INTERNATIONAL INVOLVEMENT AND THE PROGRESSIVE ERA SSUSH15 – analyze the origins and impact of U....

INTERNATIONAL INVOLVEMENT INTERNATIONAL INVOLVEMENT AND THE PROGRESSIVE ERAAND THE PROGRESSIVE ERA

SSUSH15 – analyze the origins and impact of U. S. involvement in World War I

WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I

1914 – World War I began in Europe

President Woodrow Wilson – declared U. S. neutral (not backing either side)

Isolationism ( U. S. should stay out of international conflicts)

Wilson’s Presidential Slogan in 1916 – “he kept us out of war”

The World at WarThe World at War

WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I

U. S. ENTERS WAR-• U-boats – submarines attacked ships in the Atlantic – in

1915 blew up Lusitania with Americans on board; later Germany agreed not to attack passenger ships

• Unrestricted submarine warfare – Germany attacking all ships

• Zimmerman telegram – sent by Germans to Mexico to encourage them to attack U. S., if declared war on Germany

• World “must be made safe for democracy” – Wilson’s case for war; entered April 1917

Sinking of LusitaniaSinking of Lusitania

WORLD WAR I: The War EndsWORLD WAR I: The War Ends

Reasons • Germany’s failure to defeat Britain and France• Arrival of U. S. troops

• Armistice (cease fire/agreement to stop fighting) –November 11,1918 at 11th hour

• Peace Conference – held in Paris; leaders of the warring nations; Pres. Wilson’s goal was peace and stability (introduced his Fourteen Points)

• League of Nations – purpose would be to provide a place where countries could peacefully discuss solutions to their differences; U. S. did not join

• Treaty of Versailles – ended war; U. S. did not sign treaty ending World War I

World Leaders meet to bring peace World Leaders meet to bring peace after WWIafter WWI

GREAT MIGRATIONGREAT MIGRATION

Social Impact of war• Increase demand of products (weapons, supplies,

uniforms, equipment, etc)• Need for more men in north because most had gone to

war• Result, many African Americans began leaving the

South to pursue better economic opportunities and hopes of escaping southern racism

• Mass movement of African Americans from rural South to northern cities continued for sever decades and was known as the Great Migration

African Americans migrating north for African Americans migrating north for jobsjobs

REVIEW QUESTIONSREVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following would an isolationist support? a. Staying out of WWI

b. Zimmerman telegram

c. Sending U. S. troops to fight in Europe

d. The League of Nations

2. For what reasons did the U. S. eventually enter World War I?

3. What was the League of Nations and why did the United States Senate refuse to ratify the treaty that would have made the U.S. a member?

STANDARD

SSUSH16: Identify key developments in the aftermath of WWI

The 1920s

People of the United States wanted a “return to normalcy” after World War I.

Warren G. Harding promised to do just that

The “Red Scare” and Immigration Americans showed fear of foreigners by retreating into

nativism and isolationism Also feared the spread of communism (economic and political

system based on a single-party government ruled by a dictatorship)

The Red Scare

Caused by the overthrow of Russia’s czarist regime in 1917 The Bolsheviks – led by Vladamir Lenin – established a Communist state (based on the teachings of Karl Marx Communist Party formed in the UnitedStates

The “Red Scare” and Immigration

The Palmer Raids U.S. Attorney Gen. Mitchell Palmer appointed J.

Edgar Hoover as his special assistant Hoover hunted down suspected Communists,

socialists, and anarchists (people who oppose government)

Hoover violated people’s civil rights, invaded private homes and offices, jailed suspects without legal counsel

Raids did not turn up any evidence of a conspiracy

Fear of Communism Sacco and Vanzetti

Red Scared fed people’s fears and suspicions of foreigners

Nicolo Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Italian immigrants and anarchists were arrested and charged with burglary and murder

Found guilty and sentenced to death People around the world protested

Immigration Restrictions

“Keep America for Americans…” The Klan Rises Again

Fed off of anti-immigrant feelings Targeted Roman Catholics, Jews, and foreign-born people

The Quota System Emergency Quota Act of 1921 established a maximum

number of people who could enter U.S. from each country Temporary limit on immigrants in 1924 and permanent

bans in 1929 Japanese immigrants were prohibited

Henry Ford and the Automobile

Following WWI there were a number of innovations in business and technology Henry Ford

