs: The average

gross merchandise value is not much higher

than the cost of acquiring a new customer,

which is about USD15–20 at present. As a

result, repeat usage is critical to profitability.

Customer acquisition costs will decline as

the industry consolidates and financially

weaker players lose out to larger players.

Delivery costs: India's ecommerce market is

unique in that e-tailers must cover the cost

of delivering goods (about USD1–4 per

item) to consumers. This will continue to put

a strain on margins as well as capital

requirements in the short-to-medium term as

e-tailers look to build their own delivery

arms. However, in the medium-to-long term,

investment in logistics will bear fruit as it

helps ecommerce companies to acquire new

customers as well as retain established ones.

CONCLUSION

Young India is ready to welcome e-tailing.

High internet penetration, spread of online

payment and better delivery system are the key

growth drivers. high customer acquisition cost

and high delivery cost are the two major

problem areas. The ecommerce market in India

is not for the faint-hearted or those looking for

an ROI in a short timeframe. It is also not

without its share of challenges.

References:

1. "Internet World Stats". Internet World

Stats. Retrieved 19 February 2014

2. "Indian e-commerce at inflection

point?". Vccircle.com. 2010-08-19.

Retrieved 21 January 2014

3. "India broadband penetration growth".

Internetworldstats.com. Retrieved 4

March 2014

4. PTI Aug 29, 2010, 02.22pm IST (2010-

08-29). "E-commerce growth with 3G".

Economictimes.indiatimes.com.

Retrieved 2-2-2014

5. "Convenience Equally Important As

Discounts for Online Shoppers in India".

CouponRani. Retrieved 11 November

2013.

6. "Models of e-commerce in India".

Desinerd.com. 2012-08-29. Retrieved

15 Jamuary2014

7. "Indian Ecommerce: Current Trends".

Retailopia.com. Retrieved 2013-07-04.

8. ―Asia Pacific Online Retail Forecast,

2011 To 2016,‖ Forrester Research Inc.

Zia Daniell Wigder, with Steven Noble,

Vikram Sehgal and Lily Varo

9. Sonal Nerurkar, TNN

|imesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/in

dia-business/Teens-drive-Indian-

smartphone-sales-study-

finds/articleshow/22406572.cms Sep 8,

2013, 03.42AM IST

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 66

AN UNTAPPED POTENTIAL OF JHARKHAND TOURISM

Dr. Kamini

Asst. Prof. Faculty of Commerce, Jamshedpur Women‘s College, Jamshedpur. ____________________________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT

Welcome to the gateway of nature‖ is the

official slogan coined by the state government to

promote tourism. However, 13 years down the

line after Jharkhand was created, tourism is yet

to take off in a big way despite the state having

some of the country's best scenic spots, rich

wildlife and magnificent waterfalls, not to speak

of serene towns like Deogarh and Netarhat. The

paper presented here, gives a compressive look

of the current status of tourism sector in

Jharkhand covering the scope, problems &

challenges associated with the industry

harkhand is one of the poorest states with

per capita income much lower than the

national average and nearly 56 per cent of

the population below the poverty line. This

posses a great stumbling block in the way of

growth of tourism. The stark poverty of the

masses is visible at the tourist places where

helpless and destitute flock around the foreign

tourists with the begging bowls in their hands. A

few kind hearted and sensitive tourists get

moved and leave the place in disgust. Some

capture the object poverty of the places in their

camera and show it to the whole world. This

does not augur well for the growth of tourism in

Jharkhand. No efforts are being made to keep

beggars away from the tourist‘s spots.

Jharkhand has ample scope for cultural

tourism, but the hinterland of the places of

historical and religious impotence is not

developed. Parks and entertainment centers

where tourist can take fresh air land relax are yet

to be developed. A few tourist lodges and rest

houses constructed at tourist places are

inadequate and ill equipped to cater to the

modern tourists. Private sector entrepreneurs

have not so much entered in this industry in any

significant way. Non-availability of proper

accommodation at tourist centers has become

both cause and effect of the development of

tourism in Jharkhand. A few hotels and lodges

set up at Ranchi, Hazaribagh , Jamshedpur and

Deoghar by the private entrepreneurs lack basic

amenities and nicely in dealings and their tariff

is prohibitive.

Jharkhand‘s tourist centers are gripped

with transport bottlenecks. Most of tourist place

are not directly linked with railways. The

approaches roads from the rails-heads to the

tourist spots have not been well developed and

lack necessary repairs and maintenance. The

foreign tourists have to encounter a great

hardship to reach the destination, as they are

tortured and exploited by the Tangawala,

Rickshawala, and auto-drivers. They charge

exorbitantly high fare creating a bad impression.

The condition of roads is a pitiable one. The

national highways due to lack of repairs and

maintenance have developed potholes which

cause road accidents. Road jams on the national

highways are normal features. There is also lack

of parking spaces.

Highways are the backbone of tourism

industry in any state. In October 2013, when

chief minister of Jarkhand Hemant Soren's

visited Jamshedpur and candidly accepted the

fact that national highways in the state need

immediate facelift. The state chapter of the CII

has also expressed doubts that the tourism

industry in Jharkhand will make profits owing to

its poor infrastructure and connectivity. Take the

example of Amadubi tourist spot in

Dhalbhumgarh (inaugurated by state tourism

minister Suresh Paswan in sept 2013 ). Although

the place is just 60km away from Jamshedpur, it

takes over three hours to reach the spot. Proper

connectivity through road, rail or air is

prerequisite for reaching the tourist spots but in

Jharkhand state there is a very poor no rail or

road connectivity.

Law and order is a big problem in the

state. We can not overlook the impact of moist

extremism on the tourism industry of Jharkhand.

J

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 67

As many as 19 of the 24 districts in Jharkhand

are Naxalite-affected and some of the best

attractions like the Palamau Tiger Project at

Betla, Hazaribagh National Park Magnolia Point

at Netarhat famous for sun set view, Dalma

Wildlife Sanctuary and Saranda forest in West

Singhbhum district are in those districts. Social

conditioned the environment have a great

bearing on the growth of tourism. Simmering

social discontents manifested through

kidnapping, riots-blocks, road hold up, robbery,

road are affecting the inflow of tourist in

Jharkhand. Foreign tourist visiting here gets

bitter taste of exploitation, intimidation and

deceit. The local residents to achieve their

foreign induced desire by legitimate means

snatch their belongings in broad daylight and the

police does not come to their rescue.

Another problem besetting Jharkhand

tourism is the unstable governments which

hampers continuity of tourism policies framed

by earlier regimes.Prolonged delay in the

formulation of a vibrant tourism policy is also

gradually eating into the potentiality of the

tourism industry. Several projects that are crucial

for the growth of the tourism industry in any

area. Law and order in many tourist destinations

demand immediate attention. Lawlessness in the

state cannot be judged merely from the prism of

the Maoist incidents. The Union tourism

ministry's report indicating 20 per cent increase

in domestic tourists in Jharkhand in 2012 in

comparison to year 2011. But downtrend in

2012-13 shows that the impression visitors have

carried back home was not good.

There is also lack of effort to make the

traditional handicrafts of Jharkhand which when

displayed can color fully create indomitable

interest in any stranger. No shopping complex is

established specially for selling these products.

If any howlers sold these items, no fix price is

for product is mentioned and the tourist expects

to get maximum value out of each dollar spent.

Other problems are:

Direct effect on vegetation due to pedestrian

and vehicular traffic,

Imbalance between tourism wildlife and

needs of local residents. There is threat to

wildlife due to increase in tourist arrivals,

increasing demands of souvenir and

continuance of low income for resident

population.

Inadequate infrastructure facilities lead to

overloading which causes supply failure,

pollution an health hazard,

Lack of tourist guides with variety of

language known as tourist gets satisfaction

to the extents level if he is described about

the place in his language.

Lack of information centers, communication

centers, and counselor well trained. For

proper guidance to tourist about facilities

and places to visits, stay etc S.T. D.

facilities,

Lack of Tourist Police to control over the

situation according to place.

Lack of coordination among the interrelated

departments like Cultural Dept.,

Transportation Dept., Hotel Dept., with the

Govt. Dept. etc.

Within rule department have to work in legal

term.*

Bonded with norms, -if any hotel is to

construct than they are bonded to provide

the tender in scheduled rate and in

competition this is a major constraint.

Lack of Professionalism- no positive attitude

are seen among the employees.

Department employees are having the nature

of indiscipline and retained and bossed as

seen in the Govt. office. This cannot

promote the tourism, as the competition is

very high.

Lack of proper advertisement emphasizing

the features of particulars places.

Local problems are found during

development of tourist area such as in

Dasam fall development –local people are

obstructing in construction because the land

belongs to their ―Ancestor‘s‖.

Wrong marketing strategy.

Poor connectivity by air roots - as tourist

prefers to come by air.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The architectural deigns of lodges, hotels

and new structures should be confirms to the

local landscape and soul match with local

tradition.

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 68

Growing more vegetables, fruit trees,

floriculture and agriculture should be

encouraged. People should be induced to

study voluntarily, individually or in groups,

geographical phenomenon of an area, air,

water, birds and animals; undertake analysis

of soils, fertilizers and insecticides used and

to take up tree plantations.

Introduction of administrative and planning

controls will helps in maintaining the

environment and ensure provision of tourist

facilities.

Regular Observation: Regular and detailed

scientific monitoring of Flora and Fauna of

the area should be carried out. In order to

relieve excessive pressure, some alternative

sites nearby will have to be found out where

tourist activities can be decentralized

Public Transport: There is an immediate

need to improve public transport system.

More number of uses must be operated

and a strict control be imposed on Auto-

rickshaws and private cabs. Adequate

measures are taken up to punish the

culprits.

Tourist Information: The Department of

Tourism must open good number of

information booths at Bus terminus,

shopping complexes, and busy commercial

complexes. Right people with right

attitude be employed in order to deal with

tourists. The tourist office should be kept

open all the 24 hours. Tourism should

also undertake the responsibility of

providing travels bulletins, and get included

trade –related information in important week

lines and in travel section, provide reduced

cost during the off-season in travels as well

as accommodation.Apart from this with a

rapid change in technology, communication

and transportation should be accessible

affordable and developed that physical

distances no longer constitute mental blocks

to travels. Beside more entry points should

be developed. 80 % tourist enters through

Delhi and Bombay only. Moreover these

entry points should be made more

hospitable, visitor friendly and welcoming.

Better Infrastructure and Communication

Facilities: There is an urgent need for

improving communication facilities.

Besides, separate counters be opened in

banks exclusively for tourists. More

number of branches needs to be established

at important tourist centers to cater to the

needs of tourists.

Display of Information: For the

convenience of tourist‘s information about

accommodation in hotels, lodges, clubs,

resort hotels be displayed at railway

station, airports, and bus station along

with the tariff. This will help the tourists to

choose accommodation of their choice.

Trained Guides: Must be appointed by the

tourism department. The guides must be in

a position to explain the historical

importance of the places in the respective

foreign languages. We all agree that things

are better understood and derive

satisfaction when they are explained in

our own language.

Privatization of Maintenance of Tourist

Spots: As the winds of privatization are

already blowing through the different

sectors of the economy, it may be tried out

in tourism also. Foreign tourists are

unhappy about the maintenance of tourist

spots. Therefore, there is need to privatize it.

Hygiene and Sanitation: Adequate steps

be taken to provide hygiene and sanitation

facilities at places of public interest like

cinema halls, museums, parks, railway

station, airport, bus terminus and so on.

Unless the conditions are improved we are

afraid that we may loose business on this

count. Wrappers, empty cigarette boxes and

other waste materials should not be thrown

on the tracks route while on march. These

articles should be retained in the pockets and

disposed of in a proper place.

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 69

A wide network of clean, hygienic and

inexpensive hotels should be set up. It

should also provide a feature of

accessibility. One attractive way has been to

convert heritage priorities into hotels. Also

paying guest accommodations could be

promoted to provide an open book of life

style and also economy.

License for Travel Agents: In order to

prevent tourists from unscrupulous people

license system may be introduced. The

license should be issued by a competent

authority preferably by tourism

department, while issuing such license

the necessary qualification, experience,

attitudes, concern for the tourists and so on

should be looked into. Preference shall be

given for those who hold a degree

diploma in tourism management/

administration.

