Iran: What’s in a Name? Historically known as Persia until 1935, when Reza Shah Pahlavi asked for...
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Transcript of Iran: What’s in a Name? Historically known as Persia until 1935, when Reza Shah Pahlavi asked for...
Iran: What’s in a Name?
• Historically known as Persia until 1935, when Reza Shah Pahlavi asked for the country to be called by its native name
• Iran means “Land of the Aryans”• Persia derived from ancient Greek
name for Iran, Persis– Name comes from a region in southern
Iran called Pars
Location
• Asia: The Middle East• North: former Soviet Republics• South: Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman• East: Afghanistan, Pakistan• West: Turkey, Iraq
• Major Cities: Tehran, Tabriz, Mashhad, Esfahan, Shiraz
Map: The Persian Cat
The Geography of The Geography of IranIran
The Geography of The Geography of IranIran
Iranian Oil Iranian Oil ResourcesResourcesIranian Oil Iranian Oil ResourcesResources
Early History• 6,000 years of civilization and 2,500 years of
written history.• 1,400 years of post-Islamic history since the Arab
conquest in 7th century AD: religious and national subordination and never-ending conflict.
• Median Dynasty (728-550 BC): created first Iranian Empire
• Safavid Dynasty (1502-1736): conversion of population towards Shi’ism
• Qajar Dynasty (1781-1925): constitutional dynasty; British and Russian spheres of influence
History of Iran
• In 1921, an Iranian military officer took power claimed the old Persian title of “Shah”, or king.
• In 1941 the Shah’s son took control who was an ally to the United States and Britain. He also wanted to modernize Iran.
Iran and the Cold War
• During WWII, Iran was an ally of the Nazis.
• So the USSR and Britain invaded the country in 1942 in order to secure oil fields.
• Following WWII, the Soviet Union refused to leave Iran until 1946, when the United States threatened to invade Iran and remove the Soviets by force.
Pahlavi Dynasty (1925-1979)• Ruled Iran from the crowning of Reza
Shah Pahlavi in 1925 to the overthrow of Reza Shah Pahlavi's son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in the Iranian Revolution of 1979.
• By the mid-1930s Reza Shah's dictatorial style of rule caused dissatisfaction among some groups
• Dynasty collapsed following widespread uprisings in 1978 and 1979.
• Its collapse marks a break in the ancient tradition of Iranian monarchy.
Dr. Mohammad Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh,Mossadegh,
(There are two (There are two spellings of his last spellings of his last
name…)Prime name…)Prime Minister of IranMinister of Iran
Dr. Mohammad Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh,Mossadegh,
(There are two (There are two spellings of his last spellings of his last
name…)Prime name…)Prime Minister of IranMinister of Iran
Became Prime Minister in 1951.
Nationalized the foreign oil companies.
Got rid of corrupt military officials.
Was toppled in a coup aided by the America CIA in 1953.
The Shah of Iran returns to power.
Q4
EVENT: 1953 CIA coup overthrew Mossadeq
• CIA and British intelligence (MI6) worked together to overthrow the popularly elected Iranian Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadeq
CAUSES: 1953 CIA coup overthrew Mossadeq
• Mossadeq nationalized (government controlling) the Iranian oil industry, shutting out the British oil companies who previously profited from it.
• When Britain boycotted (refused to buy) Iranian oil, Iran sold oil to the Soviet Union
• These moves made Mossadeq look like a Communist to American President Eisenhower (COLD WAR!)
• The CIA and MI6 (British Intelligence) plotted to overthrow Mossadeq
• (watch video)
EFFECTS: 1953 CIA coup overthrew Mossadeq
• Shah given more power in Iran, but became increasingly paranoid
• Shah began a program of modernization and westernization
• Shah was allied with the US, and the US supported the Shah
• Britain regained access to Iranian oil
On your Left Side, examine this picture and answer the question. Here’s a picture of the Shah having a drink with American President Carter. Think about this image. What would a devout Muslim in Iran think about it? Why?
• On your Left Side, answer:
• What do you think about the United States and CIA involvement in Iran? Why?
Shah Reza PahlaviShah Reza Pahlavi(r. 1941 – 1977)(r. 1941 – 1977)
Shah Reza PahlaviShah Reza Pahlavi(r. 1941 – 1977)(r. 1941 – 1977)
Institutes Western reforms & ties with the West .
But, the majority of his people live in poverty.
Brutal suppression of dissidents SAVAK
Q5
The Shah The Shah & His Wife, Farah& His Wife, Farah
The Shah The Shah & His Wife, Farah& His Wife, Farah
Iranian elite/upper- and intellectual classes: very pro-Western.
““The White The White Revolution”Revolution”
The Shah’s Reform Program (1963)The Shah’s Reform Program (1963)
““The White The White Revolution”Revolution”
The Shah’s Reform Program (1963)The Shah’s Reform Program (1963)1. Land reform – 90% of Iran’s peasants became land owners.