Perfected and successfully marketed the automobile using mass production and the assembly line – this made automobiles cheaper for ordinary people

Saw his workers as consumers – paid them $5/day (a good salary) so they could afford his cars

From 1907 – 1926, Ford build half the automobiles in the world (16,750,000)

People became more mobile, lived further away from jobs – moved to suburbs

Henry Ford and the Automobile

Cultural Influences

Availability of electricity in homes allowed new appliances like refrigerators, sewing machines, vacuum cleaners, and washing machines Reduced the amount of time

needed to do housework More women worked outside of

home Hairstyles and fashion reflected

change Men and women had more

leisure time Nightlife became common

Radio and Movies Two of the most impactful developments in media

were the radio and movies. Radio united the nation and molded a national culture – it

transformed politics by giving leaders direct access to larger numbers of people

The first movies were silent pictures, then movies with sound (“talkies)

Fashions and lifestyles on the big screen helped define a national culture – movie stars became national icons

Black intellectuals created a thriving Afro-American culture in new York’s Harlem.

•Poets, artists, novelists, and musicians such as Louis Armstrong reach back to their African roots to demonstrate the richness of their racial heritage.

•Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Zora Neale Hurston, Claude McKay, James Weldon Johnson

•These artists inspire and encourage African Americans to remain strong in the face of racial violence.

Jeunesse by Palmer Hayde

I, too, sing America. I am the darker brother.They send me to eat in the kitchenWhen company comes,But I laugh,And eat well,And grow strong. Tomorrow,I'll be at the tableWhen company comes.Nobody'll dareSay to me,"Eat in the kitchen," Then.

Besides,They'll see how beautiful I am And be ashamed –

I, too, am America.

“I saw no curse in being black.”

Tin Pan Alley

Tin Pan Alley grew to be an important center of the music industry during this time. The name referred to the various music houses

in New York City where songwriters and musicians composed and published songs.

Irving Berlin became the most famous Composed over 3,000 songs: “White Christmas,” “God

Bless America,” and “There’s No Business Like Show Business”

Review 1. The term “Red Scare” refers to

A. US concerns about communism. B. citizens fears concerning the social changes of the 1920s. C. specific legislation restricting immigration. D. white fears inspired by the Harlem Renaissance.

2. Tin Pan Alley is most associated with A. Langston Hughes. C. Irving Berlin. B. the Red Scare. D. Henry Ford.

3. Describe Henry Ford’s impact on the car industry and business practices in general.

SSUSH19: Identify the origins, major developments, and the domestic impact of World War II, and the domestic impact of World War II, especially the growth of

the federal government.

After WWI, the U.S. had retreated into isolationism and neutrality

Once again, war threatened Europe Italy was Fascist; Germany was Nazi, and

Soviet Union was Communist

Following WWI, Europe was devastated by the effects of a worldwide economic depression People blamed government leaders for their hardships Totalitarian governments rose to power Adolf Hitler in Germany and Benito Mussolini in Italy

seized power (two became allies) Hitler was able to win support for the Nazi Party, blaming the Jews, the betrayal

of the former German republic, and Germany’s enemies in WWI for the nation’s troubles

Promised to restore the glory of the nation Called himself “Fuhrer” (leader) of Germany and labeled his new government

the “Third Reich”, an empire lasting a thousand years

1936, Hitler moved German troops in Rhineland – violating the Treaty of Versailles Britain and France ignored the move March 1938, Hitler Annexed Austria – no reaction September 1938, Hitler demanded Sudetenland (in western Czechoslovakia)

Britain and France used the policy of “appeasement” – agreed to giving Hitler Sudetenland if he did not take anymore territories Winston Churchill opposed the policy: “Britain and France had to choose

between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have war.”