MARKETING STRATEGY

Marketing has a special significance for

the promotion of tourism in the state, which has

so many constraints to overcome. The nature

and dimension of marketing the tourist product

are distinct. In manufacturing enterprises, a

marketing policy is devised for the product,

which has already been produced. In tourism,

the product is an amalgam of various elements,

some of which are tangible and some

intangible. The marketing strategy in this

respect would be based on the consumers'

needs, expectations, attitudes, likes and dislikes

and the 'tourist product‘, which is to be

developed, must suit the taste and pocket of

the consumers. The tourism is a complex

industry with multidimensional activities,

which together turn out 'tourist-product'.

Various sub-sectors, which are the constituents

of the industry, are themselves independent

industries e.g. hotel, transport and

communication industries. Its marketing is also

complicated, as it has to be directed at a Jorge

number of people in various lands of socio-

economic structure having different tastes,

habits, attitudes, expectations and behaviour

pattern.

The raw materials for the tourist

products are natural beauty, climate, history

and culture and the people. The other things

are facilities for the comfortable living such as

water supply, electricity, road transport,

communication and other essentials. The

product may be entirely man-made or the

nature's creation improved upon by man. All

the components of the product are supplied by

various individuals or group like Hotel

Company, airlines or other suppliers directly

to the tourists. A tourist combines these

individual tourist products in a large number of

ways. There would be many possible

destinations, each with number of hotels, each

reached by number of airlines and buses. The

selection of product is a difficult exercise. The

different segments which constitute, the

tourist product work independently, each one

striving to maximize its gain from tourism. If

the desperate efforts of the different segments

are unified and consolidated the marketing of

Bihar as a tourist destination would be

successful.

A survey needs to be conducted to

identify the potential tourists visiting the

state, as the needs of all the tourists are not

uniform. American, European, Japanese,

Chinese, South East-Asian and Australian

visit the state, but each needs distinct

approach. The facilities are to be created at

tourist places as per the customers' needs. The

planning for the development of hotels and

tourist spots need be based on the realistic

needs of the consumers so that the

investment to be made to meet the projected

demand fetches good return. A study of

foreign markets would enable the

government and other concerned institutions

to distribute the promotional expenditure

equitable on those areas which have the

biggest tourist potential. A properly

conducted market research would cover the

entire gaunt of the marketing function viz.

product pricing distribution and promotion.

The estimation of price at which the

product is to be sold is quite important. A

customer is price sensitive. The tourists

expect to get maximum value out of each

dollar spent. Foreign tourists are not always

looking for convenient foods, perhaps they

prefer Indian Cuisine like tandoori chicken,

kabab, mixed vegetables and pakauras. An

innovative approach is required so that prices

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 70

are competitive. Product differentiation is a

must for price differentials. In case of hotel

chains, each chain should have distinct

product line and pricing. The Government

should exercise some sorts of control over

pricing and quality of the product. The

coordinating agency may be department of

Tourist, Government of Jharkhand.

The distribution of tourist produce in

Jharkhand is equally important. The product

is mainly to be sold to foreigners. It is not

enough to distribute posters, leaflets and

guide books through tourist offices and

foreign mission. An attempt should be made to

establish personal contact with the potential

travelers by a strong market presence and

intensive selling campaign by our offices

abroad. The state government can supplement

the efforts of the central government in

collaboration with travel agents and tour

operators. First, Jharkhand should exploit its

traditional market of Budhist countries,

particularly of South East Asia and then it

should move to new and emerging market

across the globe.

The travel agents create market for the

tourist product. They determine the source of

business from where the tourists originate, the

requirement of hotels and transportation and

know the preferences of the customers. After

determining the market needs, the travel agents

apply various methods to achieve the

objectives. A travel agent has a great scope to

make improvement on the itinerary of the

client whereby he enjoys his visit to the

country and returns as a friend and ambassador

of goodwill. The nationally and internationally

known travel agents need be patronized to

promote tourism in the state.

An important thing for the promotion of

tourism in the state is that the tourist product

must have a distinct image. The receptionists,

the public relation officers, tourist information

officers and the staff at restaurant must leave

indelible impact on the tourists by their grace and

decent behaviour. They should cherish the

memory of their stay in the State. For this

purpose human resources engaged in the

marketing of tourist products must be harnessed

by proper motivation. To establish direct link

with the customers by own staff is the least

expensive exercise. Staff should have a caring

concern for the customer and should have a

motto that the customer is always right.

Proper motivation is possible when employers

grant incentives to employees and create

congenial atmosphere.

Thus, Jharkhand need well-developed

infrastructures coupled with proper marketing

strategy for the promotion of tourism in the

State.

Bibliography & References

1. Tourists Statistics, 1990.

2. A Survey of Foreign Tourists in India,

Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta.

3. Bhatia, A. K., Tourism Development:

Principle and Practice.

4. Quarterly Publications – Development of

Tourism Govt. of Jharkhand.

5. Prospects and Problems of Tourism in

Jharkhand – Telegraph English(daily)

Jamshedpur, Oct. 4.2004.

6. Jharkhand Badte Kadam, No. –1 & 2,

Nov. 2004 & Dec. 2004.

7. A special feature for the Govt. of

Jharkhand by the Telegraph Dec, 2004

―Destination Jharkhand‖.

8. Jharkhand mother nature‘s own state –

Jharkhand Tourism.

9. A.K. Raina, S. K. Agrawal, The Essence

of Tourism Development, 2004.

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AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF CELLPHONE

ON STUDENTS

Dr. Ishtiaque Ahmed

Deptt. of Commerce

Purnia College, Purnia (Bihar)

Email : driahmedar@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Mobile phone Culture is the most

widely used terms in the present era.

Mobile phone has affected almost every

field of life. Our youngsters have been

completely mesmerized and hypnotized

by this magical device. Now it has

become an essential part of modern life

and is playing a vital role in decreasing

distance and increasing communication

among people. This small device has

done that work which was not even

accomplished by great leaders and even

wonderful inventions. It has made the

people closer and closer day by day. The

study was conducted in order to

determine the effects of mobile phone on

the performance of students at college

level. The paper also seeks out the usage

patterns of mobile phones as an

information access device with respect

to these features. The study hopes to

address a variety of questions: What are

the most common uses of mobile phones

amongst the students, its impact on their

career and general guidelines and policy

to the students, parents and teachers on

cell phone use.

Keywords-Mobile Phone, Role, Usage

and Impact

ccording of the oxford Advanced

Learner‘s Dictionary (2004),

mobile phone is a telephone that

does not have wires and works by

radio that can be carried with to

use everywhere. According to Rich Ling

(2003), the mobile phone has

fundamentally affected our society,

accessibility, safety, and security, co-

ordination of social and business

activities and use of public places. It has

just become the part of culture of every

region in the world.The craze of mobile

phone started after 1980‘s in the world,

but is has now touched the level of

esteem. First it was just for a status

symbol but now it has become a dire

need of the day and is in the reach of

everyone, even a person whose per

month income is 2000 rupees.According

to a famous writer and researcher on

mobile phone, Jon Agar (2005), until not

very long ago, the mobile phone was

expensive and the preserve of a rich few.

Today the cell phone is everywhere and

so common that it goes unnoticed. It is

used for many purposes like text

messaging (SMS), multimedia messaging

(mms), photo display and recording,

video playback and recording,

calendaring etc.College students use cell

phone in class, despite knowing that it

adversely affects their concentration,

according to a study conducted at the

University of New Hampshire. In a

university-wide study, student

researchers at the UNH Whittemore

School of Business and Economics

found student cell phone users check

their phones an average of one to five

times during class. About half of

students (51 percent) say that cell phone

use in class affects their ability to

concentrate and the amount of

information that they receive during

class (52 percent).

A

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Aoki and Downes (2004) noted

that mobile phone usage in social

contexts has been a less studied area

when compared to the research on the

engineering and policy aspects of mobile

technologies. McGuigan (2005) pointed

out that it is quite difficult to find

critical research which looks into the

cultural value and social purpose of

mobile phones. Only recently, research

has been published on how people use

mobile phones in their daily life.

However, a majority of these studies

have focused on studying populations

within a relatively homogeneous culture.

Weilenmann, A., & Larsson, C. (2001)

conducted field studies of public use of

mobile phones among teenagers in

Sweden. Their study shed light on how

the mobile phone has come to be used as

a tool for local social interaction, rather

than merely as a device for

communication with dislocated others.

Their observations pointed towards the

collaborative nature of mobile phone

use. The researchers examined how

phones were shared and how their field

data could be of use when designing new

mobile technology and services for the

youth.

Katz (1997) explored the possible

effects of wireless communication on

people‘s lives. He indentified several

levels of effects of such a technology.

The ―first-order effects‖ are direct

effects that are immediately perceived

by users, they include uncertainty

reduction, personal security, and

personal efficiency. The ―Second-order

effects‖ are indirect effect which

represent the experiences or feelings that

people have or may observe in others,

they include tighter coupling of

domestic production, information

immediacy, and contact ability.

The ―third-order effects‖ are the

least direct effects that are observed not

by users of the technology but by

outside observers who study the effects

of the technology on the society in

general, they include Social interaction,

social control, and innovative uses or

unanticipated usage .Mobile phones are

redefining and blurring the line between

public and private spaces. Cooper (2002)

mentioned that people in public space

may be unexpectedly exposed to one

side of a two-party private interaction,

which can be frustrating with

speculations about the missing side of

the interaction. Fortunati (2002) noted

that mobile phones favored the

progressive encroachment of intimacy in

the public sphere.

Aoki and Downes (2004) focused

on the behavioral and psychological

aspects of cell phone usage among

college students. They tried to find the

reasons behind why a technology is

adopted in a particular way. They

identified several attitudinal factors

based on the exploratory study

including, necessity in modern times,

cost efficiency when compared to

landline, safety, security and

dependency. The study also endeavored

to look at the motivational and

behavioral characteristics of mobile

phone usage. The authors tried to

combine their results and the result of

previous research to find the trends in

usage by the youth.

OBJECTIVES OF TEH STUDY

To know the reasons for using cell

phone by the students.

To analyse the impact of possession

of cell phone by the students.

To analyse the interrelationship

between level of education with

usage rate, restriction by parents,

internet access and reason for using

the cell phone.To provide some

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 73

suggestions to the students, parents

and teachers.

METHODOLOGY:

In the fast moving world of today

cell phone in the hands of students has

given diversions to many of us to think

over this topic. Many of the writers have

studied this topic in many angles. To

give a clear definition to this problem

the paper has been studied by taking an

interview randomly with 150 students

studying in schools and colleges, who

are undergoing their Under Graduation

and Post Graduation in various streams.

The study is based on primary

and secondary data. For this a

questionnaire comprising open and

closed ended questions was designed

with convenience sampling method and

the responses collected was analysed to

give a clear meaning to this topic. Apart

from this many journals, websites and

conversation over telephone with parents

and with some teachers was also

incorporated. Students were very eager

and spurious in giving their response

without any hesitation. Likewise full

support was extended by their parents

and teachers.

The collected data was analysed by

using Pearson Chi-Square tool.

REASONS FOR USING CELL PHONE

BY STUDENTS

To communicate easily with the

teachers, classmates and parents.

To trace easily the teachers,

classmates for the solution of

educational doubts.

To access internet to search out the

useful information.

To use the mobile as minicomputer.

To use dictionary and thesaurus to

know the meaning of some difficult

terms.

To update oneself by reading news.

To listen F.M radio for entertainment

and watch T.V.

To find out the translation of verses

of various religious and regional

books like Geeta, Bible, Quran and

Thirukkural etc.

To make photos and movies.

To use blue tooth infrared

technology to transfer the data from

mobile phone to mobile phone or to

computer and computer to mobile

without any cost in few seconds.

Cell phones are useful to both

parents and students when scheduling

after-school activities and changes in

family plans (such as afternoon pick-

up times.)

Older students can conduct phone

interviews during class time with

teacher supervision.

Many cell phones now have internet

capability, built -in calculators, and

memories able to hold entire books.

