Introduction to Power System

Simulator for Engineering thru Laboratory

Tutorials

Final Report

Spring Semester-2013

-Full Report-

By

Khamal Abdulaal

Meshari AlShahrani

Prepared to partially fulfill the requirements for

ECE402: Senior Design II

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Colorado State University

Fort Collins, Colorado 80523

Project Advisor: Dr. George Collins

Industry Advisor: Mr. Joe Liberatore

Approved By: _ Dr. George Collins_

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Abstract

Let’s imagine if we would go back on time to the 17th

century, when yet electricity was

not discovered and known as it is today! How much capability in our current life we would be

missing there? Would all the advance technologies that our life has become depended on apply

without having Electricity! Think about how much losses an electricity outage in hospitals,

schools companies or even houses can cause! Simply, loosing electricity for even seconds is

completely not affordable. To prevent that from happening many power engineers like us study

every day all kind of ways to eliminate any possibility of having a power outage in any given

time and by advanced technology process has been impressively made.

Our team has been studying and working on a program called PSS®E ‘Power System

Simulator for Engineering’. A program that studies test power systems to help the engineers find

all the possible errors before they occur and prevent them from happening. During Fall semester

we aimed to have a full understanding of the PSS®E basics and earn the necessary skills to start

our study of power systems using PSS®E. this program takes about a year to be learned.

However, with the help of Mr. Joe Liberatore we were able to familiarize ourselves with the

program and earn the basic skills. The save file, slider file, creating the contingency, monitor and

subsystem files, and finally finding possible outages, providing solutions and test them, these

were the main objects in our study of the program.

During the second semester, we continued working on the PSS®E program only this time

was with different case. We were also supposed to create new lab manuals for the laboratory

class of power system. We have created 5 laboratories to teach a student the very basic

knowledge of using PSS®E. the first lab covered the *.sav (save) file, then the second lab

covered *.sld (slider) file, the third lab was about auto creation of the *.sub, *.mon, and *.con

files while lab4 was the manual creation these three files and lastly lab5 which shows the student

on how to spot a possible outage, provide solutions, test and analyze the results afterwards to

assure the best results are found.

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Tables of Contents

Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 2

Tables of Contents .............................................................................................................. 3

Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 4

Summary of Fall semester .................................................................................................. 4

Spring Work ........................................................................................................................ 5

Lab1 ....................................................................................................................... 6

Lab2 ..................................................................................................................... 11

Lab3 ..................................................................................................................... 16

Lab4 ..................................................................................................................... 21

Lab5 ..................................................................................................................... 27

Ethics Concerns ................................................................................................... 32

Conclusion and continuation project ................................................................................ 33

Appendix A: Abbreviations .............................................................................................. 33

Appendix B: Budget ......................................................................................................... 34

Appendix C: Timeline....................................................................................................... 35

Acknowledgment .............................................................................................................. 37

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Introduction

In modern lifestyle everything people do is very dependent on electricity, almost every

equipment or machine work with electricity or were made by a machine that used electricity. It is

the source of power to almost everything such as light, cars, different kinds of coolers and air-

conditioners, computers and big factories that national economy depends on. In other words,

electricity has become one of the life’s basic necessities. Imagine getting home from work and

finding your house with electricity shut down, in most cases you would not be able to cook, take

a shower or watch television, perhaps you will try to be productive going very primitive trying to

use candles and firewood. The purpose of picturing just few hours with no electricity is to give

our audience a chance to realize that life now days is very dependable on electricity. Therefore,

our project in this senior design course is very significant to the community since the main goal

of our work is to become power engineers, who know and experienced in solving power outages

issue by being able to predict the problem and suggest solutions a head of time to have no such

existence of power outage.

To fulfill our purpose, us as a team members have chosen to work on PSS®E ‘power

system simulator for engineering’ program which helps building a design or case of a power

plant to test it and study its outputs. This program serves the purpose of testing the power flow of

a system and the load of power in every element. Our team has been working on a sample case

that was provided by the program supplier throughout five stages, with every stage we were

asked to build a lab manual for students of the power system class. Stage one is to learn about the

save file of the sample case, this file contains all data for every element of the case. Stage two is

to learn about the slider file which is a binary file of the exact data sample file. Stage three and

four is about building the subsystem, monitor and contingency files, first automatically then

manually. Stage five which made all of our work comes together is about predicting possible

outages and overloads, apply solutions and test them to see if the behavior of the system has

improved. Creating the lab manuals for every stage included giving specific instructions and

exercises to students with little section of a quiz or homework to test their understanding of the

lab material with solution manual and some instructions to be directed to the TA of the class.