1920s and 1930s, Japan began aggressively expanding its territory

It lacked natural resources, so it began to conquer territory in the South Pacific

Japan invaded Manchuria (in China) in 1931 The League of Nations demanded they leave – Japan withdrew

from the League instead 1937, Japan began trying to seize the rest of China By 1938, had captured major cities along the Chinese coast

1940, Germany, Italy, and Japan formed the Axis Powers

Moving Cautiously Away From Neutrality Franklin Delano Roosevelt is president September 1939, Roosevelt convinced Congress

to pass a “cash and carry” provision that allowed warring nations to buy U.S. arms as long as they paid cash and transported them on their own ships

FDR was also dealing with racial tension in the US armed forces Blacks and whites served in segregated units On ships, whites got more sophisticated duties, blacks

served as cooks, janitors

1941, African-American leader A. Philip Randolph proposed a march on Washington to protest discrimination FDR responded with the Fair Employment Act – outlawing

discrimination – Randolph canceled the march

1. Who was the totalitarian dictator who rose to power in Germany and aggressively seized foreign territory that set the stage for another world war? A. Benito Mussolini B. Axis Powers C. Adolf Hitler D. A.P. Randolph

2. Which country aggressively conquered parts of China and other areas in the South Pacific in the 1920s and 1930? A. Germany B. Italy C. Japan D. Ethiopia

3. Why did A. Philip Randolph and others propose a march on Washington, DC in 1947? Describe the effect their actions had on government action and race relations.

September 1, 1939 Hitler launched WWII in Europe when he invaded Poland – it stood between Germany and the Soviet Union Hitler wanted to conquer the Soviet Union Signed a peace treaty with the Soviets – “non-aggression pact”

(wouldn’t attack each other) Hitler had to conquer France first to keep them from aiding the

USSR – once France was defeated he could forget the pact and invade USSR Joseph Stalin was not fooled, but signed pact anyway

Great Britain and France declared war on Germany

April 1940, Germany conquered Denmark and Norway and then moved on to Belgium, the Netherlands and France Hitler forced France to sign an armistice, then tried to establish peace

with Great Britain – Britain refused, so he turned on them as well US was still neutral, the Soviet Union had not entered the war

Leaving Great Britain alone to face German domination of Europe Battle of Britain raged from July – October 1940

Germany bombed British cities nightly – London citizens slept in subways Churchill inspired the British people with a strong sense of nationalism

and hope British able to fight off the Germans with their Royal Air Force – forcing

Hitler to give up invading Great Britain

Building U.S. Defenses U.S. increased spending on national defense Instituted the draft – Selective Training and

Service Act Men between ages of 21 and 35 were registered

Roosevelt Runs for Third Term Broke tradition of running for two terms

FDR: “If Great Britain goes down, all of us in the Americas would be living at the point of a gun. We must be the great arsenal of democracy.” March 1941, Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act

Could send aid to any nation whose defense was considered vital to the US’s national security – the countries could pay later “If your neighbor’s house is on fire, you don’t sell him a hose,

you give it to him.”

U.S. decodes a secret Japanese communication Japan was planning to attack U.S.; when and where was

not known

The Attack on Pearl Harbor “A day which will live in infamy” December 7, 1941, 180 Japanese warplanes flew over Pearl Harbor dropping bombs for an hour and a half 2043 Americans killed, 1178 wounded

Reaction to Pearl Harbor Pres. Roosevelt asked Congress for a

declaration of war Germany and Italy declared war on the United

States U.S. had entered

World War II

Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor made Americans suspicious of Japanese, German, and Italian Americans – they may support the Axis Powers Thousands of these citizens were forced into internment

camps – located in remote areas so they could be monitored

Japanese suffered more than Germans and Italians 100,000 Japanese Americans were forced from their homes and

businesses – losing everything 1944, US Supreme Court said internment was lawful and justified 1983, US formally recognized injustice – paid $20,000 to living

Japanese Americans who suffered

Japan thought their attack on Pearl Harbor would make Americans shrink from conflict. NOT!

Selective Service and the GI After Pearl Harbor, eager young Americans jammed recruiting offices 5 million volunteers was not enough to fight on two

fronts: Europe and the Pacific 10 million men were drafted

British Prime Minster – Winston Churchill “We are in the same boat” Churchill and Roosevelt met to work out war strategy for

Europe and Japan The Battle of the Atlantic

Hitler ordered submarine raids against ships along America’s east coast

Germans wanted to prevent food and war materials from reaching Great Britain and the Soviet Union

Allies used convoys escorted by destroyers with sonar to detect submarines; airplanes were also used

Three days after Pearl Harbor, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States

Hitler had attacked the Soviet Union

The US, Britain, and the Soviet Union stood together as the Allied Powers – drove Axis out of North Africa, took parts of Italy then planned invasion of Western Europe