For schools with limited technologies

available to students, cell phones

mimic the computers that the

classroom may lack.

To handle and move easily with fast

moving world.

IMPACT ON STUDENTS

The impact on college students can be

both positive and negative. Most of the

students are in adulthood and this is a

very significant and crucial period of

age. As Fredrick Tracy (2006) wrote,

history is full of records of reckless and

daring exploits of young man, some of

which have resulted in great good and

others in great evil.

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POSITIVE AND HEALTHY IMPACTS

AND EFFECTS OF MOBILE PHONE

ON STUDENTS

The student can easily contact

with the teacher for study

purposes.

The student can easily contact

with class fellows to get help in

studies.

The student‘s academic

performance has been increased

due to this technology.

The mobile phone has helped to

improve the level of the quality

of education.

The parents of female students

feel more satisfaction due to

Mobile phone because their

daughters can contact them

easily.

They like to use the device to for

uppgrading their knowlege.

Internet facility has made easy to

reach education at any part of the

world.

Research related information can

be accessed instantly

Alarm usage and calendar

references.

Enjoy music on phone for

relaxation.

NEGATIVE AND UNHEALTHY IMPACTS

AND EFFECTS ON STUDENTS

According to Awaz (2008),

mobile phone affects the social

life and health of all society

members as well as students.

The primary concern is that cell

phones distract students.

It is a cause of disturbance to

students when they are busy in

their lecture or projects in class

rooms or libraries.

It seems that it may cause

increase in decline of moral

values.

Students feel no shy to tell a lie.

When they are sitting in hotel or

park, they tell to their parents or

teachers that they are siting in the

library.

Mobile phone may make the

students victim of emotional,

physical and psychological

problems.

Vibration of mobile phone also

has effects on the pumping of

blood.

Heat of mobile phone also causes

skin problem rays from tower are

also harmful and it is suggested

that towers should be 16 KM

away from population.

Exposure of radio frequency

causes great absorption of energy

in the tissues of head which is

harmful for nervous system.

The wastage of time and money

by students in spending useless

SMS to friends.

Cheating and inappropriate

photos are also concerns

associated with cell phones.

Purchasing costly phones without

the permission of parents.

Loss and misplacement of mobile

phone is very common. The

student who loses his/her mobile

phone also undergoes tension and

this affects studies.

Puts negative impacts on students

moral values.

Students use cell phone in the

examination hall as a means of

unfair practices.

Creates a sign of prestige among

classmates.

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GENERAL GUIDELINES TO BE

FOLLOWED BY INSTITUTIONS IN

CASE OF ALLOWING THE USE OF

CELL PHONE

Mobile phones should not be used

in any manner that may be

destructive to the normal class

hours

Students should turn off their

phones during college/school

hours.

Students should be encouraged to

use the phone only before or after

college hours.

There are times when it is

genuinely appropriate and

beneficial for students to have

access to a mobile phone; in such

situation for example, where

there is a need to contact parents

or guardians urgently the

institution can supply students

with donated phones that can call

only emergency numbers.

The policy should apply to

students during school

excursions, camps and extra-

curricular activities.

It is important that students

display courtesy, consideration

and respect for others whenever

they are using a mobile phone.

Mobile phone cameras (still and

video) are not to be used

anywhere.

Appropriate action should be

taken against any student who

photographs or films other

individuals without their consent

or who sends harassing or

threatening messages.

Disciplinary action should be

taken against any student‘s who

is/are caught using a mobile

phone to cheat in exams or

assessments.

Students should ensure that their

phones are always stored in a safe

and secure place.

The Department does not hold

insurance for personal property

brought to schools and it will

generally not pay for any loss or

damage to such property.

Staff and students should be

discouraged from bringing any

unnecessary or particularly

valuable items to school.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

H01: There exist no significant

relationship between level of education

and number of users.

H02: There exist no significant

relationship between level of education

and frequency of using cell.

H03: There exist no significant

relationship between level of education

and reasons for using.

H04: There exist no significant

relationship between level of education

and internet access.

H05: There exist no significant

relationship between level of education

and restriction by parents.

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TABLES: 1 CLASSIFICATION BY NO OF USERS

EDUCATIONAL LEVEL YES NO TOTAL

SCHOOL 18 32 50

UG 44 6 50

PG 36 14 50

TOTAL 98 52 150

TABLE:2 CLASSIFICATION BY REASON FOR USING MOBILE PHONE

EDUCATION

LEVEL

SMS TALING CLARIFICATION OF

DOUBTS

TOTAL

SCHOOL 4 12 2 18

UG 33 5 3 44

PG 27 25 4 36

TOTAL 64 25 9 98

TABLE :3 CLASSIFICATION BY INTERNET

ACCESS BY STUDENTS

EDUCATIONAL LEVEL YES NO TOTAL

SCHOOL 3 15 18

UG 26 18 44

PG 32 4 36

TOTAL 61 37 98

TABLE – 4 CLASSIFICATIONS BY RESTRICTION BY PARENTS

EDUCATION LEVEL YES NO NUTRAL TOTAL

SCHOOL 42 6 2 50

UG 44 5 5 50

PG 40 7 3 50

TOTAL 122 18 10 150

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Table 5: ANALYSIS OF THE HYPOTHESES

Null Hypotheses Table

Value

Calculated

Value

Significance

Level

Df Alternative

Hypothesis

a) There exist on significant

relationship between level

of education and number of

users

9.21

31.6

.01

2

ACCEPTED

b) There exist on significant

relationship between level

of education and frequency

of using cell phone

9.21

28.67

.01

2

ACCEPTED

c) There exist on significant

relationship between level

of education and reasons

for using

13.28

26.99

.01

4

ACCEPTED

d) There exist on significant

relationship between level

of education and internet

9.21

26.71

.01

2

ACCEPTED

e) There exist on significant

relationship between level

of education and restriction

by parents

13.28

2.04

.01

4

REJECTED

FINDINGS OF THE HYPOTHESES

H1: There exist a significant

relationship between level of education

and number of users, i.e. the number of

users are more in graduation level than

in post graduation and least in school

level. Therefore our alternative

hypothesis is accepted.

H2: There exist a significant

relationship between level of education

and frequency of using cell. At school

level student‘s usage rate is low when

compared to graduation and post

graduation level. Maximum frequency is

found at graduation.

H3: There exist a significant

relationship between level of education

and reasons for using. The main reasons

for using cell phone is for SMS in

graduation level followed by talking and

maximum for talking in school level.

Contact with teachers for clarification is

least in all the cases.

H4: There exist a significant

relationship between level of education

and internet access. The students at

graduation level use internet more than

at school level for getting material for

their syllabus.

H5: There exist a significant

relationship between level of education

and restriction by parents. This

alternative hypothesis has been rejected.

This shows that parents at all level

expose equal restrictions.

SUGGESTION TO TEACHERS IN

SCHOOL/COLLEGES

Detractors say that drawback to

student cell phones outweigh the

benefits.

Education institutions like

schools and colleges and private

institutes should ban the use of

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 78

cell phone in the premises

entirely.

Cell phones should not be used

by the teachers during class

hours.

The negative impact of using cell

phone must be discussed by the

staff to the students often.

Students caught with cell phones

during testing must be given

automatic failing grades.

Teachers should post school and

classroom policies regarding cell

phones, and the class should

discuss these policies at the

beginning of the school year.

Students can be taught with other

extracurricular activities to make

their free time useful by their

staff.

Teachers should be a role model

for their students, since students

respect and imitate more their

staff than their own parents.

SUGGESTIONS TO PARENTS

Parents should never encourage

their kid in using the cell phone.

They should not force the

institution to grant permission for

usage of phone to their child.

They should always keep a watch

on the activities of children.

They should try to engage them

whenever they find time, so that

children never feel loneliness

with themselves since it one of

the reason for the students to use

cell phone.

They should also discuss them

with the harmful effects and its

negative consequences.

SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS

Everything when we deal pragmatically

comes many negative consequences

therefore students can be restricted by

their parents, teachers and well wishers

in using cell phone.

Every student must have a self

control and self determination in

oneself.

Students should engage

themselves by reading books,

journal, novels or listening

music.

They can also go for other means

of using cell phone like

vocabulary development,

dictionary reference etc apart

from sending SMS or gossiping

with friends.

They should use only at the time

emergency only.

FINDINGS

Mobile phone is helpful for the

students for study purposes. Students

can use it for exchange useful

information with their classmates about

their studies. Students use this

fascinating magic device in a better way.

it is also helpful for the students as they

can contact parents. The mobile phone

has helped to improve the level of the

quality of education. The students utilize

Mobile Phone to share important and

useful information with classmates.

Students use dictionary, thesaurus and

calculator available in the mobile phone.

The parents of female students feel more

satisfaction due to mobile phone because

their daughters can contact them easily.

On the negative side of the issue,

there are a number of drawbacks of this

technology as the mobile phone is

misused by the students. They remain

busy in writing and sending useless

messages. They tease the students by

sending missed calls and messages from

unknown numbers. They listen to music

and watch movies. In this way they

waste their precious time and money in

talking and gossiping on meaningless

topics with their friends by available the

low rates and free packages offered by

the mobile phone companies.

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The mobile phone culture has

also increased the rate of telling a lie

among students. Students can use the

mobile phone for exchanging useful

information with their fellows about

their studies. It is the responsibility of

students to use this marvelous magic

device in a better way and never misuse

it. Institutions should play a pivotal role

in this regard and promoted awareness to

utilize this electronic device in a

constructive manner. There is a great

role of teachers and especially parents as

they should always have an eye on the

activities of students and always try to

foster the moral values among the

students. It is the responsibility of media

and mobile phone service provider

companies to create this sense of

responsibility in the students to use this

device in a positive manner.

12. CONCLUSION

The results of this study reveal

that the students at the school and

college level utilize this wonderful

technology in a better way by sharing

useful information with their classmates

and teachers. The female students

belonging to remote areas feel secure

and their parents can contact them any

time. On the other hand, the mobile

phone is also misused by the students. If

the students use it wisely and properly

then they can improve their education

and construct a better future. Mobile

phones today to beyond just voice

communication and provide a platform

for development of student‘s society.

The fact lies all in the hands of the

students only through their self-control

and self-determination. They should

realize the impact and also teach others.

The world Lies in the hands of Students.

Bibliography & References

1. Aoki, Downes, E.J. (2004). An analysis

of young people‘s use of and attitudes

towards cell phone. Telematics and

Informatics, Vol 20 (4), P 349-364

2. Babbie, E. (2000). The Practice of

Social Research 9th

edition, Belmont,

CA : Wadsworth Thomson Learning.

3. Department of Industrial Engineering

University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Retrieved October 10, 2005 from

http://homepages.cae.wisc.edu/ -

granger/IE449/IE449_0108.pfd .

4. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India

(2006). Press release dated 4/10/2006

(no. 36/2006) New Delhi : Telecom

Regulatory Authority of India.

Retrieved 4/11/2006 from

http://www.trai.gov. in/pr10apr06.pdf

5. Frankiel, R.H. (2002). Thinking and

writing publication, San Francisco :

McGraw-Hill Book Company. Oxford

Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary,

London : Oxford press, 629 Paul.L.

(2000). Cell phone, 1st

ed.) New York :

Palgrove Publishers.

6. Muhammad Javid, Muhammad Ashraf

Malik, and Aijaz Ahmed Gujja r, (2011),

Mobile Phone Culture its Psychological

Impacts on Student‘s learning at the

University level in Journal ―Language in

India‖ ISSN No 1930 -2940.

www.lainguage in India.com

7. ―College Students Use Cell Phones in

Class, Despite Adverse Affects‖

Published on : 23rd

Dec 2010 Survey

report by University of New Hampshire.

8. Sayam Chakraborty. APirl,2006, Mobile

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ECTRONIC DOCUMENTS IN GOVERNMENT MEDICAL

COLLEGES IN KERALA: AN OVERVIEW

Anilkumar.R

Research Scholar

Research and Development Centre

BharathiarUniversity ,Coimbatore

anilmlisc@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

This paper has touched up on the electronic

documents in govt. medical college libraries in

Kerala, such as e-books , e-journals , e-zines

,ETD etc. An attempt is made to list out the

advantages and disadvantages of e-resources in

govt. medical college libraries in Kerala.