Summary of Fall semester

For fall semester, our goal was to get familiar with PSS®E software and master the basic

tools to propose studies using the program to upgrades power system courses laboratory. These

laboratories introduce the fundamental of power flow analysis using PSS®E software to CSU

Power Systems Courses. Under the supervision of Dr. Collins, we proposed to learn and earn the

skills needed to use Siemens software Power System Simulation for Engineering which called

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(PSS®E). This program is used to conduct power flow analysis in such way is that we could

design and run simulation on bulk electric system models. This program is available in the

electrical and computer engineering labs. This study will help to achieve our goal and that is

reaching to a better understanding in how power plant works.

Mr. Liberatore suggested that we worked on the lab manuals for Dr. Collins class Power

Systems. We completed working the labs until lab 5 which did not work as it’s supposed to be

due to the structure of the lab built on old version of PSS®E that is different of what the CSU

computers lab have (version 32.0.3) . As we went through the labs, we gained a better

understanding of the software Therefore we decided to create a new series of Laboratories that is

current and well explained with lab questions to test the understanding of the students.

Spring Work

In this section, we want to show the reader a portion of the five laboratories created in

this semester with lab questions. The labs contain several questions and submissions to the TA or

the instructor for the grade of the lab. Moreover, we create files for each lab that includes the

answers and correct submissions of the lab questions that will be given to the TA, Dr. Collins,

and Joe. Labs structure are the same in every lab of this series which will start by the purpose of

the lab that explained the main goals that the student should knew and practiced by the end of

each lab. Then, we refer to previous labs for any file that needed be used to complete the lab and

ask the student to create a separate file for some of the labs. Each lab display step by step to

every tasks and provided by a picture. Every new phrase, step, method, icons ….etc. has an

explanation of the use and how to be used. Finally, the student will end up with question that

contributes to the concepts of the lab. This structure allows the student to get an easy way to

follow and practice the PSS®E features. The reader can go to review the whole lab by pressing

Ctrl+Click on the title of the lab and it will take you directly to see the complete version thru our

senior design website http://www.engr.colostate.edu/ece-sr-design/AY12/bonanza/index.shtml .

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Lab1

INTRODUCTION TO SAVE CASE (*.sav) FILES

The purpose of ECE Power labs is to introduce students to fundamentals of power flow

analysis utilizing PSS®E. Electrical engineers use PSS®E to analyze, design and run

simulation on bulk electric system models. PSS®E has a large library of analysis tools and

optional modules, including, but not limited to:

Power Flow

Optimal Power Flow

Balanced or Unbalanced Fault Analysis

Dynamic Simulation

Extended Term Dynamic Simulation

Open Access and Pricing

Transfer Limit Analysis

Network Reduction

These labs will introduce the user to the application and develop the basics of power flow

analysis.

Introduction to PSS®E

The lab manuals that will be considered throughout the duration of this course will be

primarily focused on power flow, rather than dynamic simulations. PSS®E uses a graphical user

interface that is comprised of all the functionality of state analysis; including load flow, fault

analysis, optimal power flow, equivalency, and switching studies. A common line interface is

also available and students are encouraged to explore this method. It will not be covered in these

labs.

PSS®E provides the user with a wide range of assisting programs for installation, data

input, output, manipulation and preparation. More importantly, PSS®E allows the user of having

a control over the applications of these computational tools.

Power Flow

In the Electric Utility Industry, power flow analysis is used for real time system analysis

as well as planning studies. The user should be able to analyze the performance of power

systems in both normal operating conditions and under fault (short-circuit) condition. The study

in normal steady-state operation is called a power-flow study (load-flow study) and it targets on

determining the voltages, currents, and real and reactive power flows in a system under a given

load conditions. The purpose of power flow studies is to plan ahead and prepare for “system

normal minus one” (N-1) contingencies.

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The PSS®E interface supports a variety of interactive facilities including:

• Introduction, modification and deletion of network data using a spreadsheet

• Creation of networks and one-line diagrams

• Steady-state analysis (load flow, fault analysis, optimal power flow, etc.)

• Presentation of steady-state analysis results.

I. Create a folder

1- Create a folder in your drive. Name it PSSE Labs.

2- Go to C: Drive and navigate: C:\Program Files (x86)\PTI\PSSE32\EXAMPLE

3- Copy the following and paste it in PSSE Labs folder:

a. Sample.sav

b. Sample.sld

c. exercise1.sld

II. How to access PSS®E

There are two ways to access PSS®E:

1- On campus Computers:

a. Log onto Eng. Account computer.

b. Click on Start icon.

c. Type in the search box, PSS then select PSS®E 32

d. The window below appears:

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2- Off Campus:

a. Go to ENS webpage http://www.engr.colostate.edu/ens/

b. Choose Virtual Lab icon

c. Then, follow the instructions in virtual lab page.

d. Once it’s opened, click on Start and Type PSS in the search box.

e. The program will launch and the window below will appear.

** Formulas needed to answer Lab1 questions:

( )

√ ( ) ( )

( )

( )

** RealPower = ActivePower

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PSSE Lab # 1 Questions: Open the “sample.sav” data file to answer the following questions.