D-DAY Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin met December 1943

Stalin wanted to invade France, US and Britain agreed General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed to serve as

supreme allied commander in charge of planning Operation Overlord gathered 3 million British, American, and Canadian troops to

attack Normandy in northern France June 6, 1944 Allied air forces landed behind German lines,

followed by thousands of seaborne soldiers Largest land-sea-air operation in army history German retaliation was brutal on Omaha Beach

The Allies Gain Ground The suffered heavy casualties, but held the

beachheads By September 1944 the Allies had freed France,

Belgium, and Luxembourg

Roosevelt was elected to a fourth term Don’t “change horses in midstream”

The Battle of the Bulge Turning point of WWII German troops drove 60 miles into Allied territory

in Germany creating a bulge in the lines between American and Britain forces

Germans captured 120 American soldiers and mowed them down with machine guns

Nazis were forced to retreat after losing 120,000 troops, 600 tanks and 1,600 planes

The invasion of Europe exposed the horrible atrocities committed by the Nazis against the Jews Hitler used anti-Semitism to ascend to power – blaming Jews for

Germany’s financial problems Hitler’s “Final Solution” was to exterminate the Jewish race – he

rounded them up and put them in concentration camps where they were killed or used as slave labor

Allied forces pressed eastward into German heartland and the Soviet army pushed westward across Poland toward Berlin

Soviet troops reach the death camps first Found a thousand starving prisoners and the world largest

crematorium, storehouse of 800,000 shoes Six million Jews died during the Holocaust

Unconditional Surrender April 25, 1945 Soviet army had stormed Berlin Hitler hid in underground headquarters; shot

himself, new wife drank poison Bodies were burned

President Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945 Allied countries celebrated V-E Day (Victory in

Europe Day) on May 8, 1945 Harry S. Truman becomes 33rd president

Hours after attacking Pearl Harbor, Japan attacked the Philippines, destroying nearly half of the US airplanes stationed there Took 75,000+ US soldiers and Filipinos as POWs – forced

to walk 60 miles to war camps, many died (Bataan Death March)

Japanese troops had overrun Hong Kong, French Indochina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand, and much of China

80,000 American and Filipino troops under Gen. Douglas MacArthur battled the Japanese

Japanese Admiral Yamamoto considered a military genius for attack on Pearl Harbor

The Battle of Midway – June 1942 Midway was an island northwest of Hawaii

Allies were able to prevent Japanese from taking island Americans torpedoed Japanese planes and dive bombers Was the turning point in the Pacific War Improved morale of US’s Pacific forces

Allies started “island hopping” (regaining one island at a time) moving toward Japan

Japanese Defense Japanese started kamikaze attacks (suicide-planes) Flew 424 kamikaze missions in the Philippines

Iwo Jima Allies able to retake Philippines They took Iwo Jima as a strategic point to reach Japan with

bombers

The Battle for Okinawa Final assault on Japan April 1945, U.S. Marines invaded Okinawa Japanese unleashed 1,900 kamikaze attacks on

Allies; sank 30 ships, damaged 300 more, killed 5,000 seamen

Japan lost 110,000 lives

Mobilization of Scientists 1941, Roosevelt created Office of Scientific Research and

Development (OSRD) to bring scientists into war effort – headed by J. Robert Oppenheimer

Manhattan Project Secret project to build the atomic bomb Took place in labs at Los Alamos, New Mexico Tested in the desert on July 16, 1945 – explosion shattered

windows 125 miles away

Harry S. Truman attended the Potsdam Conference to discuss postwar policies with Prime Minister Churchill and Joseph Stalin Potsdam Declaration – allied leaders restated their

policy of “unconditional surrender” – allies would determine terms of peace with no conditions accepted from Japan Japan refused to surrender

Hiroshima and Nagasaki Pres. Truman approved the use of the bomb B29 bomber Enola Gay released the atomic bomb on

Hiroshima, three days later on Nagasaki (dropped second bomb because Japan still did not surrender) Killed 200,000; every building collapsed; radiation and

poisoning occurred August 14, 1945 Japan finally surrendered WWII was over! US celebrated V-J Day (Victory over Japan)

1. The US entered the fighting in WWII specifically because of what event? A. Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor B. Germany’s invasion of Poland C. Germany’s and the USSR’s non-aggression pact D. the fall of France

2. Who would have been most excited about the US’ Lend-Lease Act? A. Adolf Hitler C. Winston Churchill B. Isoroku Yamamoto D. Benito Mussolini

3. What was the purpose of US internment camps? A. to protect Japanese, German, and Italian American citizens

from racists who might harm them B. to provide a place to train soldiers to fight in WWII C. to allow a secluded place for scientists to work on the atomic

bomb D. to keep a close eye on citizens who might be a threat to the US

war effort 4. Describe how German, Italian, and Japanese Americans

were treated by the US government during WWII. 5. What was the atomic bomb, why was it used, and what

effect did it have on the war?