Keywords: E-Library, E-Books, E-Journals,

E-Zine

Electronic document and records management

aims to enable organizations to manage

documents and records throughout the

document life-cycle, from creation to

destruction.Typically, systems consider a

document a work in progress until it has

undergone review, approval, lock-down and

(potentially) publication, at which point it

becomes a formal record within the

organization Once a document achieves the

status of a record, the organization may apply

best-practice or legally enforced retention

policies which state how the second half of the

record life-cycle will progress.

This typically involves retention (and

protection from change), until some events

occur which relate to the record and which

trigger the final disposition schedule to apply to

the record. Eventually, typically at a set time

after these events, the record undergoes

destruction

ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTAION

SYSTEM IN LIBRARIES

During the last two decades there has

been a tremendous impact of information

technology (IT) on libraries, which has led to

drastic changes in the area of the library

profession and in the provision of information

services to the users. We are migrating from

paper society to paperless society, permitting

users convenient and easy access to information

in the library. An electronic library may be

defined as a system that is accessible from

anywhere via internet, to deliver knowledge

directly to their users, without being confined

to the contents neither of physical library nor

by being caught in a web of unorganized,

unmanaged information. Information from any

online source can be managed and shared by

librarians with their users, making more

knowledge available to users than ever before;

the goal of an e-library is to perform online and

all the functions of the traditional library, plus

many more available in today‘s digital world.

Now-a-days electronic documents are

considered as an integral part of international

digital revolution, especially that most of

whatis being published on the web page has an

electronic feature. The electronic documents

are available open and payment based.

Traditional libraries develop collection of e-

resources by downloading from subscribing

databases and open sources. Using this facility,

traditional libraries are now moving towards

digital libraries. The UGC is offering info-net

programme as a major source of e-resources

suitable for higher education and research.

Similarly Government of Kerala is giving all

sorts of help to develop Learning Resource

Centre in Government Colleges. Accordingly,

the five Government Medical Colleges in

Kerala has developed Learning Resource

Centre(LRC) as part of their college libraries.

ISSN 2320 2750 Jamshedpur Research Review YEAR II VOL II ISSUE VII

JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 81

These LRCs have a good collection of

Electronic documents such as Electronic books

(e-books), Electronic journals (e-

journals),Electronic magazines (E-

zine),Electronic Thesis and Dissertations

(ETD) etc.

ELECTRONIC BOOKS (E-BOOKS)

An electronic book (e-book) is a book

published in an electronic /digital form,

consisting of text, imageor both and produced

on published through and readable on computer

or other electronic devices. E-books are usually

readable on e-book readers/by the use of

computers, tablets, mobile phones (Smart

phones), etc.

The LRC in Government Medical

College Libraries in Kerala has thousands of

leading medical books in electronic form.

These books are available through

www.clinicalkey.comIt is accessible only

through LRCs. (approximately 1000 e books )

Use of these e-books is higher than printed

books and they demand more e-books in their

subject field. It is a good indicator of shifting

from printed media to electronic media. Govt.

medical college libraries in Kerala have

identified the change in mind of users in

advance and provide e-resources through

LRCs.

ELECTRONIC JOURNALS (E-JOURNALS)

Electronic journals also known as e-

journals or e-serials are accessible online as

they are usually published on the web. E-

journals are normally fee-based, but an

increasing number of electronic journals are

now available as open access journals. LRCs

are mainly used for accessing e-journals

published on Medical and allied subjects.

Major journal publishers in medical sector are

bmj, Cambridge university,john wiley, oxford

university press,proquest,elsevier,springer,

wiley, blackwell,lippin-cott, William

wilkins,royal society of medicine press, etc.

Journals published by these publishers and the

journals (approximately 1000 journals)

accessible at the consortia (clinical key and

National Medical Library (NML) consortium)

are available at these LRCs.

ELECTRONIC MAGAZINES (E-ZINE)

An electronic magazine (e zine/ web

zine) is more specialized term approximately

used for small magazines and newsletters

distributed by electronic method. It is used for

short communications and are treated as the

most current source of information. The

medical community is very keen in using e-zine

for getting latest developments in medical field.

The LRCs in govt. medical college libraries in

Kerala extend access to e-zines through the

web site www.tmcalumni.in

ELECTRONIC THESIS AND DISSERTATIONS

(ETD)

An ETD (Electronic Thesis /Dissertation )is the

electronic version of the Dissertation and

Theses submitted to universities and research

organizations as part of fulfilling an higher

education degree. The soft copy of the Theses

and Dissertations are now made available on

internet. Eg. MG University, Kottayam is

offering ETD service to the academic

community round the world.

Thesis and Dissertations provide

tangible evidence of the scholarly development

of post graduate students and research scholars,

their ability to effectively communicate

research findings to the academic community.

The ETD in medical field are now accessible to

the Medical community in Kerala through

proquest (www.proquest.com).

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 82

Table 1: Available Doccuments through these publishers

SL

No

Publisher Web address

1 Elsevier http://www.clinicalkey.com

2 BMJ http://www.bmj.com

3 Wolters Kluwer http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com

4 Informa Healthcare http://informahealthcare.com

5 Cambridge University Press http://journals.cambridge.org

6 Wiley http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com

7 Oxford http://oxfordjournals.org

Table 2: Available documents through these Publishers

Sl No Publisher E books e journals E thesis

1 Elsevier/clinical key Yes Yes No

2 BMJ No Yes No

3 Wolters Kluwer No Yes No

4 Informa Healthcare No Yes No

5 Cambridge University Press No Yes No

6 Wiley No Yes No

7 Oxford No Yes No

ADVANTAGES OF E DOCUMENTS

Portability-a large number of e

documents can be carried together

easily, saves space in libraries

Accessibility- easier to accessible

Search ability – more effective search

is possible.

.Multimedia –multimedia possibilities

are very useful

.Quick acquisition- speed acquisition is

possible

DISADVANTAGES OF E DOCUMENTS

Some disadvantages listed below

Cost- high cost

Availability of readers-dedicated

readers are not widely available

Technological change-technological

change ,awareness are also creating

great problems

Bibliography & References :

1. Electronic documents. www.wikipedia.com

2. Anilkumar,N .(2001) Majour issues.

Information Today and Tomorrow

,Electronic journals:, 20(3),.p9-10

3. Arora ,J Electronic publishing an

Overview. Paper presentation in National

Seminar on Knowledge Networking

engineering &Technology education and

Research, IIT, New Delhi, 2000

____________________

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 83

SOCIO-EMOTIONAL SCHOOL CLIMATE AND PUPIL

ACHIEVEMENT Dr. Lakshmi Pandey Asst. Professor

B.N College, Bhagalpur

Tilka Majhi Bhagalpur University, Bihar.

ABSTRACT

he paper examines the effect of socio-

emotional climate of aschools on pupil

achievement of higher secondary school

students (class X & XI). The randomly selected

sample of 400 students was drawn from the

different secondary schools; public or private,

located in the rural and urban areas of

Bhagalpur and Munger division of Bihar of

which two hundred were boys and two hundred

were girls. Socio-emotional school climate

inventory (SESCI) was used to study the effect

of socio-emotional climate of school and to

measure pupil achievement Mathematics

achievement test and Hindi achievement test

were used. For this purpose, the scores of

students belonging to high and low achieving

groups were compared with the scores of

socio-emotional climate scores. The test of

socio-emotional climate had two sub-scales one

for the social dimension and the other for the

emotional dimension. Result indicates that the

socio emotional climate of the school affects

pupil achievement in Mathematics as well as

Hindi. In both the cases students belonging to

high groups had higher mean Hindi

achievement scores than the student belonging

to low groups and the mean Mathematics score

of the high group was higher than the mean

score of the low group.

n the contemporary organizational

psychology, the term socio-emotional

climate represents the emotional tone,

which is a concomitant of interpersonal

interaction of any organizational system. It is

now an established fact that the socio-

emotional climate affects all types of activities

and is a useful construct for planning,

predicting, modifying and evaluating the

various organizational system. The perception

of the members of the organization affects their

motivation and behavior. In fact, an individual

perceives his organization in accordance with

the prevailing conditions and climate in the

organization to which he has to interact

(Schneider, 1973, 1975). This organizational

climate exists as a perceived organizational

attribute. Thus organizational climate is

abstract perception of individuals within the

organization (Schneider, 1975). Knowledge

about the nature and kind of organizational

climate may help the educational authorities in

the growth and development of the

organization.

A critical survey of the literatures on

the organizational climate of the academic

institutions shows that the common elements of

this are its enduring qualities, which may be

measured. It is obviously related to the role

behavior and interpersonal relations (Disterly &

Schneider, 1974; Grainer, Leitch & Barnes,

1968; Johnston, 1976; Jones & James, 1979). It

involves two classes of phenomenon, which are

conceptually independent and interactive. They

are (i) institutional role and expectations and

(ii) individual personality and disposition

(Johnston, 1976; Tagiuri, 1968; Walters, Roach

& Batlie, 1974). Thus, the organizational

climate is concerned with the structure,

processes and functions of the organization

(Field and Abelson, 1982; Forehand, 1968;

Schneider and Snyder, 1975).

The socio-emotional climate of an

educational institution is a bridging concept

between pupils and the school is which they

study and is the perception of the structure,

process and values by the students and faculty

members. It is related to their task,

achievement, satisfaction and behaviour in a

particular school to which they belong (Lawler,

Hall & Oldham, 1974; Litwin & Stringer,

1968).

There are a number of dimensions of

T

I

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 84

the organizational climate, which are of

specific importance to a particular organization.

However, researches show that four common

dimensions are apparent (Hemphill & Westis,

1960; Howe, 1977;James & Hohns,1976). They

are: (1) autonomy/control, (2) degree of

structure, (3) reward and (4) consideration,

warmth and support. In addition to these four

dimensions, the tolerance of conflict and need

for innovation may be considered as other

dimensions. They are said to be organization

specific (Pace & Stern, 1958; Payne 7

Mansfield, 1973). These dimensions can be

assessed as interacting with a number of inter

related conditions (Payne & Pugh, 1976;

Waters, Roach & Batlie, 1974). As such,

perception of social and emotional aspects of

the organizational climate is considered to be of

great significance in the betterment of

educational institutions.

The word ‗achievement‘ refers to the

outcome of the effort of a person in some

sphere of activity. Terms like attainment,

accomplishment and acquisition, inspite of

having differing shades of meaning are often

used as synonyms of achievement. Eysenck et

al, in their encyclopedia of psychology (1972)

have given this term the following meaning:

1. ‗‗General term for the successful

attainment of some goal requiring a

certain effort.‖

2. ―The degree of success attained in a

task e.g. solving a test.‖

3. ―The result of a certain intellectual or

physical activity defined according to

individual and /or objective

(organisational) prerequisites: i.e.

proficiency‖(p.16).

In the present context the term achievement

has been used to carry all the three meanings

given above. Since the sample comprised of

students, in particular, educational achievement

will be studied. As such pupil achievement has

reference to the level of attainment and

proficiency in a prescribed course of study

following formal schooling during a prescribed

period of time. It is the required knowledge of

an individual student in a particular branch of

study due to learning experiences gained by the

students in a defined period and it is measured

through examinations and tests, conducted by

the examining bodies after the allotted period

for learning is over. Pupils achievement in

school may be different types, such as

academic achievement, achievement in co-

curricular activities, the emphasis in the present

study will be academic achievement. This type

of achievement has been the primary concern

for psychologists and educationists.

A number of studies have been

conducted to demonstrate the effect of socio-

emotional school environment on the

achievement of students. Sharma (1971)

reported that a higher level of pupil

achievement was observed in those schools

where teachers had high level social need

satisfaction which may not be associated with

task accomplishment. Roy et.al.(1994)

conducted a study to highlight the impact of

headship style upon socio-emotional climate,

academic achievement and campus activities of

the student. The sample comprised of 200 male

and female students drawn from five high

schools under private and public management

and located in rural and urban areas. Interview

schedule, objective test and observational

techniques were employed for data collection.

It was found that social-emotional climate was

better under nurturant task headship followed

by democratic and authoritarian headship.