1) Go to the “Bus” tab. Find bus #3008.

a) What is the name of this bus and its rated voltage? ___________________

b) Based on the code number, what type of bus is this? __________________

2) Now go to the “Branch” tab. Find the branch that connects bus #201 to bus #207.

a) What are the names of the buses that are connected and the rated voltage of the

branch? ______________________________________

b) What is the rated resistance and reactance of this branch (both in [per unit])?

______________________________________

____________________________________________________________

3) Now go to the “Load” tab. Find load connected to bus #214 (LOADER, 230kV).

a) What are the active (MW) and reactive (MVAR) components of this load?

________________________________________

b) Based on the results from above, what is the real power and power factor of this load?

________________________________________

4) Now go to the “Machine” tab. Find generator connected to bus #402 (COGEN-2, 500kV).

a) What are the maximum and minimum active power ratings of this generator (in MW)?

________________________________________

b) What are the maximum and minimum reactive power ratings of this generator (in

MVAR)?

________________________________________

5) Now go to the “2 Winding XFMR” tab. Find the transformer connected to bus #204 and bus

#205.

a) What are the MVA ratings of this transformer?

Rate A=_________________ Rate B=_________________ Rate C=_________________

b) Is this transformer in service? ________________________

c) What is the High side Voltage? _______kV, What is the Low side Voltage? ______kV

6) Now go to the “Switched Shunt” tab. Find shunt compensator connected to bus #154

(DOWNTN 230.000, 230KV).

a) How many steps are there to the shunt compensator and what is each of their values (in

MVAR)?

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

b) What type of shunt compensator is this (capacitive, inductive, or mixed)?

________________________________________

7) While you are in the “Switched Shunt” tab, Complete the missing Mvar values using the table

below for BUS 3021?

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BLK# Steps Compensation/Steps# Total in Mvar

1 2 200

2 100

3 2 100

4

Subtotal

Binit (Mvar)

Totals

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Lab2

INTRODUCTION TO SLIDER BINARY (*.sld) FILES

Purpose of the lab:

This lab is to introduce the one-line diagram, also known as the Slider files in PSS®E . This lab

will introduce the following aspects:

• Introduction to a one-line diagram and its elements.

• Explanation of the Slider (*.SLD) file

• Using the Slider file to create a one-line diagram

To properly perform this lab, start PSS®E and open the sample.sav file as we have done in

LAB1.

Introduction to One-Line Diagrams

A one-line diagram is a simplified graphical representation of a three phase power

system, used extensively in the electrical utility industry. In power engineering, if we assume

that the three phases of a system are balanced, the 3 phase system can be represent with a single

line (I.E. one line diagram) which simplifies schematics. This makes the evaluation of the system

much less complicated without losing any information. Per unit voltage used extensively in one-

line diagrams to further simplify the process.

The main components of a one-line (or single line) diagram are; Buses, Branches, Loads,

Machines, 2 Winding Transformers, Switched Shunts, Reactor and Capacitor Banks. An

explanation of these components will be given later in this lab.

Buses:

Buses are represented as a dot, circle or a thick line. The bus name (EAST500) and

number (202) are given, as well as the voltage measured on the line (510.5kV and 1.021V in per

unit). The final characteristic given is the angle (-26.1 degrees). The voltage is indicated by the

color of the bus. In this example, red indicates 500kV. Associating KV levels with *color is a

user configurable option.

Branches:

Branches are represented as a line connecting busses. The real power P, as shown in the

above image of a branch, flows from 431.5MW to -429.8MW and the reactive power Q, flows

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from 158.7MVA flow to -238.8MVA. Notice when selecting the animation icon, MW and MVar

are shown as green and yellow arrows respectively.

In other words, the flows are from the positive number to the negative number shown

below, and the number on top is the real power while the number on the bottom is the reactive

power. The voltage is indicated by the color of the branch. In this example, red indicates 500kV.

III. The loading percentages

Go to third toolbar. Click on Current Loadings icon

The following will be displayed:

IV. Animation

Go to third toolbar. Click on Animate Flows icon

The following will be displayed:

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V. Grow and Un-Bind in real application *.sld file

Open exercise 1.sld from your PSSE folder; its hiding some elements that need to be grown.

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Search for BUS 102 by zooming in and right click on the bus. un-select Bind items

Grow N Levels: right click and select Grow N levels. Choose the level that displays new

element to the grid. Once there are no elements added to the grid, and then you are done.

Zoom, Rearrange, and Deliver with Lab Questions.

You should have exactly the sample.sld file shown below:

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PSSE Lab # 2 Questions:

The “sample.sav” and “sample.sld” must be open to perform this section of the lab.