The government paid artists to design patriotic war posters; movie theaters began playing newsreels depicting the US war effort in a positive light

US economy had to switch from peacetime to wartime quickly Pres. Roosevelt established the War Production

Board (WPB) Re-directed resources away from consumer goods to materials

needed for war US economy boomed, unemployed found jobs

Income Taxes and War Bonds US needed to raise money More people required to pay income taxes

(withholding income tax) Held war bond drives to promote the purchase of

bonds ($60 million was raised)

The government also asked people to sacrifice resources Citizens grew victory gardens so more food could be sent

to feed soldiers

Rationing Designed to make sure essentials were available for the

military Households received ration books with coupons to buy

meat, shoes, sugar, coffee, and gas

US men were going off to war, women became important part of the workforce Shortage of workers to meet industrial and military needs Women were used to fill the jobs – women were able to

prove themselves “Rosie the Riveter” was a popular song that described a

woman who worked in the factory as a riveter while her boyfriend served in the marines

Became the symbol of those women who entered the workforce to fill the gap left vacant

by men serving in the war

1. The term “Rosie the Riveter” refers to A. people who raised victory gardens. B. women who worked jobs so men could fight in

WWII. C. women who joined the military. D. the head of the War Production Board.

2. What was the purpose of the War Production Board?

3. How did the war affect citizens and the role of women in US society?

The Great The Great DepressionDepression

Standard SSUSH17: Analyze the causes and

consequences of the Great Depression.

Initial ProsperityInitial Prosperity

Pres. Harding’s administration was racked by Pres. Harding’s administration was racked by scandalsscandals

After he died in 1923 Vice President Calvin After he died in 1923 Vice President Calvin Coolidge became presidentCoolidge became president

Coolidge supported big business and believed Coolidge supported big business and believed in laissez-faire economics (gov’t shouldn’t in laissez-faire economics (gov’t shouldn’t regulate business)regulate business) ““The business of the American people is The business of the American people is

business.”business.”

Hoover Takes the NationHoover Takes the Nation

The Election of 1928The Election of 1928 Herbert Hoover, a Republican, won an overwhelming victory Herbert Hoover, a Republican, won an overwhelming victory

in 1928in 1928 Dreams of Riches in the Stock MarketDreams of Riches in the Stock Market

In 1929, economists began to warn of weaknesses in the In 1929, economists began to warn of weaknesses in the economyeconomy

Americans remained confident – stock prices roseAmericans remained confident – stock prices rose People engaged in People engaged in speculation speculation (ignoring risks and buying (ignoring risks and buying

stocks for quick profit)stocks for quick profit) Others bought began Others bought began buying on margin buying on margin (paying a small (paying a small

percentage of stock’s price as a down payment and percentage of stock’s price as a down payment and borrowing the rest)borrowing the rest)

Initial ProsperityInitial Prosperity

Mechanization transformed industryMechanization transformed industry Products could be made faster and more Products could be made faster and more

efficiently, making them cheaperefficiently, making them cheaper More people purchased cars, clothes, More people purchased cars, clothes,

appliancesappliances ConsumerismConsumerism became more normal and became more normal and

people spent more than they savedpeople spent more than they saved Economic times seemed goodEconomic times seemed good

OverproductionOverproduction

Industries in TroubleIndustries in Trouble Railroads, textiles, and steel barely made a profitRailroads, textiles, and steel barely made a profit

Railroads lost business to trucks, buses, and private automobilesRailroads lost business to trucks, buses, and private automobiles Mining and lumbering were no longer in high demand after the Mining and lumbering were no longer in high demand after the

warwar Coal mining was impacted by new forms of energy: hydroelectric Coal mining was impacted by new forms of energy: hydroelectric

power, fuel oil, natural gaspower, fuel oil, natural gas Industries such as autos, construction, and consumer goods Industries such as autos, construction, and consumer goods

also sufferedalso suffered When the market has more of a product than consumers want When the market has more of a product than consumers want

it is called it is called overproductionoverproduction Consumers’ reluctance to buy is referred to as Consumers’ reluctance to buy is referred to as

underconsumptionunderconsumption

Economic Troubles on the HorizonEconomic Troubles on the Horizon

Agriculture suffered the mostAgriculture suffered the most After the war, demand fell, crop prices declinedAfter the war, demand fell, crop prices declined