Similarly, student‘s academic achievement was

better under nurturant headship and favourable

social emotional climate. It was also observed

that frequency of mischievious activities of the

student‘s was higher under authoritarian

headship and more studious activities of the

students was higher under nurturant task

headship.

The survey of studies on school

environment and pupil achievement revealed

that a good number of studies (e.g.

Shukla,1978; Linney & Edward, 1989; Rao,

1988; Singh & Saxena,1995; Gupta &

Gupta,1995; Panda et.al 1995; Wangu &

Thomas, 1995; Singh, 1983; Shahi,1984;

Veerraghavan, 1985 etc.) have found a

relationship between school climate and pupil

achievement. However, these studies have

either considered the social climate of the

school or the material provisions.

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 85

HYPOTHESES

Based on literature review a few hypotheses

will be formulated:

1. The overall socio-emotional school

climate affects pupil achievement in

Hindi significantly.

2. The overall socio-emotional school

climate affects pupil achievement in

Mathematics significantly.

3. The social dimension of socio-

emotional school climate affects pupil

achievement in Hindi significantly.

4. The social dimension of socio-

emotional school climate affects pupil

achievement in Mathematics

significantly.

5. The emotional dimension of socio-

emotional school climate affects pupil

achievement in Hindi significantly.

6. The emotional dimension of socio-

emotional school climate affects pupil

achievement in Mathematics significa

THE RESEARCH STRATEGY

THE SETTINGS AND COVERAGE.

The study will be conducted on the students

studying in the higher secondary schools

situated in the urban and rural areas of

Bhagalpur and Munger division of Bihar. For

this purpose school run by the government as

well as those run by private management were

considered. As such the the total number of

students studying in tenth and eleventh classes

of these schools constituted the population or

universe of the study. The total number of

students selected for the sample will be four

hundred, of which two hundred will be boys

and the remaining two hundred will be girls.

For selection of sample first ten schools from

each of the districts of the Bhagalpur and

Munger division i.e. Bhagalpur, Khagaria,

Munger and Lakhisarai were randomly

selected. From these selected schools, 100 of

the students studying in tenth and eleventh

classes, on random basis.

TOOLS USED. Following tests and scales

were selected and employed for the

measurement of socio-emotional climate of

school and pupil achievement in Mathematics

and Hindi:

1. The Measures of socio-emotional

climate- To measure this aspect the socio-

emotional school climate Inventory

(SESCI) was employed. This inventory has

been developed by Sinha & Bhargava. The

inventory has in all seventy items of which

thirty five items are in each of the two parts

of the inventory, Part-I of the inventory

measures the social climate, While part-II

measures the emotional climate of a school.

The items are responded by the testee in

terms of ‗yes‘ or ‗no‘. The coefficient of

reliability of SESCI was highly significant

and has high validity.

2. The measure of achievement in

Mathematics- The Mathematics

achievement test developed by S. C. Gupta

was used. The test contains 25 items. It

may be administered individually or

groups. The reliability of the test is 0.79 &

validity is 0.67, which is satisfactory.

3. The measures of achievement in Hindi-

The Hindi achievement test constructed by

S. C. Gupta was employed. This test

measures different aspects of knowledge in

Hindi which the student are required to

achieve while studying to prescribed Hindi

textbook. The test contains 20 multiple

choice items. The test-retest reliability was

found 0.81 and validity obtained0.63,

Which is satisfactory.

All the test booklets were scored

according to the procedure prescribed in the

respective manuals and the scores thus obtained

were tabulated.

ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS

The measures of Socio-emotional

climate of school yield three of scores. One

type was the score on the total scale and the

other two were for the two dimensions of this

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 86

climate namely, social climate and emotional

climate. To unveil the effect of the total socio-

emotional climate on pupil achievement high

and low climate groups were formed. The

method of formation of these groups was

similar to the one adopted in case of academic

school climate i.e. the high group consisted of

cases whose scores were above the third

quartile point ) and the low groups

consisted of cases falling below the first

quartile point ( ). After these were formed,

the mean achievement score of both subjects

were compared by the method of ‗t‘-test. The

result of this analysis have been given in Table-I.

Table-I

The mean, SD and‗t‘ ratio for Hindi achievement scores of the students of high and low groups

based on total socio-emotional school climate scores.

Groups N M SD t-ratio p

High 80 67.50 9.85

8.16

.01 Low 85 55.90 8.30

The value of ‗t‘ given in table-I shows

that the mean Hindi achievement scores of high

and low groups differ significantly. This leads

to the conclusion that the socio-emotional

climate of the school does have an effect on

Hindi achievement of the students.

After the comparison of students Hindi

achievements on the basis of high and low

groups formed after taking into consideration

the total score on the socio-emotional climate

scale, the effect of the first dimension of the

scale, i.e. social climate was evaluated.

High and low groups were formed on the basis

of scores on this subscale and mean Hindi

achievement score of students belonging to

these two groups were subjected to ‗t‘-test to

see if there was a significant difference

between the two means. The findings of this

analysis have been presented in table-II.

Table-II

Mean, SD and ‗t‘-ratio for Hindi achievement scores of the students of high and low social climate

groups.

Groups N M SD t-ratio p

High 63 64.0 6.32

5.78

.01

Low 72 58.30 4.94

The second dimension of socio-

emotional climate was emotional climate. The

mean Hindi achievement score of students

belonging to high and low emotional climate

groups were calculated and‗t‘-test was applied

to see the significance of the difference

between two means. The result appear in Table-

III.

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 87

Table-III

Mean, SDs and ‗t‘-ratio for Mathematics achievement scores of the students of high and low

groups based on total socio-emotional school climate score.

The obtained value of ‗t‘as given in the above

table-III shows that the mean Hindi

achievement scores differ significantly. On the

basis of this result it may be inferred that the

emotional climate of the school affects the

Hindi achievement of students. In addition to

the study the effect of socio emotional climate

on Hindi achievement, its effect on student‘s

achievement in Mathematics was also

ascertained. This was done by taking into

consideration the total score on the scale as

well as the social climate sub-scale and the

emotional climate sub-scale. In each case high

and low groups were formed in the same

manner in which it was done in case of Hindi

achievement. First of all mean Mathematics

scores of students belonging to high and low

groups formed on the basis of total socio-

emotional climate score were compared. By

applying the ‗t‘-test the difference between two

means was tested for its significance Table-IV

presents the result.

Table-IV

Mean, SD and ‗t‘-ratio for Mathematics achievement scores of the students of high and low

groups based on total socio-emotional school climate score.

Groups

N M SD t p

High

80 74.32 10.20

4.05

.01

Low

85 67.50 11.43

The value of ‗t‘shown in table-IV is significant.

This means the mean Mathematics achievement

score has significant difference and the reason

behind this is the difference between the socio-

emotional climate of the schools.To ascertain

the effect of the social dimension of the socio-

emotional climate the mean achievement score

of students belonging to high and low groups

formed on the basis of the social climate sub-

scale score were subjected to ‗t‘-test. The

obtained results have been given in Table-V.

Table-V

Mean, SD and ‗t‘-ratio for Mathematics achievement scores of the students of high and low social

climate groups.

Groups N M SD t P

High 63 72.42 10.67

3.21

.01

Low 72 66.31 11.52

Groups N M SD t p

High 61 62.50 5.21

3.56

.01 Low 69 60.01 4.11

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The value of ‗t‘given in the above table is

significant at .01 level. This indicates that the

mean Mathematics achievement scores of

students from high social climate school differs

significantly from the mean of students

belonging to low social climate schools.The

second dimension of the socio-emotional

climate was related with the emotion aspect.

The effect of this aspect on student‘s

Mathematics achievement was determined by

comparing the mean achievement scores of

students hailing from high and low emotional

climate schools. The application of ‗t‘-test for

the significance of difference between the two

means achievement scores yielded the results

shown in Table-VI.

Table-VI

Mean, SD and ‗t‘-ratio for Mathematics achievement scores of the students of high and low

emotional climate groups.

Groups N M SD t P

High 61 73.01 10.85

2.92

.01

Low 69 67.31 11.42

An inspection of Table-VI reveals that there is

significant difference between the two mean

achievement scores in that the value of ‗t‘ is

significant at .01 level. The result indicates that

emotional climate of the school has an effect on

Mathematics achievement of the students.

DISCUSSION

The purpose of the present study was to study

the effect of socio-emotional climate of school

on the achievement of pupil. For this purpose,

the scores of students belonging to high and

low achieving groups were compared with the

scores of socio-emotional climate scores. The

test of socio-emotional climate had two sub-

scales one for the social dimension and the

other for the emotional dimension. As such

three types of scores were obtained.

As regard Hindi achievement, significant

difference between the mean achievement

scores of students belonging to high and low

groups formed on the basis of total socio-

emotional climate scores was found. The value

of ‗t‘ was 8.16(p<.01). The students of schools

high on socio-emotional climate had a greater

mean than the students of students of low

socio-emotional climate group.When the Hindi

achievement scores of high and low groups

formed on the basis of social dimension of the

scales were compared, a significant difference

between the mean achievement scores was

seen. The obtained ‗t‘-ratio in this case was

5.78 (p<.01). Similar results were also obtained

in case of students Hindi achievement scores

when high and low groups formed on the basis

of emotional dimension of socio-emotional

climate were taken into consideration. The

value of ‗t‘ in this case was 3.56 (p<.01). In

both the cases the students belonging to high

groups had higher mean Hindi achievement

scores than the students belonging to low

groups.

Coming to the study of the effect

of socio-emotional climate on student‘s

achievement in Mathematics, the overall socio-

emotional climate and its two dimensions-

social and emotional dimension were found to

have responsible influence. The value of ‗t‘

were 4.05 (p<.01), 3.21 (p<.01), 2.92 (p<.01)

respectively. In both the cases the students

belonging to high groups had higher mean

Hindi achievement scores than the students

belonging to low groups and the mean

Mathematics achievement score of the high

group was higher than the mean score of the

low group.

On the basis of the above results it

may be concluded that the socio-emotional

climate of the schools affects pupil

achievement in Hindi as well as Mathematics.

On the basis of these findings hypotheses are

accepted. A number of studies have

investigated the effect of socio-emotional

climate of school on pupil achievement.

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 89

Sharma (1971) has found higher level of pupil

achievement where the teachers‘ social needs

were satisfied. Kumar (1972,1975) in his study

of different types of social climate in school has

found that open climate was most effective for

personal-social adjustment but it is not related

to scholastic achievement. Kronick (1972) has

observed that student‘s perception of the school

organizational climate has significant

consequences on students‘ attainment.

Rath and Saxena (1995) have examined

Mathematics and language achievement

differences between SC/ST and non SC/ST

students. The findings having relevance here is

that the achievement gap between two groups

of students did not vary in Mathematics but it

varied in language. Gupta and Gupta (1995)

have found that facilities like free textbook and

mid-day meals had a positive and significant

impact on pupil achievement. In their study

Panda, Sahoo and Sahoo (1995) examined the

influence of school organizational climate on

students academic achievement. The highest

percentage of marks was obtained by the

students of open climate school while lowest

percentage was found in the schools having

closed climate. Wangu and Thomas (1995)

have studied students achievement in

Mathematics in different types of school and

type of school was found to affect achievement

significantly. Singh (1983) has reported that

size of school and attitude of teachers

contributed positively to achievement in

geometry. The effect of the differences in the

facilities available to the students in the school

on Hindi was poorest in municipal schools,

while central school on and private schools

showed better achievement. Veeraghavan

(1985) has shown that type of schooling

significantly influences the students marks in

the school leaving examination. In his study of

headship style and socio-emotional climate of

school found that students academic

achievement was better under nurturant

headship and favourable socio-emotional

climate.

On the basis of the findings of the studies

mentioned above it may be said that nearly all

the findings are in consonance with the results

of the present study. As regard socio-emotional

climate and its dimensions significant effects

have been obtained. This is an indication of

differences among schools regarding the social

and emotional conditioned prevailing in them.

Bibliography & References

1. Agarwal, A. (1986). Relationship between

organizational climate and job satisfaction.

Indian Journal of Psychology. p. 75-81.