First, build out a one-line diagram to include the following ten buses (and no others!):

101 NUC-A

102 NUC-B

151 NUCPLANT

152 MID500

153 MID230

201 HYDRO

202 EAST500

3004 WEST

3021 WDUM

3022 EDUM

This is best done by typing “101” into the auto draw function, then right clicking the “151” bus;

select grow. From here, right click the “152” bus and select grow. This should prevent you from

ending up with extraneous buses. Solve for the system. Display the current loading percentages

and the power flow animation. Print out the one-line diagram and include it in the report. Save

the one-line diagram as “lab2.sld”, this will be needed for future labs.

Using the one-line diagram, and answer the following questions to include in the report. Turn off

the loading percentages and the power flow animation for clarity. Make sure that the system has

been solved.

1) Looking at Bus #152 (MID500), what is the PLOAD and QLOAD of the load connected to this

bus? _______________________________________________

2) Find the two generators within this sub-system. Which buses are they connected to?

What are the PGEN and QGEN of the two generators?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3) How many reactive devices are in this system? ________________________________

How many capacitors are in this system? ______________________________

How many inductors are in this system?

How many switched reactive devices (switch shunts) are in this system? __________________

How many of the switched shunts are represented as a) inductors b) capacitors?

4) Looking at Bus #153 (MID230), what is the actual voltage of the bus and What is the per unit

voltage? __________________________________________

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Lab3

AUTO CREATION OF *.CON, *.MON, AND *.SUB FILES

Purpose of the lab:

This lab is designed to represent a guide for the user to build the *.sub, *.mon and *.con

files automatically according to sample.sav and sample.sld given files for this course. This lab

will also explain how the three files are utilized by the AC Contingency Calculation (ACCC)

feature of PSS®E to perform a power flow study on a particular zone.

Power Flow (PF) analysis is possibly the single most utilized tool in the power industry.

PF analysis allows us to simulate unplanned (or forced) as well as planned outages. A power

flow solution is often the starting point for many other types of power system analysis. In

addition, power flow analysis is at the heart of contingency analysis and the implementation of

real-time monitoring systems. The creation of contingency (*.com), monitor and subsystem files

will allow us to perform PF analysis.

Important definition for better comprehension to this lab:

· *.sub (subsystem) file:

The subsystem file informs the power flow analysis to only look at a prescribed section, or zone,

of the overall network.

· *.mon (monitor) file:

The monitor file tells the power flow simulator which branches to be supervised during the (N-1)

contingencies

· *.con (contingency) file:

The contingency file is programmed to remove equipment, from service; this is referred to as a

contingency. When the system is fully operational, it has no outages, therefore it is referred to as

system intact or (N-0). When a single line is taken out of service, the case is then referred to as

an (N-1). When two elements are taken out of the service, it referred to as (N-2) The easiest way

to program how to do this is to see a portion of the code used in the *.con file and understand

what everything does.

· ACCC:

The contingency, monitor, and subsystem files are utilized by the AC Contingency Calculation

(ACCC) features of PSS®E to perform a power flow study on a prescribed zone. The ACCC

produces an analysis of the power system.

· DFAX (distribution factors file):

It is a measure of the impact of injections and network changes on the grid applied over the

initial or base case power flow. DFAX represents a measure of the effect of each zone‘s load on

the transmission constraint that requires the mitigating upgrade, as determined by power flow

analysis. The source used for the DFAX calculation is the aggregate of all generation external to

the study area.

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· Sample.sav file: (described in lab 1)

The saved case file (*.sav) is a binary image of the load flow working case. To conserve disk

space and minimize the time required for storage and retrieval, saved cases (*.sav) are

compressed in the sense that unoccupied parts of the data structure are not stored when the

system model is smaller than the capacity limits of the program.

· Sample.sld file: (described in lab 2)

*.sld – Slider file (Single Line Diagram) This file allows for performing network analysis studies

on the grid. Sliders are visual displays of the grid. It includes buses, branches, lines, loads,

generators, transformers etc... All components should be color coded based on voltage flow. The

slider file can also show the operational ratings (power flowing across the component relative to

the capacity) of the listed components. This network can be divided on several zones and areas

based on the need of the user.

· Areas:

Graphically, an Area typically represents an entire region, perhaps a state (Colorado) or small

country (Bahrain). Areas can be utilized to represent a regional electric market, ie, the majority

of load within an area is served with the majority of generation in that same area. Load can be

served with generation from another area. This is typically accomplished thru metering and

schedules but is outside the scope of this lab. The only reason for a detailed explanation is to

present this concept and Bulk Electric System (BES) structural philosophy currently practiced in

the real world to familiarize the future power engineer.