Farmers boosted production, which depressed prices furtherFarmers boosted production, which depressed prices further Midwestern farmers unknowingly stripped much of the land Midwestern farmers unknowingly stripped much of the land

and left it damagedand left it damaged This damage combined with This damage combined with droughtsdroughts left the soil dry and left the soil dry and

easily swept away by high windseasily swept away by high winds The The Dust BowlDust Bowl was a series of storms that hit the Midwest, was a series of storms that hit the Midwest,

causing enormous, black clouds of dust that blanketed farms causing enormous, black clouds of dust that blanketed farms and entire cities, displacing hundreds of thousands of farmersand entire cities, displacing hundreds of thousands of farmers


Consumers Have Less Money to SpendConsumers Have Less Money to Spend Farmers bought fewer goods and servicesFarmers bought fewer goods and services Americans were buying less because of rising Americans were buying less because of rising

prices, stagnant wages, unbalanced distribution prices, stagnant wages, unbalanced distribution of income, and overbuying on creditof income, and overbuying on credit

Production had grown faster than wagesProduction had grown faster than wages Widened gap between rich and poorWidened gap between rich and poor


Living on CreditLiving on Credit Many Americans had been living beyond their Many Americans had been living beyond their

meansmeans They bought on They bought on credit credit (an arrangement in which (an arrangement in which

consumers agreed to buy now and pay later)consumers agreed to buy now and pay later) Easy credit encouraged Americans to pile up Easy credit encouraged Americans to pile up

large amounts of debtlarge amounts of debt People had trouble paying off their debt, cut back People had trouble paying off their debt, cut back

on spendingon spending


Uneven Distribution of IncomeUneven Distribution of Income The rich got richer and the poor got poorerThe rich got richer and the poor got poorer Incomes of the wealthiest 1% rose by 75%Incomes of the wealthiest 1% rose by 75% 70% of American families earned less than 70% of American families earned less than

$2,500 per year – even families earning twice $2,500 per year – even families earning twice that could not afford household productsthat could not afford household products

Average men and women bought one new outfit Average men and women bought one new outfit per yearper year

Half the homes had electricity or heatHalf the homes had electricity or heat

The Stock Market CrashesThe Stock Market Crashes

September 1929, stock prices rose then fellSeptember 1929, stock prices rose then fell Black TuesdayBlack Tuesday

October 29, 1929 the bottom fell out of the stock market, October 29, 1929 the bottom fell out of the stock market, known as known as Black TuesdayBlack Tuesday

shareholders tried to sell before prices fell to lowshareholders tried to sell before prices fell to low 16.4 million shares were sold in one day16.4 million shares were sold in one day People who bought on credit were stuck with huge debtsPeople who bought on credit were stuck with huge debts Others lost their savingsOthers lost their savings

By November investors had lost $30 billionBy November investors had lost $30 billion

Financial CollapseFinancial Collapse

Bank and Business FailuresBank and Business Failures People panicked and withdrew money from People panicked and withdrew money from

banksbanks Some couldn’t get moneySome couldn’t get money By 1933, 25,000 banks had closedBy 1933, 25,000 banks had closed Businesses closed, millions lost their jobs, others Businesses closed, millions lost their jobs, others

faced pay cuts and reduced hoursfaced pay cuts and reduced hours Some people did wellSome people did well

Joseph Kennedy (father of JFK) had sold off his Joseph Kennedy (father of JFK) had sold off his stock before the crashstock before the crash

Causes of the Great DepressionCauses of the Great Depression

1. Overproduction and Underconsumption that led 1. Overproduction and Underconsumption that led to falling pricesto falling prices

2. Consumerism: citizens began buying and 2. Consumerism: citizens began buying and spending more money than they savedspending more money than they saved

3. Buying risky stocks on Speculation and “Buying 3. Buying risky stocks on Speculation and “Buying on the Margin”on the Margin”