2. Darji, D.R. (1975). A study of leadership

behaviour & its correlates in the schools of

panchmahals District. Doctoral

Dissertation, M.S. University

Baroda.Eysenck,H.J, Amold,W.J. &

Meili,R.(1972). Encyclopedia of psychology.

Vol.2,West Germany Search press.

3. Gandhi, K.A. (1983). School climate and

teacher abseentism, progress of Education.

57(6), p.137-140.

4. Gupta, J.K. & Gupta,M.K. (1995). Effect of

state interventions on pupils achievement .

Indian Educational Review. Special no. 71-85.

5. Hemphill, J.K. & Westis, C.M. (1950). The

measurement of group dimensions. Journal of

Psychology,29. P.325-342.

6. Kronik, A.F. (1972). The impact of perceived

organizational climate on academic

performance. Southern Journal of Educational

Research, 6,p. 167-188.

7. Kumar, K. (1972). Social climate in school and

characteristics of pupils. Doctoral

Dissertation. M.S. University

Baroda.Pandey, Janak (1988).

8. Psychology in India: The State of the art,

V.II: Basic and applied social psychology:

New Delhi, Sage publication

9. Panda, B.N.; Sahoo, K.C. & Sahoo, J.

(1995). School organizational climate on

students academic achievement. Indian

journal of Applied Psychology, 32(1 &

2),p. 34-39.

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 90

MUTUAL FUND IN INDIA

AN APPRAISAL OF SELECTED MUTUAL FUND By Dr Ajeya Verma

Deptt of commerce, L.B.S.M.College(JSR)

Kolhan University

ABSTRACT

Mutual funds houses produce several schemes

under different categories. The fund collected by

the retail investors and invested in the open

share market, debt funds and government

securities. The retail investor faces problems in

selecting mutual fund schemes. The investor

chooses the scheme as per their risk profile and

goal of investment. There are several categories

in every type like High risk high return,

moderate risk and moderate return etc. in present

days performance of mutual fund is highly

fluctuating and past performance of any mutual

fund scheme cannot be indicator of future

performance due to sharp change in NAV rate.

There is a need to study the relationship between

risk and returns. In general we found that mutual

fund scheme has not offered superior returns

during the study period then the market in

general. However they conclude that in the

boom period the fund‘s performance well. There

should be comprehensive legislation to control

the operations of the mutual fund. It should be

more transparent and providing better service.

Mutual fund is a trust. Mutual fund

collects investment from the investors

who have common financial objectives.

The investment thus collected is invested in a

capital market instruments such as shares,

debentures and other securities. The income

earned through these investments and the capital

increased is shared by its unit holders in

proportion to the number of units owned by

them. Thus the mutual fund is the most suitable

for the common man who have not enough

knowledge of share market. Mutual fund is

managed by the professionals and every mutual

fund has its own fund managers. Who takes care

and invest on behalf of investors.

All mutual funds are under the guidelines of

SEBI. Time to time SEBI made a rules and

guidelines for mutual fund companies. There are

more than thousands of schemes in mutual fund.

The retail investor faces problem in selecting the

mutual fund because past performance alone

cannot be indicator of future performance but it

is an important indicator in selection of mutual

fund. The retail investors purchase the units of

mutual fund at particular day‘s NAV.

The advantages of investment in mutual funds

are as follows

(1) Professionally manage of investment by

exports.

(2) Diversification of fund

(3) Better return potential

(4) Liquidity

(5) Transparency of fund

(6) Flexibility in changing schemes.

(7) Tax benefits

The performance of mutual fund will be

measured in total return per unit. The

government has provided some initial support by

providing some tax concessions and tax

exemption on dividends and increase in value of

NAV. Mutual funds follows either Nifty or

sansex but selected mutual funds follows both

indicates. There are various types of mutual

funds. The types are classified according to the

selection of investing mutual funds. The most

popular categories of mutual funds are as

follows.

(1) By structure there are open –ended

scheme and close-ended schemes.

(2) All equity types mutual fund (a)

diversified equity mutual fund (b)

thematic or r mutual fund like

infrastructure mutual fund, Banking

A

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 91

and Finance mutual fund, FMCG

mutual fund, technology mutual

fund, pharma and health care mutual

fund.

(3) Income scheme

(4) Balance mutual fund

(5) Tax saver mutual fund

Some mutual funds are also classified

according to the selection of companies in which

they invest as per size of the capital of

companies like large capital mutual fund. These

mutual funds only invest in large capital

companies whose capital is more than 10,000

crore. Similarly small and mid cap mutual funds

only invest in lower capital companies. Sect oral

mutual funds only invest in those companies

which are running business in particular sector

like Infrastructure. these mutual funds only

invest in those companies who are involved in

power sector, manufacturing sector like road and

bridge construction, metal and iron etc. similarly

Banking and Finance mutual funds involve in

finance and banking companies share and

pharma mutual funds invest in medicine

companies like Dr Reddy, Davis lab etc. tax

saver mutual funds provides tax concession U/S

80C. Tax saver funds have three year lock-in-

period at present. The retail investor has to

purchase mutual funds either one time

investment or through S I P (systematic-

investment- plan) in SIP investor provides the

mutual funds a cross cheque and mutual fund

companies collect the said amount on certain

date on behalf of investors. There are some

popular mutual funds co‘s such as Reliance

mutual fund, UTI mutual fund, ICICI-Prudential

mutual funds, Kodak mutual fund, Franklin

mutual fund, HDFC mutual fund, PNB-principal

mutual fund etc. These mutual funds companies

almost issue each and every categories of mutual

fund. Therefore it is difficult for the retail

investor to choose the correct fund. the best way

to choose the mutual fund as per their past

performance and the performance record of the

mutual fund co‘s .the mutual fund co‘s issue the

rating of the mutual fund through magazines and

inter-net. Cricil is one of the best co‘s who issue

the rating of mutual funds. top performing and

the money secured mutual fund schemes get five

stars, next get four stars, middle gets three stars

,two stars and one stars are last performing

schemes, and those who have poor performance

get no stars. Mainly Cricil takes more than one

year performance for their rating. The rating is

done by the group of professionals. These rating

and performance record help the retail investors

in choosing the mutual fund scheme.

Table-1: Comparison of Mutual Funds On The Cricil Rating With NAV And Star

Marking. (Issued In Money Control .Com On 18/4/14)

Name of mutual fund co‘s NAV Rating Stars

BNP-Paribas equity fund (G) 45.47 2 4

UTI Opportunity fund (G) 36.53 2 4

SBI blue chip (G) 19.29 2 4

Birla SL Top 100 (G) 0 .36 1 5

DSP-BR-top 100equity fund(G) 119.20 4 2

Kotak 50 (G) 123.26 4 2

DSP-BR-focus 25 fund (G) 11.54 4 2

Birla –SL Advantage fund (G) 191.14 3 3

SBI GOLD fund (G) 10.03 not rank not rank

ICICI-Pru-discovery fund (G) 70.92 3 3

SBI Emerging business fund (G) 60.44 3 3

ICICI-Pru-mid-cap fund (G) 42.12 4 2

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 92

Table-2: Return On The Selected Mutual Fund Returns (On The Basis Of Money Control.Com Dt

18/4/14

NAME 3 month 6 month 1yrs 2yrs 3yrs 5yrs Rank

BNP Paribas equity fund(G) 6.9 6.8 18.9 14.7 9.9 16.3 2

UTI opportunities fund (G) 7.7 9.9 18.8 12.6 10.0 20.8 2

SBI Blue chip fund (G) 7.3 12.4 18.3 18.2 9.8 17.5 2

ICICI Pru discovery fund (G) 17.7 27.9 31.1 19.7 13.0 28.8 3

KOTAK 50 fund (G) 7.0 10.2 12.7 12.9 6.2 15.4 4

ICICI Pru midcap fund (G) 16.4 37.3 37.4 16.0 8.9 22.1 2

SBI Emerging Business fund(G) 7.9 18.1 11.1 13.0 13.9 29.2 3

Birla-SL advantage fund (G) 10.5 19.7 28.5 15.2 6.7 16.6 3

DSP-BR top100 equity fund (G) 6.6 9.5 13.2 8.5 5.9 16 2

OBJECTIVE

To ascertain the safe investment of retail

investors. To know the risk and return in the

mutual fund andTo know the mutual funds

performance track record before investment or

selecting the mutual fund scheme.

METHODOLOGY

Mutual fund performance analysis on the basis

of quarterly return and are published in a reputed

periodicals from time to time. It was observed

that quarterly performance cannot be an

indicator of past performance in the long run

mutual fund performance may be better than the

short run. The study is based on some selected

mutual fund which is more than three year old.

The large cap diversified equity and small and

mid cap equity funds are considered only open-

ended-funds have been considered. Returns are

to examine in the short run as well as in the long

run. The data shows that in long run mutual

funds are more profitable than short run.

CONCLUSION

Analyzing mutual fund is a very complex

procedure. It was found that the time of

investment in mutual fund is very important

when net asset value (NAV) is low that is, the

best time to purchase the fund. In the present

scenario one can make money from mutual fund

only in long run time period is very important in

mutual fund. Large cap mutual funds are slow

starter but volatility is narrow but mid and small

cap are opposite behavior. Secondly SIP system

(systematic investment plan) is better option

than the one time purchase because market

(sensex and nifty) is very sharp up and down

trends. The rank 1 and 2 are the leaders while

4and5 are laggards. The retail investors may

carefully select the mutual fund.

______________________________________

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ONLINE BANKING IN INDIA: FROM CUSTOMERS‘

PERSPECTIVE

Mitu Ahuja Research Scholar

Dept of Commerce, Kolhan University, Jharkhand.

ABSTRACT

The paper presented here investigates the e-

banking in India in general., more specifically

the paper highlights the problems and

challenges, online banking is facing today,

Attitude of small city customers towards online

banking is also discussed in the paper

The IT revolution has had a great impact on the

Indian banking system. The use of computers

has led to the introduction of online banking in

India. The use of computers in the banking

sector in India has increased many fold after the

economic liberalisation of 1991 as the country's

banking sector has been exposed to the world's

market. Indian banks were finding it difficult to

compete with the international banks in terms of

customer service, without the use of information

technology.

e- banking or online banking is an

electronic payment system that enables

customers of a financial institution to conduct

financial transactions on a website operated by

the institution, such as a retail bank, virtual

bank, credit union or building society. Online

banking is also referred as Internet banking, e-

banking, virtual banking and by other terms.

RBI INITIATIVES

Acknowledging the growing demand of

online banking in the country, the Researve

Bank of India set up a number of committees to

define and co-ordinate banking technology.

In 1994, the Committee on Technology

Issues relating to Payment systems, Cheque

Clearing and Securities Settlement in the

Banking Industry (1994) was set up under

Chairman W S Saraf. It emphasized Electronic

Funds Transfer (EFT) system, with the

BANKNET communications network as its

carrier. It also said that MICR clearing should be

set up in all branches of all those banks with

more than 100 branches.

In 1995, the Committee for proposing

Legislation on Electronic Funds Transfer and

other Electronic Payments (1995) again

emphasized EFT system. Reserve Bank of India

also constituted a working group on Internet

Banking. The group divided the internet banking

products in India into 3 types based on the levels

of access granted.

Table 1: Classification of e banking products( Reserve Bank of India)

Internet Banking

Products Discription

Information Only

System

General purpose information like interest rates, branch location, bank products

and their features, loan and deposit calculations are provided in the banks website.

There exist facilities for downloading various types of application forms. The

communication is normally done through e-mail. There is no interaction between

the customer and bank's application system. No identification of the customer is

done. In this system, there is no possibility of any unauthorized person getting

into production systems of the bank through internet

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Electronic

Information

Transfer System

The system provides customer- specific information in the form of account

balances, transaction details, and statement of accounts. The information is still

largely of the 'read only' format. Identification and authentication of the customer

is through password. The information is fetched from the bank's application

system either in batch mode or off-line. The application systems cannot directly

access through the internet.

Fully Electronic

Transactional

System

This system allows bi-directional capabilities. Transactions can be submitted by

the customer for online update. This system requires high degree of security and

control. In this environment, web server and application systems are linked over

secure infrastructure. It comprises technology covering computerization,

networking and security, inter-bank payment gateway and legal infrastructure.