2. Massive government-financed heavy industry projects.
3. Granted women more political power – the right to vote.
4. Poured government money into education – especially in rural areas where illiteracy was very high.
5. Profit-sharing for industrial workers.6. Nationalization of forests and pasture
lands.
The Shah at George The Shah at George Washington’s Washington’s Home, Home, 1950s1950s
The Shah at George The Shah at George Washington’s Washington’s Home, Home, 1950s1950s
The Shah with The Shah with Several American Several American
PresidentsPresidents
The Shah with The Shah with Several American Several American
PresidentsPresidents
The Shah with The Shah with President Jimmy President Jimmy
CarterCarter
The Shah with The Shah with President Jimmy President Jimmy
CarterCarter
On your Left Side, answer:
• What aspects of the Shah’s rule violated the beliefs and practices of Islam?
• Why would these actions lead to the rise of Islamic Fundamentalism in Iran?
Iran: Iranian Revolution
• Unfortunately for Shah Reza PahlaviReza Pahlavi, the modernization programs were unpopular.
• In 1979, he was overthrown during
the Islamic
Revolution.
Reasons for the Reasons for the Fall of the ShahFall of the ShahReasons for the Reasons for the Fall of the ShahFall of the Shah
The Shah spent the oil profits for top of the line American military hardware.
Little money to reinvest back into the Iranian economy.
Religious leaders angry with the Shah for too much “Westernization.”
Government corruption. The Shah’s constitutional violations of the basic
human rights of his citizens.
CAUSES: 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran
• The Shah used violence, torture, and the SAVAK (secret police) to remain in power
• The economy worsened• Many Iranians wanted to
return to a democratic government
• The Shah’s reforms insulted devout Muslims
• Ayatollah Khomeini preached revolution in mosques (the “Cassette Revolution”)
Anti-Shah Anti-Shah ProtestsProtests
Anti-Shah Anti-Shah ProtestsProtests
Opponents of the Shah
1. Oil field workers
2. Students and other intellectuals
3. Middle class businessmen
4. Iranian nationalists
5. Muslim clerics (Cleric is a member of the clergy or religious figure in Islam; like a priest for Catholics or a rabbi for Jews.)
• On your Left Side,• Why do you think
each of these groups had issues with the Shah’s reign?
• Explain and give examples.
Anti-American PinAnti-American Pin(1960s)(1960s)
Anti-American PinAnti-American Pin(1960s)(1960s)
• On your Left Side, answer:
• What cause of the Iranian Revolution does this political button address?
Iranian Students Iranian Students Protest in Beverley Protest in Beverley
HillsHills
Iranian Students Iranian Students Protest in Beverley Protest in Beverley
HillsHills
Anarchy & Anarchy & RevolutionRevolutionAnarchy & Anarchy & RevolutionRevolution
The Shah leaves Iran on 1/16/79. Facing likely execution should he return to Iran, he died in exile in
Egypt, whose President, Anwar Sadat, had granted him asylum
The Shah leaves Iran on 1/16/79. Facing likely execution should he return to Iran, he died in exile in
Egypt, whose President, Anwar Sadat, had granted him asylum
Ayatollah KhomeiniAyatollah KhomeiniLeads the RevolutionLeads the RevolutionAyatollah KhomeiniAyatollah Khomeini
Leads the RevolutionLeads the Revolution
Khomeini returns to Iran
on February 11, 1979.
Q7
Islamic Revolution (1979)• Transformed Iran from a monarchy under Pahlavi dynasty to an
Islamic republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution and founder of the Islamic Republic.
• It has been called the third great revolution in history• Helped make Islamic fundamentalism a political force • Constitution based on rule by Islamic jurists
– Khomeini—Supreme leader (lifetime appointment)– President—Head of the Government– Cabinet– Supreme Court– Legislation
Ayatollah Ayatollah KhomeiniKhomeini
(r. 1979-1989)(r. 1979-1989)
Ayatollah Ayatollah KhomeiniKhomeini
(r. 1979-1989)(r. 1979-1989) 1902 – 1989.
Became an Islamic scholar (studied in Qom).
Began to speak out against the Shah in the 1960s.
Arrested and imprisoned several times by the Shah.
Deported in 1978 & went to France.
EFFECTS: 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran
• Shah fled Iran, took his money with him!
• Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Iran
• Iran became an Islamic theocracy, ruled by Sharia Law
• The new government was anti-American (“The Great Satan”) and anti-Israeli
• Hostage crisis and the Iran-Iraq War
Triumphant Muslim Clerics & Triumphant Muslim Clerics & Iranian SoldiersIranian Soldiers
Triumphant Muslim Clerics & Triumphant Muslim Clerics & Iranian SoldiersIranian Soldiers
Q8A theocracy is
created!