· Zones:

Typically, Areas (above) are represented as a collection of Zones. An Area could contain one or

more Zones. The reasoning behind this is to allow Areas to have many subsets (Zones) such that

detailed analysis and criteria can be applied to a particular Zone. For instance, one town may

have a stricter pos-contingent per-unit voltage level. By breaking areas into zones, you will have

the flexibility to apply different scenarios to avoid any outages or blackout when overloads occur

and could be fixed fast and easy because you know which zones are affected.

area1.sub file: The “area1.sub’ file has subsystem we called out (specified) as “central” and it

contains all buses in ‘area1’ as defined in the sample.sav database.

area1.mon file: The “area1.mon’ utilizes the subsystem we indicated as “central”. As such, we

are now able to implement a wide variety of monitoring functions on this subsystem. The first

line sets a per unit voltage range for the subsystem. Next, the line gives +/- deviation from the

prescribed values in first line. Then, the line comments inform which branches to monitor in the

subsystem named “central”. Finally, the line tells that the monitor file is tied to “central”

subsystem.

area1.con file: The “area1.con” is another file that is dependent on the subsystem. This file is

utilized to simulate contingencies in power flow analysis for system-in-tact-minus-1 simulations,

also known as N-1 simulations. The contingency operation will work in all of the elements in the

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specified area or zone. For instance, it plans to remove any single branch between two buses,

double branches between two buses, or any single/double branch from one area/zone to another.

AC Contingency Calculation (ACCC):

The three files area1.sub, area1.mon, and area1.con are utilized to by the AC Contingency

Calculation (ACCC) feature of PSS®E to perform a PF study on a particular area or zone. After

creating “area1” files, now it’s time to solve the system.

NOW after you have the appropriate files for this operation. The report contains three majors

Section described below.

1- Monitored Branch

* It shows all the branched double or single with its number and base voltage in kV that

has been monitored by the contingency assigned to it. It also shows the machine identifier

“ID”.

* Under the contingency, the name of this contingency “BASE CASE”

* Next column states the rating for the first power rating; entered in MVA

* Under Flow indicates the amount of the power flow through this branch.

* % shows the loads percentage which above 100% loads called overload.

2- Monitored voltage report

This section will sort the buses according to the subsystem name in this case

“CENTRAL”

V-CONT: is the post contingency voltage. It indicates the voltage element under the

specified network label. Ex: Single 5

V-INIT: it shows the initial voltage for this bus in deviation.

V-MAX: indicates the maximum voltage deviation in the CENTRAL subsystem.

(above V-initial)

V-MIN: indicates the minimum voltage deviation in the CENTRAL subsystem.

(below V-initial)

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3- Contingency Legends

Sorts all the contingencies according to the network label and shows the action/event of

this contingency. It runs contingency in every branch in all possible network choice and

evaluates the overloads with each event.

These label networks can be explored in the “sample.sld” file by double-click on the bus

number as shown below:

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PSSE Lab # 3 Questions:

The “sample.sav” data file must be open to perform this section of the lab.

Using the “area1” contingency file, the “area1” monitor file and the “area1” subsystem file that

have been provided, create an “area1.dfx” DFAX and an “area1.acc” AC contingency file. Solve

the system with the loaded AREA1 files and run the ACCC report as shown above. View the

report generated by PSS®E and print out the report, this print out will need to be included in the

lab report. It will also be helpful in answering the following questions.

1) Which branches suffer from overloads during the “BASE CASE” contingency and what is their

percentage of overload?

BRANCH Percentage overload

2) Looking at the “SINGLE 9” contingency, which branches suffer from overloads that did not

suffer from overloads during the “BASE CASE”, and what is their percentage of overload?

BRANCH Percentage overload

3) Of the branches suffering from overloads during the “BASE CASE”, which one(s) got worse

during this contingency (SINGLE 9), and by how much?

BRANCH Percentage overload increase

4) Did any of these branches actually see a reduction in overload, if so, which ones and by how

much were they reduced? ______________

5) Which of the contingencies created the highest number of overloaded branches? ___________

6) Find the “SINGLE 7” contingency.

a) What is the rating of the branch between bus #153 and #154 (in MW) and what is the actual power

flow (in MW) on this branch? ______________

b) What is the rating of the branch between bus #152 and #3021 (in MW) and what is the actual

power flow (in MW) on this branch? _______________________________

7) Using the lab manual, run the ACCC for “area2” and named the subsystem “EAST “. Printout the

report and submit it with Lab #3 Questions.

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Lab4

MANUAL CREATION OF *.CON, *.MON, AND *.SUB FILES

Purpose of the lab:

This lab guides the user to create the *.con, *.mon, and *.sub files manually based on the

completion of lab 3 and using these files sample.sav and sample.sld. Also, giving the user a

deeper understanding of how to create and modify the three files which are necessary to perform

the ACCC analysis for PF. Objectives of the lab:

• Create & Modify subsystem file (*.sub)

• Create & Modify monitor file (*.mon)

• Create & Modify contingency file (*.con)

• Apply ACCC using the files above.

• ACCC report.

A Text file “*.txt” is necessary to get familiar with Text files to do this lab. A text file (or

plain text file) is a file which contains only ordinary textual characters with essentially no

formatting. Text files are commonly used throughout PSS®E because soft code contains

commands often needed to complete tasks. PSS®E utilizes specifically named .txt files to

perform ACCC analysis. These files are named *.sub, *.mon and *.com (subsystem, monitor and

contingency files respectively)

Recap of some important definitions:

· ACCC

The contingency, monitor, and subsystem files are utilized by the AC Contingency Calculation

(ACCC) feature of PSS®E to perform a power flow study on a prescribed zone. The ACCC

produces power flow analysis of a system.