Indian banks offer following online facilities

services at large:

A bank customer can perform non-

transactional tasks through online banking,

including -

o viewing account balances

o viewing recent transactions

o downloading bank statements, for

example in PDF format

o viewing images of paid cheques

o ordering cheque books

o download periodic account

statements

o Downloading applications for M-

banking, E-banking etc.

Bank customers can transact banking tasks

through online banking, including -

o Funds transfers between the

customer's linked accounts

o Paying third parties, including bill

payments (see, e.g., BPAY) and

third party fund transfers(see, e.g.,

FAST)

o Investment purchase or sale

o Loan applications and transactions,

such as repayments of enrollments

o Credit card applications

o Register utility billers and make bill

payments

Financial institution administration

Management of multiple users having

varying levels of authority

Transaction approval process

the process of banking has become

much faster

Some financial institutions offer unique

Internet banking services, like:Personal

financial management support, such as

importing data into personal accounting

software. Some online banking

platforms support account aggregation

to allow the customers to monitor all of

their accounts in one place whether they

are with their main bank or with other

institutions.

FUTURE OF ONLINE BANKING IN INDIA

According to the Internet and Mobile

Association of India (IAMAI), the Internet user

base in the country stood at 190 million at the

end of June, 2013. With more and more people

accessing the web through mobile phones, the

internet user base in the country was projected to

touch 243 million by June 2014; a year-on-year

growth of 28%. For the whole year 2013, the

internet user base grew 42% to 213 million,

from 150 million in 2012. Indeed, in India,

online banking is on growth track. Not only in

metros but in small cities and towns also, online

banking is making its ground strongly.

In India, mobile-only Web browsers are

expected to include 55 percent of the total

Internet user base by 2015. Location services are

being used to target customers and deliver

targeted campaigns. The Interbank Mobile

Payment Service (IMPS), developed and

operated by the National Payment Corporation

of India (NPCI) has also enabled real-time

transfer of funds between accounts in different

banks, through mobile phone. Banks are moving

up the technology growth curve, installing not

merely core banking applications, but also

specialized solutions for loan and treasury

management, mobility and electronic payments.

Now they‘re going a step ahead into Cloud

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 95

Computing, Virtualization and Analytics. This

signals an opportunity for technology vendors to

come up with solutions that can help Indian

banks meet both challenges and growth

objectives.

According to a new study from Juniper

Research, more than 1.75 billion mobile phone

users will have used their devices for banking

purposes by the end of 2019, compared with 800

million in 2014. The report, ―Mobile & Online

Banking: Developed & Developing Market

Strategies 2014-2019,‖ notes that mobile

banking technology is now available in most

areas of the world, driven by rising consumer

demand, especially in the developed regions.

The study says emerging countries such as

China, India and Bangladesh have seen

significant growth in the use of mobile banking

technology in the past 12 months.

According to Nitin Bhas, principal

analyst at Juniper Research and author of the

report, the level of maturity in number and

innovation of services being offered in the

market across several geographical areas,

demonstrates that banks now regard the mobile

channel as an indispensable revenue-

stream.However, with the mobile channel

becoming a key customer retention strategy, it

presents a great challenge to traditional

institutions. The scale of this challenge has been

shown by the decreasing number of branch visits

by consumers and also the closure of physical

bank branches over the past 12 to 24 months.

The report also notes that nearly 100 percent of

the banks analyzed had some sort of mobile

online banking offering, with almost every bank

having apps available for at least one

smartphone operating system.

CHALLENGES

As Online banking is gradually becoming very

popular in India risks are also growing big.

Though number of e- customers of online

baking is increased many folds in last 10 years,

a large percentage of bank customers do not use

online banking facilities. In the rural areas of the

country, internet banking is not much popular.

Main reasons are: poor computer literacy rate,

low access to internet facilities and internet

security. In the annual budget 2014-15 the

government has allocated Rs 500 crore for its

‗Digital India‘ initiative to set up broadband

network in villages and promote local

manufacturing of hardware and Indian software

products.

A huge percentage of urban customers

show their reluctance to use online banking,

only due to online frauds. In India, cases of

online frauds is increased many times in recent

past, creating sense of insecurity among online

banking customers. Recently a report published

in The Hindu, a renowned Indian daily claimed

that there has been a rise in cases of hackers

targeting bank accounts with huge balances,

especially those belonging to celebrities.

According to the newspaper, The Chennai city

police have received many complaints about

bank frauds, notably, from a famous

sportsperson and from a member of a well-

known family involved in film production. As

per the newspaper a sportsperson, who is also a

television commentator and holds an account

with the nationalised bank, lost Rs. 7.45 lakh

towards the end of 2013, after a hacker sent two

e-mails to the branch manager pretending to be

the sportsperson. The culprit changed one

alphabet in the sportsman‘s name and sent an e-

mail with the client‘s bank account number and

other details, asking for a transfer of money to

an ICICI Bank account. Treating the request as a

genuine one, the manager approved the money

transfer. Similarly, online fraudsters also

targeted the account of a woman who is part of a

family involved in Tamil movie production for

decades. A whopping amount of Rs. 27 lakh was

siphoned from the victim‘s account at Indian

Overseas Bank after the culprit hacked into the

online bank account, and sent an e-mail to the

bank representatives. The bank failed to verify

the source of the e-mail and transferred the sum

According to a city-based risk management

expert, culprits with adequate computer

knowledge gather account details of customers

by sending phishing mails or by buying

customers account details from employees of

banks‘ back offices or even by getting hold of

bank statements sent through courier.

There are a range of online frauds and

they come in various forms to lure you into

giving your sensitive information. Once they get

your information they can cause severe damage

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 96

to your finances. The fraudulent E-mail appears

to be from a legitimate bank and is intended to

collect sensitive personal and financial

information. The fraudulent E-mail appears to be

from a legitimate bank and is intended to collect

sensitive personal and financial information.

'Phishing' masks an identity on the web. Victims

are encouraged to visit phony websites that

resemble those of legitimate organizations, often

through a fraudulent E-mail. Lured to a phishing

site, users are asked to enter sensitive

information, such as a PIN, password or bank

account number. Once they get your information

they can cause severe damage to your

financesVishing is a new trend in online frauds.

It is a combination of the words, voice and

phishing. While Phishing involves the use of E-

mails to trick you into providing your personal

details, vishing uses voice or telephone services.

If you use a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

phone service, you are particularly vulnerable to

a vishing scam.

ATTITUDE OF BANK CUSTOMERS

TOWARDS E BANKING

In order to study the attitude of bank

customers towards e banking, I interviewed

some of them in Jamshedpur and found that

young generation of customers were very

excited about online banking. They were not

scared of online frauds. Rather, young

generation looked confident to deal with online

fraudulent activities. For them, online banking is

trendy and need of the time

But, attitude of relatively older

generation was not very positive towards online

banking. Most of them preferred traditional

banking system over new –technology driven

online banking. Their reluctance to adopt new

technology was quite visible during their

interview with me. I found that apart from ‗age

factor‘ other factors like ‗education‘, ‗familiarity

with new technology‘, and ‗occupation‘ all had

significant impact on the attitude of online bank

customers.

Take for example, retired govern

employees (Pensioners) disliked the idea of

online payment. For them, visiting the bank for

pension was an opportunity to meet old

colleagues and also some kind of outing. They

looked more confident and secure when they had

money ‗in cash‘ in their hands. They put their

signature on bank form very proudly. They liked

the tangibility and entire traditional way of

money transaction that they had been

experiencing for decades. It gives them sense of

authority and security, both.

I found that number of online bank

customers is on increase. Almost 20 percent

customers use online banking in the State Bank

of India, Jamshedpur. Major percentage of

customers use online banking sites to monitor

their account. Normaly, they avoid online

transaction. i.e who use online banking, prefer

to gauge their account details rather than online

money transfer. In the city, most of the

customers prefer to pay their children‘s school

fee‘s telephone bill, life insurance premium and

water bill either through cash or cheque.

CONCLUSION

India is ready to adopt e-banking In

India, rapid technological development and new

digital consumer behaviors have revolutionized

the retail banking. But adoptability of e

banking is more visible in urban areas and

amongyounger generation. Due to growing cases

of online frauds, older generation is little

hegitent to e banking. e banking has yet to catch

up momentum in rural sector where internet and

computers are still a day dream for many.

Mobile phones are the new carrier of online

banking. They may take the e-banking to the

rural India. But, still apprehensions are many.

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Opporunities And Challenges In India

By

PRABHAT KUMAR PANI

Pp-132 ISBN 978-93-8357-516-9 2014 Rs. 950

S.K Book Agency

5A/12, Ansari Road, Daryaganj,

New Delhi-110002, Ph.:011-65824996

ISSN 2320 2750 Jamshedpur Research Review YEAR II VOL II ISSUE VII

JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 98

ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS OF TAMAR BLOCK OF RANCHI

DISTRICT, JHARKHAND

Dara Singh Gupta Dept. Of Botany Jamshedpur Co-operative College, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.

Manoj Ranjan Sinha Dept. Of Botany Jamshedpur Co-operative College, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.

Pushpa Salo Linda Dept. Of Botany Jamshedpur Worker‘s College, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT

Herbal medicine has been widely practiced

throughout the world since ancient times. These

medicines are safe and environmentally friendly.

In the study of 144 medicinal plant species

belonging to 98 genera and 57 families have

been recorded. Out of these the most important

species found were Abrus precatorius, Acacia

arabica, Acacia catechu, Achyranthus aspera

,Aegle marmelos, Albizzia lebbek, Adhatoda

vasica, Allium spp, Brassica campestris,

Cajanus cajan, Calotropis procera, Carica

papaya, Cassia angustifolia, Chenopodium

album, Cucurbita maxima, Curcuma longa ,

Datura metal, Daucus carota, Eclipta prostata,

Emblica officinalis, Ficus bengalensis,

Helianthus annus, Holarrhena antidysenterica,

Lantana camara, Rauvolfia serpentina, Shorea

robusta, Sesamum indicum, Tamarindus indica,

Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia bellerica,

Tectona grandis, Ziziphus jujuba etc.

The natural distribution of these

medicinal plant species in twenty five revenue

villages of Tamar Block of Ranchi District of

Jharkhand were marked with the help of map,

location, and distribution of forest area. The

study revealed that the documented ethno

medicinal plants have potentially curative

properties with immense commercial value.

Moreover, the medicinal plants can be grown

commercially by the villagers of Tamar Block

through improved modern technique.

Key Words: Ethno Medicinal Plant, Tamar

Block, Ranchi, Jharkhand, Commercial

Value.

thno medicine is a study or comparison

of the traditional medicine practiced by

various ethnic group and especially by

indigenous peoples. The word ethno medicine is

sometimes used as a synonym for traditional

medicine. Traditionally various tribes have been

using medicinal plants from time immemorial

for the treatment of various diseases. Traditional

system of medicine plays a very prominent role

in health care system of rural people covering all

types of ailments. Rig-Veda, Atharva-Veda have

details to cure different types of diseases.

Charka Samhita and Shusruta Samhita are

regarded two most important documents of this

system of medicine.

Throughout the world plants have been in

continuous use in one way or the other for the

treatment of various ailments. In India the secret

Vedas which date back between 3500BC and

800BC, give many references to medicinal

plants. Nearly 80% of the world population

depends upon traditional system of health care.

This work concentrates on potential ethno

medicinal value of plants and herbs commonly

used by the Munda Tribe residing in and around

Tamar Block of the area served.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Different villages of Tamar Block were

surveyed time to time in different seasons.

Interviews were conducted involving the folk

herbal healer‘s traditional birth attendants,

knowledgeable person and lay population with

the help of Questionare, information regarding

the mode of preparation of drugs and methods of

E

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 99

their administration along with the doses were

recorded. Plant specimens were photographed

and identified with the help of different floras.

The herbarium is also made and the chemical

constituent of the plants are also found out by

different books of medicinal plants.