4. Stock Market Crash of 1929 (“Black Tuesday”)4. Stock Market Crash of 1929 (“Black Tuesday”)

The Depression Devastates People’s The Depression Devastates People’s LivesLives The Depression in the CitiesThe Depression in the Cities

People were evicted from homesPeople were evicted from homes Many slept in parks and sewer pipes wrapped in Many slept in parks and sewer pipes wrapped in

newspapernewspaper Others built shacks which became Others built shacks which became shantytownsshantytowns

(little towns consisting of shacks) – later called (little towns consisting of shacks) – later called HoovervillesHoovervilles

People dug through garbage for foodPeople dug through garbage for food Charities opened Charities opened soup kitchens soup kitchens and and bread bread

lineslines

ShacksShacks

Soup KitchenSoup Kitchen

The Depression Devastates People’s The Depression Devastates People’s LivesLives The Depression in the Cities continued…The Depression in the Cities continued…

Latinos and African Americans had it worseLatinos and African Americans had it worse Higher unemployment rates, lowest wages, racial violence Higher unemployment rates, lowest wages, racial violence

(lynchings)(lynchings) Americans wanted Latinos deported – many relocated to Americans wanted Latinos deported – many relocated to

MexicoMexico The Depression in Rural AreasThe Depression in Rural Areas

Farmers had the advantage of being able to grow their own Farmers had the advantage of being able to grow their own foodfood

Lots of farmers lost their farmsLots of farmers lost their farms Many turned to tenant farmingMany turned to tenant farming

The Depression Devastates People’s The Depression Devastates People’s LivesLives The Dust BowlThe Dust Bowl

A drought had wreaked havoc on the Great A drought had wreaked havoc on the Great PlainsPlains

Land had been exhausted from overproduction Land had been exhausted from overproduction of cropsof crops

Wind scattered topsoilWind scattered topsoil States hit hardest were: Kansas, Oklahoma, States hit hardest were: Kansas, Oklahoma,

Texas, New Mexico, and ColoradoTexas, New Mexico, and Colorado Families picked up and left, headed for CaliforniaFamilies picked up and left, headed for California

Effect on the American FamilyEffect on the American Family

Women Struggle to SurviveWomen Struggle to Survive Many women canned food and sewed clothes, Many women canned food and sewed clothes,

managed household budgetsmanaged household budgets Women worked outside the home for lower Women worked outside the home for lower

wages than menwages than men Married women were frowned upon in the Married women were frowned upon in the

workforceworkforce Women were starving to death in cold attics and Women were starving to death in cold attics and

rooming housesrooming houses

Effect on the American FamilyEffect on the American Family

Children Suffer HardshipsChildren Suffer Hardships Poor diets and lack of healthcare led to health problemsPoor diets and lack of healthcare led to health problems Rise in malnutritionRise in malnutrition Many schools had shorter Many schools had shorter years or closed because of years or closed because of loss of revenueloss of revenue Teenagers, especially boys Teenagers, especially boys hopped on freight trainshopped on freight trains Some were murdered or lockedSome were murdered or lockedin ice cars by mistakein ice cars by mistake

Effect on the American Family Effect on the American Family

Most families stayed togetherMost families stayed together Men in the StreetsMen in the Streets

Some men abandoned their families because Some men abandoned their families because they could not find workthey could not find work

300,000 transients (hoboes) 300,000 transients (hoboes)

wandered the country, hitching wandered the country, hitching

rides or railroad boxcars, sleepingrides or railroad boxcars, sleeping

under bridgesunder bridges

Hoover Tries to Reassure the NationHoover Tries to Reassure the Nation

Hoover’s PhilosophyHoover’s Philosophy Americans should depend on themselves and not the Americans should depend on themselves and not the

governmentgovernment Americans were shocked by his responseAmericans were shocked by his response

Hoover Takes Cautious StepsHoover Takes Cautious Steps He asked business, banking, and labor to work togetherHe asked business, banking, and labor to work together He asked employers not to cut wages and layoff workersHe asked employers not to cut wages and layoff workers Tried to help charitiesTried to help charities Nothing workedNothing worked

Hoover Tries to Reassure the NationHoover Tries to Reassure the Nation

Boulder DamBoulder Dam Building of the dam on the Colorado River Building of the dam on the Colorado River

helpedhelped World’s tallest damWorld’s tallest dam Provided electricity and flood control and regular Provided electricity and flood control and regular

water supply to Californiawater supply to California

Hoover Takes ActionHoover Takes Action

Federal Home Loan Bank ActFederal Home Loan Bank Act Lowered mortgage rates for homeowners and Lowered mortgage rates for homeowners and

farmers could refinancefarmers could refinance

Reconstruction Finance CorporationReconstruction Finance Corporation Authorized $2 billion for emergency financing for Authorized $2 billion for emergency financing for

banks, life insurance companies, railroads, and banks, life insurance companies, railroads, and other large businessesother large businesses

These measures were too late!!These measures were too late!!