· DFAX (distribution factors file):

It is a measure of the impact of injections and network changes on the grid applied over the

initial or base case power flow. DFAX represents a measure of the effect of each zone‘s load on

the transmission constraint that requires the mitigating upgrade, as determined by power flow

analysis. The source used for the DFAX calculation is the aggregate of all generation external to

the study area.

Contingency file (*.con):

1. Go to Sample.sav. Click on tab.

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2. Use the above branches as reference of central area to create commands for area1a.con.

3. Now open the Notepad program. Save As and Name it “area1a.con” in the file name

blank in “Lab4” folder.

4. Type (Do NOT copy the italic words)

COM

COM CONTINGENCY description file entry modified by CSU user

COM

TRACE starts the program

5. The next line names (N-1) contingency where specified and named the contingency for

the following line. The following describes which lines will be opened (tripped). In the

end of area1a.con command you should end up with Two ENDS; one for last

contingency plan and the other for the whole area1a.con. an example below shown this

step:

CONTINGENCY NUC_MID_1

OPEN LINE FROM BUS 151 TO BUS 152 CKT 1

END ends MUC_MID_1 contingency

END ends area1.com

REMARKS:

NUC_MID_1 name of the contingency for NUCPLNT and MID500 branch and with ID 1

CKT1 refers to the first NUCPLNT and MID500 branch in this area.

CKT2 refers to the second NUCPLNT and MID500 branch in this area.

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In order to finish the contingency file “area1a.con”, the student must complete the remaining:

Copy the first two contingency plans as explained and shown above.

Fill “????” with Contingency name, “???” with Bus number in FROM_TO line, and “?”

with ID # in the three contingencies followed.

Write the remains 5 contingencies emulating the syntax structure of the given examples.

Complete the necessary #’s describes DOWNTN and CATDOG branch. Finish with Two

ENDS.

6. By the end you will have 11 total contingencies. Save and close area1a.con.

AC Contingency Calculation (ACCC):

The three files area1a.sub, area1a.mon, and area1a.con are utilized to by the AC

Contingency Calculation (ACCC) feature of PSS®E to perform a PF study on a particular area

or zone. After creating “area1a” files, now it’s time to solve the system. Follow the steps

below to run ACCC:

1- ACCC icon located on the Fourth Toolbar

Or there is always another long way to run the ACCC contingency solution:

a- Go to Toolbar and click on Power Flow menu

b- Scroll down to Solution.

c- Under Solution click on AC contingency solution (ACCC)

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d- Click on DFAX:

Distribution factor data file to create area1a.dfx.

A Distribution Factor Data File (DFAX) needs to be created by loading the provided area1a.sub,

area1a.mon and area1a.sub files. Click on the “DFAX” button, and the “Build Distribution

Factor Data File” window will be displayed:

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Use the navigation icon to choose the files area1a.sub, area1a.mon, and area1a.con from

“Lab4” folder respectively as shown below. Type “area1a” in the Distribution factor data output

file.

Click OK. Now you have created area1a.dfx file.

** If you make changes to your *.sub, *.mon, or *.con files, you MUST re-build the DFAX

file. It is not necessary to give it a new name, simply overwrite the existing file.

e- Contingency solution output file : type in the file name “area1a“

Leave Load throwover data file empty.

Click on Solve. Don’t close the Window yet!

f- Click on reports the window in the next page will open and make sure you have the correct file

name for *.acc file you created above.

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g- Hit GO to run area1a report. Close.

2- Go over the report and check all the files created in this lab are in there.

PSSE Lab # 4 Questions:

1) Printout area1a.sub file.

2) printout area1a.mon file

3) Complete and Printout area1a.con file.

4) Printout area1a report.

5) Using the lab manual, run ACCC for “area2a” and named the subsystem “EAST_2a”.

printout the following:

a) east2a.sub file.

b) east2a.mon file.

c) east2a.con file.

d) “east2a” report.

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Lab5

MULTIPLE AC CONTINGENCY CALCULATION REPROT

Purpose of the lab:

This lab was designed to show the student how to adjust one-line diagram file (sample.sld) and

then solve to reach better power flow with no overloads. The student is supposed to add another

line (Branch) between bus 153 and bus 154. Then, solve the system and do the necessary

adjustment to fix the overload in the system. This lab will explain how the Multiple AC

Contingency calculation report feature of PSS®E creates a single report with multiple ACCCs

into one file.

Add Line to Sample.sav:

A. From the far left of the sample.sav table click on the row which shows the branch from bus

#153 to bus #154 as shown.