The Tamar Block has 81 revenue

villages. Out of 81 revenue villages, 35-40

revenue villages covers many ethno medicinal

plants. The ethno medicinal plants containing

villages are Poradih, Salgadih, Jaradih, Murpa,

Kasam Burudih, Parasi, Gutibaru, Rolabera,

Gunti, Rabo, Arahangah, Konkadih, Timpur,

Banki, Luntu, Papirda, Chatamsal, Pundidiri,

Birdih, Paramdih, Baghai etc. The geographical

area of this block is 118069.11 Acres. Out of

this area about 29767.42 Acres (about 29%)

covering forest region. All forest region contains

numerous ethno medicinal plants. In this Block

the Munda tribe is about 43%, according to 2011

population census.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

144 medicinal plant species are being used

for treating different ailments of Twenty three

revenue villages of Tamar Block.Besides these

medicinal properties the plants have other uses

also like edible fruits, vegetables, timber, fiber,

oil yielding, fodder etc. Abrus precatorius

(Hindi-Ratti, Fam-Fabaceae) is used in nervous

disorder, cattle poisoning, Abortifacient,

Antibacterial, Antifertility, Anthelmintic,

Analgesic, Antileprotic, Ophthalmia,

Leucoderma, Fever, Asthma etc. Abutilon

indicum (Hindi-Kanghi,Fam-Malvaceae) is used

in the treatment of piles, chronic cystis,

gonorrhoea ulcers, toothache, fever, chest

affections. Acacia catechu(Hindi-Khair, Fam-

Mimosaceae) is used in different kinds of skin

diseases. It also used in dental disorder, dry

cough,anaemia, leprosy, bronchitis, diarrhoea

and polyuria. Acacia concinna(Hin-Shikakai,

Fam-Mimosaceae) is used in chronic cough,

joundic, vomiting, liver diseases, alopecia etc.

Acacia arabica (Hin-Babul, Fam-Mimosaceae)is

used in different kinds of skin diseases.It is also

used in blood dysentery, homhrrhagic diseases,

polyuria, leucoderma, wound healing, dry

cough, gargle and stomatis. Achyranthes aspera

(Hin-Chirchita,Fam-Amaranthaceae) is used in

the treatment of piles,boils,skin eruption, colic,

snake bite, dysentery and leprosy. Aconitum

heterophyllum (Hin-Atis,Fam-Ranunculaceae) is

used in the treatment of all types of fever. This

plant is also used in cough and kinds of liver

diseases.

The piles, Rhinitis, Diarrhoea,

Vomiting, Oedema, colic pain etc. Are also

relief by the use of this plant.The plant Acorus

calamus(Hin-Bach,Fam-Araceae) is used in the

treatment of Dyspepsia,Colic,Remittant fever,

Blood pressure,Cough, Throat disorder, chronic

diarrhoea, tumours etc. Adhatoda vasica (Hin-

Arusa, Fam-Acanthaceae) is used in the

treatment of cough, chronic bronchitis, asthma,

rheumatism, respiratory disorder, antipyretic,

anti tuberculosis, gonorrhoea, and jaundice and

ophthalmic. The ripe fruit of Aegle marmelos

(Hindi-Bel, Fam-Rutaceae) isused as an

astringent and chronic diarrhoea. The fresh juice

of leaves is used against diabetes, fever, cough

fever, and dysenrery.

The fruits and leaves are also used in the

treatment of Ear diseases, Joundice, Piles,

Inflammation and vomiting. Albizzia libbek

(Hindi-Siris, Fam-Caesalpiniaceae) is used in all

types of cough, Asthma, Scabies, Leprosy,

Snake bite, and Scorpion sting. The leaves are

used in the treatment for night blindness.

The Allium cepa (Hin-Pyaj, Fam-

Liliaceae) is stimulants and given in dysentery,

piles, bronchitis, jaundice, anus prolapse, and

night blindness. The plant of Allium sativum

(Hin-Lahsun, Fam-Liliaceae) is used in malarial

fever, epilepsy, tuberculosis, ulcer, ear trouble,

throat disorder, skin diseases, bone ulcer,

chronic cough, asthma, bronchitis, and lobar

pneumonia. The pulp of Aloe vera (Him-Ghee

kuar, Fam-Liliaceae) is used for cure piles, rectal

fissures, cough, cold rheumatism constipation,

fever, colic, menstrual disorder. It is also

stomachic, anthelmintic, uterus stimulant and

hypertensive.

The roots of Amaranthus spinosus(Hin-

Katelichouli,Fam-maranthaceae)is given for

gonorrhoea, colic, and burn. The plant of

Annona squamosa (Hin-Sitaphal, Fam-

Annonaceae), the leaves and fruits are used

against cancer and tumour. Juice is useful in

wounds. Dried root powder is taken once in

morning for five days by women for abortion of

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 100

3 to 4 months of pregnancy. Anthocephalus

cadamba (Hin-Kadam,Fam-Rubiaceae)is in

snake bite, cordiac depressant,polyuria,and

antiabortifacient. The latex of Argemone

mexicana(Hin-Satyanashi,Fam-Papaveraceae) is

used in jaundice, skin affection, malaria and

applied externally to stop bleeding from cuts and

wounds. Root‘s juice mixed with pepper is given

to children for the disease of supposed to be

coursed by cats. This plant is also used in

wound healing, leprosy and blood purifier. The

roots of Artocarpus heterophyllus (Hin-Kathal,

Fam-Moraceae) is used in asthma, diarrhoea,

stomach complaints, toothache, and smallpox.

Asparagus racemosus (Hin-Satawar, Fam-

Liliaceae) is used in the treatment of dysentery,

antiseptic, and diuretic. It is also useful in

acidity and ulcer patient. The bark of

Azadirachta indicia (Hin-Neem, Fam-

Meliaceae) is used in rhinitis affections, malarial

fever, antiulcer, and antibacterial. The leaves are

useful in Eczema, Ringworm, and Fungal

affection and antiseptic. The whole plant is

useful in scabies, ulcer, leucoderma,

inflammation, blood purification. The oil of

mangos tree is useful in rheumatism, leprosy,

and ulcer. The plant of Bacopa monieri(Hin-

Jalneem, Fam-Scrophulariaceae) is used in

dyspepsia, cough, fever, insomnia, and epilepsy,

debility after heart attack, less memory, tension,

and blood purifier. In addition to above mention

plants the ethno medicinal plants such as-----

Bauhinia racemosus, B.variegata, Boerhaavia

diffusa, Bambusa arundinacea, Basella alba,

Brassica campestris, Bryophyllum calycinum,

Butea monosperma, Bombax ceiba, Calotropis

procera, Cannabis sativa, Capsicum annum,

Carica papaya, Cassia tora, Catharanthus

roseus, Centella asiatica, Chenopodium album,

Chlorophytum tuberosum, Cinnamomum

tamala, C.zeylanicum, Cissampelos pareira,

Cissus quadrangularis, Citrus medica,

Clerodendrum inerme, Coccinia indica,

Coriandrum sativum, Curcuma longa, Curcuma

amada, Cuscuta reflexa, Cynodon dactylon,

Cyperus rotundus, Dalbergia sissoo, Datura

metel, Daucus carota, Eclipta alba, Emblica

officinalis, Tabernaemontana divaricata,

Euphorbia hirta, Euphorbia neriifolia, Ficus

bengalensis, F.glomerata, F.religiosa,

Foeniculum vulgare, Gmelina arborea,

Gossypium herbacium, Helianthus annus,

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Holarrhoena

antidysenterica, Jatropa gossypifolia, Lantana

camara, Lawsonia inermis, Linum

usitatissimum, Luffa acutangula, Lycopersicum

esculentum, Mangifera indica, Mentha arvensis,

Michelia champaca, Mimosa pudica, Mirabilis

jalapa, Momordica charantia, Moringa

pterigosperma, Morus indica, Murraya koenigii,

Musa sapientum, Nelumbium speciosum, Nerium

indicum, Nigella sativa, Nyctanthes arbour-

tristis, Ocimum grattisimum, O.sanctum,

Oldenlandia corymbosa, Oxalis corniculata,

Papaver somniferum, Phyllanthus nirurii, Phyla

nodiflora, Pongamia pinnata, Psidium guajava,

Punica granatum, Quisqualis indica, Rauvolfia

serpentina, Ricinus communis, Rosa centifolia,

Saccharum officinarum, Saraca indica, Shorea

robusta, Sida cordifolia, Solanum indicum,

S.melongena, S.nigrum, S.xanthocarpum,

Spinacia oleracea, Swertia chirata, Syzygium

cumini, Tagetes erecta, Tamarindus indica,

Tectona grandis, Terminalia arjuna, T.belerica,

T.chebula, T.tomentosa, Thevetia peruviana,

Thuja orientalis, Tinospora cordifolia, Trapa

natans, Vitex negundo, Withania somnifera,

Zingiber officinale, Zizyphus jujuba,etc. Plants

have also great medicinal values.

In the study of 144 plant species such as

Amaranthus spinosus L, Bombax ceiba L,

Cassia angustifolia L, Centella asiatica L,

Curcuma amada L, Cuscuta reflexa L,

Dioscorea alata L, D.bulbifera L , Ficus

bengalensis L, Emblica officinalis Gaertner,

Gmelina arborea Roxb, Justicia adhatoda L,

Sida cordifolia L, Terminalia bellerica Roxb,

T.chebula Retz, are rare and the rest species of

above mentioned are common and found in all

twenty three revenue villages of Tamar Block of

Ranchi District here and there.

Many ethno medicinal plants are facing

threats in all block area due to anthropogenic

pressure and anthropogenic activities. Many

knowledgeable person and vaidhyas are

collected the different ethno medicinal plants

from different parts of the forest region of these

mentioned villages. Measure should be taken to

prevent anthropogenic pressure for future

conservation. Presently very few elders in the

Munda tribe practice herbal cure, while the

young and current generation knows little or

ISSN 2320 2750 Jamshedpur Research Review YEAR II VOL II ISSUE VII

JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 101

nothing about the traditional herbal medicines. If

this trend continues, a few years from now, there

will not be even a single elder member who

knows these herbal medicines. Hence that time

only ethno-botanist has knowledge to these

ethno medicinal plants. It can say that

―EVERYTHING GREEN IS MEDICINE‖ .

References:-

1. Haines H.H. (1921 – 25). The Botany of

Bihar and Orissa (6th Parts.)

2. Sahu, T.R. (1982) – An ethnomedicinal

study of M.P. – Plants used against

various disorders among tribal women.

3. Maheshwari, J.K. Singh, K.K. & Saha S.

(1986) – Ethnobotany of tribals of

Mirzapur District, Uttar Pradesh,

Economic Botany Information Service,

NBRI, Lucknow.

4. Rai, M.K. (1989) – Ethnomedicinal

Studies of Chhindwara District.

5. Hemrom Peter Paul (1994) –

Horopathy..

6. Jain S.K. (1995) ―A manual of

Ethnobotany‖ – 2nd

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7. Sinha Rajiv K. (1996) – The

Renaissanse of Traditional Herbal

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of Plants used in Traditional medicine

system of Khunti Sub Division of

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9. Singh, K.K. Palvi, S.K., and Aswal, B.S.

(1997) – Survey and Biological activity

of some ethnomedicinal plants J. of

Non- 4(1/2): 26-31.

10. Behera K. Kumar (2006) –

Ethnomedicinal Plants used by the

Tribals of Similipal Bioreserve Orissa,

India (A Pilot Study).

11. Trivedi P.C. (2007) – Ethnomedicinal

Plants of India.

12. ―Yesodhara K. & Sujana K.A. (2007) –

Status of ethnomedicinal plants in the

Parambikulam Wild life Sanctuary,

Kerala, South India.

13. Dutt Ashwini (2008) – An Introduction

to Medicinal Plants.

14. Rout S.D., Panda T. & Mishra N. (2009)

– Ethnomedicinal Plants used to cure

different diseases by Tribals of

Mayurbhanj District of North Orissa,

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15. Singh M. P, B.C. Oraon & Narendra

Prasad (2009) – Medicinal Plants, APH

Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.

16. Choudhary Manabendra Dutta,

Meenakshi Bawari, L. Shyamali Singha

(2010) – some Antiphyretic

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community of Barak Valley, Assam,

India.

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JRR JUNE 2014- AUGUST 2014 102

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