SAVAK Suspects TakenSAVAK Suspects TakenSAVAK Suspects TakenSAVAK Suspects Taken
The Fate of the The Fate of the Shah’s GeneralsShah’s GeneralsThe Fate of the The Fate of the Shah’s GeneralsShah’s Generals
Iranian Revolutionary Poster
• The caption reads: When the devil leaves, the angel returns!
• On your Left Side: What changes does this poster specifically refer to? Explain.
On your Left Side,
•Design your own political button for in support of the changes made by the Ayatollah.
American Embassy American Embassy inin
Tehran Taken OverTehran Taken Over
American Embassy American Embassy inin
Tehran Taken OverTehran Taken Over
Q9
Iran: Takes American Hostages
• Iran’s new government set up an Islamic Republic.
• Relations with the United States broke down.
• In 1979, a mob of Iranian students took Americans hostage.
Iran: Takes American Hostages
• The Iranian government gave permission for the Americans to be taken hostage.
• The Americans were held by force for over 1 year.
52 Americans Held 52 Americans Held Hostage for 444 Hostage for 444
Days!Days!
52 Americans Held 52 Americans Held Hostage for 444 Hostage for 444
Days!Days!
On your Left Side:
• Imagine you were one of the hostages. What do you think was going to happen to you based upon the recent events of the Iranian Revolution?
• Explain.
President Carter President Carter Becomes a Hostage, Becomes a Hostage,
TooToo
President Carter President Carter Becomes a Hostage, Becomes a Hostage,
TooToo
Hostage Rescue Hostage Rescue DisasterDisaster
Hostage Rescue Hostage Rescue DisasterDisaster
52 American 52 American HostagesHostages
Released in Jan., Released in Jan., 19811981
52 American 52 American HostagesHostages
Released in Jan., Released in Jan., 19811981
EFFECTS: 1979 Iran Hostage Crisis
• Anti-Iranian feeling in US (sale of Iranian flags actually increased!)
• President Carter seen as having failed to gain release of hostages
• Conservative Republican President Ronald Reagan won 1980 Presidential election in US
• Hostages released on Reagan’s inauguration in exchange for $8 billion ($5 billion was used by Iran to pay debts to US anyway)
• Khomeini needed money with war against Iraq looming
1980s—strained time with US
• 52 U.S. diplomats held hostage by group of Iranian terrorists who took over American embassy in support of the Islamic revolution.
• 444 day hostage crisis ended in 1981• The incident was seen by many as a blow against
U.S. influence in Iran and its support of the recently fallen Shah of Iran, Pahlavi, who had recently been allowed into the United States for cancer treatment.
• In Iran, the crisis is thought to have strengthened the political hold of radical anti-American forces who supported the hostage taking.
• The crisis also marked the beginning of American legal action, or sanctions, that weakened economic ties between Iran and America.
The Khomeini RevolutionThe Khomeini RevolutionThe Khomeini RevolutionThe Khomeini Revolution
Women in IranWomen in IranWomen in IranWomen in Iran
A woman’s hijab A woman’s hijab represents her represents her
Islamic and moral Islamic and moral values.values.
A woman’s hijab A woman’s hijab represents her represents her
Islamic and moral Islamic and moral values.values.
Political Cartoon Political Cartoon CommentaryCommentary
Political Cartoon Political Cartoon CommentaryCommentary
The dictatorship is gone! The dictatorship is gone! Bring on the dictatorship!Bring on the dictatorship!The dictatorship is gone! The dictatorship is gone! Bring on the dictatorship!Bring on the dictatorship!
On your Left side:
What is the message of this political cartoon?Explain.
Support for the Support for the Palestinian CausePalestinian CauseSupport for the Support for the
Palestinian CausePalestinian Cause
The Ayatollah with
Yasir Arafat.
Funds Hamas and Hezbollah.
Iran
• The Iranian Revolution (1979) was followed by the Iraq/Iran War which began in 1980 (and discussed earlier in this presentation).
Khomeini’s Khomeini’s DeathDeath
(June, 1989)(June, 1989)
Khomeini’s Khomeini’s DeathDeath
(June, 1989)(June, 1989)
Iran: Government
Iran: Government
• Iran is a theocracy – a government ruled by religious leaders.
Iranian Supreme Leader Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali KhameneiAyatollah Ali KhameneiIranian Supreme Leader Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali KhameneiAyatollah Ali Khamenei
The Ayatollah represents the fundamentalist Mullahs.
Iran: Government
• An expert on Islamic law is the supreme leader.
Ayatollah Ayatollah KhatamiKhatamiAyatollah Ayatollah KhatamiKhatami
The Ayatollah is considered a political moderate.