B. Right click and select copy

C. Right click on the empty bottom row of the table and select paste

D. The new branch created between BUS#153 to BUS#154.

E. Code has to be changed to 3 according to how many branches between the two buses.

Arrow Up will sort automatically below the original one.

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Add Branch to sample.sld:

1. Go to the sample.sld and find bus number 153

2. Click on Bus#153

3. Once the bus selected use right click on the bus to open the list below.

4. Scroll down to Grow N levels – make sure that the number of level on the next box

will be one and hit OK.

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5. An image of the adjusted slider file is provided below; it shows that the added line is

kind of hidden behind another element Zoom in.

6. Rearrange the branch to be visible.

F.

Run Multiple ACCC reports:

The PSS®E Multiple AC Contingency reports feature can be used to perform. The

multiple allows running ACCC reports contingencies within one run and compares up to nine

contingency runs(Multiple *.acc) . This is a very powerful tool when side by side study

comparisons are needed. Computational procedures in a contingency analysis shown in the

diagram below:

a- Go to Toolbar and click on Power Flow menu

b- Scroll down to Reports.

c- Under Reports click on Multiple AC Contingency run report…

Changing the position of

the line

The added line is hidden!! The added line appears

here

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This window will appear:

d- Go to Contingency solution output box and click

e- Navigate to your LAB4 folder and choose area1a.acc

f- Navigate to your LAB5 folder and choose area1c.acc

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g- Hit Go.

The Multiple ACCC reports display in the report window that contains 15 pages. Go to page 9

and check the changes on the Added line. The load drops between bus#153 to Bus#154 by 28.4%

PSSE Lab # 5 Questions:

1) Print out the Multiple ACCC report “area1c.acc”?

2) After the impact of the contingency and loads, explain how it affects area1?

3) Add transformer between Bus#152 and Bus#153, follow the same method of adding line in

this lab and name the contingency output solution “area1T.acc”. Show the ACCC report

“area1T.acc”?

4) Compare the three contingency report area1a.acc, area1c.acc, and area1T.acc?

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Ethics Concerns

In our project Introduction to Power System Simulator we are studying how to solve a

given power system. Then, we are learning how to build these a power network based on the

requirements of a project. Lastly, we get to learn to overcome an outage in the system.

meanwhile we are approaching our goal we are supposed to make a lab manual for the students

of power systems. There are many ethical issues that can be associated with our work in this

project such as solutions given to any outage should be tested as a long term solution and under

all expected circumstances, how fast the solutions are provided and the copy right of the case

must always be respected and protected.

Copy right is a common issue in most fields and throughout this project we have been

facing it in two forms. First, with the case we are using, since every case has a copyright of its

designer, so as a user there should be some sort of permission by the designer or their company.

In fact, our team had actually changed the name of the project as well as the case to avoid falling

in the issue of using name and case without a legit permission by the company. Instead our

adviser provided us with a sample case. Second, writing the lab manuals for the power system

class should fallow the writing copy right rules and relegations. We basically, have to site

sources of all used information, if we use any quotes we definitely have to quote it and finally

after writing these lab manuals I believe we will earn their copy rights as well.

Another really significant ethical issue with building a power system network is

considering all circumstances and any possibility of outage and provides the system with auto

solutions. In other words, the system must be tested in all possible outages to determine how

much load is flowing before and after an outage in an element of the network and how is this

effecting the other elements. After these tests adjustments should be provided to each case as a

backup plan (solutions) to bring the balance back to the network and makes it work properly.

One of the challenges in any power plant is providing their power service continually even in

case of an outage and in case of an expected system failure a fast solution and getting the service

back as soon as possible.

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Conclusion and continuation project

Introduction to PSS®E thru Laboratory Tutorials is a path to learn the power flow

analysis and how to manage overloads. The project started by learning PSS®E software through

old version labs in the old version of the software and through reading the manuals and exploring

some website for more deep details. This project is designed to guide the CSU Engineering

students rather than ECE student to the power filed and built a basic solid background in PSS®E.

The labs are well explained and easy to follow the instruction to complete each lab. There are

five laboratories with designed lab Questions to test the info giving in the lab. Lab Questions are

practical to test practically what the student learns from following the labs instruction.

The project may continue in the future by creating slider file from blank page to the ends.

This part will contain adding the necessary input such as Buses, Branches, Loads amounts, 2-

winding transformers, 3-winding transformers, capacitors, inductors, bus base voltage, and more;

that matches the data in the save case file. This can expand the grow element features and show

how to manage the growth. In the other hand, create fake scenarios to analyze and evaluate the

power flow overloads through different objectives of loads, current, voltage, generation loads …

in different elements of slider file in a specific area of the system.