Q12
Support for the Support for the Shi’ites in Iraq Shi’ites in Iraq
TodayToday
Support for the Support for the Shi’ites in Iraq Shi’ites in Iraq
TodayToday
Moqtada al-Sadr, radical Shi’ite leader in Fallujah,
Iraq
Iran: Government
• Iran has an elected president and legislature (chosen by the spiritual leader).
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Born 1956 Engineer, Party: Alliance of Builders of
Islamic Iran Elected mayor of Tehran in 2003 Won ~60% of the popular vote in 2005
presidential election Outspoken and often controversial for his
views on Israel, the US, Great Britain, and human rights
The Summer 2009 Elections (June 12)
Candidates Ahmadinejad and Mir-Hussein Mousavi receive 62% and 34% of the popular vote, respectively
Public outcry came against wide-spread accusations of voting irregularities
Video Commentary
– This link is one of a HUGE amount of material on this election available online. The elections were Tweeted, Facebooked, 24 hour news networked, commented, Wikied, Huffington Posted, and more!
– A little online digging goes a long way.
On your Left Side, answer:
CARTOON 1:
Is this cartoon in support of Ahmadinejad or Mousavi?
What does the cartoon suggest about the government in Iran?
On your Left Side, answer:Is this cartoon in support of Ahmadinejad or
Mousavi?
Who are the bearded men in black meant to symbolize?
What is the skeletal remains of the horse meant to represent?
What does the artist imply about the reform movement’s opinion of the United States?
On your Left Side, answer:
Is this cartoon in support of Ahmadinejad or Mousavi?
What does the cartoon suggest about the role of the Supreme Leader in the election?
Who or what is the “loser” according to the cartoon?
What does this cartoon imply about democracy in Iran?
Iran: Governmental Policies
• Iran’s government has supported many hard-line policies.
• For example: call for the destruction of Israel
• For example: supported terrorist groups
Another Nuclear Another Nuclear Power?Power?
Another Nuclear Another Nuclear Power?Power?
US satellite photo of Iranian nuclear facility
near Arak.
An American view of Iranian An American view of Iranian nuclear power: What nuclear power: What
children’s story is this political children’s story is this political cartoon playing off of?cartoon playing off of?
An American view of Iranian An American view of Iranian nuclear power: What nuclear power: What
children’s story is this political children’s story is this political cartoon playing off of?cartoon playing off of?
PINOCCHIAYATOLLAH Scott Stantis (Birmingham News)
1/28/05
A view of Iran’s A view of Iran’s nuclear power from nuclear power from
Al-JazeerahAl-Jazeerah
A view of Iran’s A view of Iran’s nuclear power from nuclear power from
Al-JazeerahAl-Jazeerah
Nobody else (particularly Iran and Arab countries) should have nuclear weapons
except Israel, says Bush. -- Hassan Bleybel 10/23/03
On your Left Side,
• What is the cartoonist’s main point or position in the following political cartoon?
• How do you know?
Iranian Demographics
• Population—nearly 70 million
• Life expectancy at birth—69 years
• Birth rate—17 per 1,000 persons
• Death rate—6 per 1,000 persons
• Literacy rate—72%
0-14 yrs15-29 yrs30-50 yrs60+ yrs
Persian Language (Iran)ڢارسى
• Also called “Farsi”
• Indo-European (Aryan)
• Dialects of Persian also spoken in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and among minorities in other states
• Arabic alphabet (with some differences) and some borrowed words from Arabic
Ethnicity and Religion
PersiansAzerisKurdsArabsOther
Shi'aMuslim(Islam)SunniMuslim(Islam)Other
• Although there are various sub-groups, the majority of Iranians would say their religion is Islam.
• The largest ethnic group in Iran is Persians, followed by Azeris.
Economy• Mixed System:
– Large and dominating public sector– Small private sector– Multinational corporations
• Structure:– Agriculture 24%– Industry 28%– Services 48%
• Major Exports: petroleum, carpets, nuts• Major Imports: capital goods, food items• Unemployment rate: 16% and rising
Another Future Another Future Revolution?Revolution?
Another Future Another Future Revolution?Revolution?
A Youth Powered Society
• Youth Demographic– Between 15-29 years old—25
million (35%)– Median age—26 years old– Legal voting age—16 years old
• Issue of high concern– High unemployment
Women in Iran
• Higher Education—65%• Changing Marriage and Child
Custody Laws– Shirin Edabi: Nobel Peace Prize 2003
• Professional life– Women in all aspects of work force– Inequality in senior and managerial jobs
Women and the Islamic Dress Code
A “Shah” in theA “Shah” in theWaiting?Waiting?
A “Shah” in theA “Shah” in theWaiting?Waiting?
Reza Pahlavi (III?), 43 year-old son of the deposed Shah.