Appendix A: Abbreviations

PSS®E: Power System Simulator for Engineering

PF: Power Flow

*.sav: Save Case File *.sld: Slider Binary File

*.sub: Subsystem File *.mon: Monitor File *.con: Contingency File

*.acc: AC Contingency Calculation Report

N-0: System Intact (all elements are operating in a specified contingency)

N-1: System Normal Minus One (One element has taken out in a specified contingency)

N-2: Two elements have taken out in a specified contingency

MVA: Megavolt ampere

MVar: Mega Volt Ampere Reactive

MW: Megawatt kV: Kilo Voltage

Binit: Initial Switched Shunt Admittance, MVar at 1.0 per Unit Volts

BLK#: Admittance Increment of Block # in MVAR at 1.0 per Unit Volts.

BES: Bulk Electric System

ACCC: AC Contingency Calculation

TA: Teaching Assistant

ENS: Engineering Network Services

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Appendix B: Budget

Our project budget is very limited because we will be researching and creating lab

manual using PSS®E program which is provided on the lab computers by Colorado State

University. We did not take any donation or funds although we were able to file a reimbursement

request to ECE Department to get $50. This program is what we basically need. The necessary

expenses are $56.87 for the preparation of E – Day supplies for:

One White Foam Board, $19.99

One Poster Holder, $8.29

Money for printing, $25.00

Thumbtacks, $3.59

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Appendix C: Timeline

STATUS: D= DONE UP= UNDER PROGRESS PP= POSTPONED

The team’s plan for spring semester is going to be in different chapters as follows: · Chapter one: Introduction to *.sav using PSS®E.

Objectives to accomplish:

1. Show student how to open PSS®E and load the *.sav file. D

2. Describe the *.sav file what is it, what does it contain? And explanation of the tabs

the important ones. D

3. Add table and questions about switch shunts. D

4. Solve the Questions. D

5. Make copy of the answers. D

** Website Update. D

Above Checked 12/31/13 D · Chapter two: intro. To *.sld

1. Describe how to grow an element. D

2. Explain the bind items features. D

3. Add element description from the slider file. D

4. Add how to solve the system. D

5. Add how to display loadings percentage. D

6. Add how to display flows direction using Animation. D

7. Add Questions to the lab. D

8. Solve the Questions. D

9. Make copy of the answers. D

Above Checked 2/3/13 D · Chapter three Feb 3rd

1. Finished edits labs 1 and 2. D

2. Upload lab 1. D

3. Continue with lab 3: introduction and additional progress. D

Above Checked 2/5/13 D · Chapter four: Due March. Auto creation of contingency files

1. Show how to Create the contingency files *.sav, *.mon, and *.sub using Config icon. D

2. Write up lab3 first draft. D

3. Add Questions on lab3. D

4. Solve lab3 Questions. D

5. Final draft of lab3. D

Above Checked 3/10/13 D · Chapter five: Due April 1

st Create the contingency files manually

1. Recap of some important definitions D

2. Show how to write subsystem file. D

3. Show how to write monitor file. D

4. Show how to write contingency file. D

5. Add ACCC methods. D

6. Create Lab4 Questions. D

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7. Solve Lab4 questions. UP

8. Upload to the website. D

Above Checked 3/28/13 UP · Chapter six: Due before April 19

th Multiple ACCC reports

1. Add data line to the save case file. D

2. Add line to the slider file. D

3. Run ACCC for new case. D

4. Run multiple ACCC for area1a.acc and area1c.acc D

5. Create Lab5 Questions D

6. Solve Lab5 Question. UP

Above Checked 5/3/13 UP · Chapter seven: Due May 5

th

1. Final report. D

2. Upload lab5 to website. D

3. Recommendation for project continuation. D

Above Checked 5/4/13 D · Chapter eight: Due May 10

th

1. Upload the final report to the website. UP

2. Submit the design notebook. UP

3. Upload Recommendation for project continuation. UP

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Acknowledgment

We Khamal Abdulaal and Meshari Alshahrani would love to take the opportunity to

Thank Dr. George Collins for giving us such a wonderful chance and a very beneficial

experience working with a power engineer like Joe Liberatore who has trained us and made us

one step closer to take a real power world as a power engineer. He professor Collins has been a

perfect teacher for us in lectures, group meetings, and even quick chats in the engineering

building hallways by providing us by some advices from his long work career experience.

Secondly, appreciation to Joe Liberatore for working with us and putting all the time that

he did and needed for us to complete this project. We have learned a lot from him and got some

good experience. We would like to thank also the manager of ECE Labs Mr. John Seim for his

cooperation regarding installing the PSSE software in the ECE C105 lab. Mr. Fathalla Eldali, who

being around when we needed him planning and answering questions regarding power in general

especially in the fall semester. Also, thanks to him for his contributions regarding using the PSS®E

program.

Finally, much appreciation toward all the effort of the head of senior design Olivera

Notaros has done. She has been a great influence in our project by always making sure that plan

is up to date and bringing us some real work experts who are in the field of engineering to give

presentations of their work experience. Also, we would like to thank the staff of the electrical

engineering department at Colorado state university for all of their effort they put every day to

help students like us graduate.