ReviewReview

1. The greatest economic crisis in US history is 1. The greatest economic crisis in US history is known asknown as A. overproductionA. overproduction C. The Great DepressionC. The Great Depression B. The Dust BowlB. The Dust Bowl D. Black TuesdayD. Black Tuesday

2. What was the Dust Bowl and how did 2. What was the Dust Bowl and how did overproduction and droughts contribute to it? overproduction and droughts contribute to it? What effect did it have on farmers?What effect did it have on farmers?

3. Describe some of the causes of the Great 3. Describe some of the causes of the Great Depression?Depression?

Standard SSUSH18: Describe Franklin

Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the Depression and compare the ways government programs aided those in need.

FDR Confronts the Nation’s CrisisFDR Confronts the Nation’s Crisis

1932 Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) 1932 Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) electedelected Republicans did not expect Hoover to be Republicans did not expect Hoover to be

reelectedreelected Americans blamed Hoover for doing too little too Americans blamed Hoover for doing too little too

late late FDR, the Democratic candidate, was a two-term FDR, the Democratic candidate, was a two-term

governor from New Yorkgovernor from New York He won an overwhelming victoryHe won an overwhelming victory

Americans Get a New DealAmericans Get a New Deal

Waiting for Roosevelt to TakeoverWaiting for Roosevelt to Takeover FDR would not be inaugurated until March 1933, FDR would not be inaugurated until March 1933,

four months after the election in November 1932four months after the election in November 1932 He worked with his team while he waited to take He worked with his team while he waited to take

officeoffice Formulated a set of policies that would be known Formulated a set of policies that would be known

as the as the New DealNew Deal

Americans Get a New DealAmericans Get a New Deal

In FDR’s first In FDR’s first Hundred Days Hundred Days Congress passed 15 Congress passed 15 major pieces of legislationmajor pieces of legislation Significantly expanded the federal government’s role in the Significantly expanded the federal government’s role in the

nation’s economynation’s economy

FDR used FDR used fireside chats fireside chats (radio talk shows)(radio talk shows) to talk to to talk to the American public about issues of concernthe American public about issues of concern

Regulations for banking and finance were put into Regulations for banking and finance were put into place to protect consumersplace to protect consumers

Roosevelt’s First New DealRoosevelt’s First New Deal

The The Civilian Civilian Conservation Corps Conservation Corps (CCC)(CCC)

The The Agricultural Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)Adjustment Act (AAA)

The Federal Deposit The Federal Deposit Insurance Insurance

Corporation (FDIC)Corporation (FDIC)

Put young men aged 18-25 to Put young men aged 18-25 to work building roads, work building roads, developing parks, planting developing parks, planting trees, flood control projectstrees, flood control projects

Sought to raise crop prices by Sought to raise crop prices by lowering production (paid lowering production (paid farmers not to grow)farmers not to grow)

1933 insured bank deposits up 1933 insured bank deposits up to $100,000to $100,000

Roosevelt’s First New DealRoosevelt’s First New Deal

National Industrial National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)Recovery Act (NIRA)

Tennessee Valley Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)Authority (TVA)

Sought to bolster industrial Sought to bolster industrial prices and prevent US prices and prevent US business failures. Included business failures. Included Public Works Public Works Administration (PWA) Administration (PWA) which which built dams, highways, bridges built dams, highways, bridges – helped put people to work– helped put people to work

Built hydroelectric dams to Built hydroelectric dams to create jobs and bring cheap create jobs and bring cheap electricity to parts of the electricity to parts of the South. Parts of Appalachians South. Parts of Appalachians prospered because of TVAprospered because of TVA

Roosevelt Extends ReliefRoosevelt Extends Relief

One of Roosevelt’s largest program was the Works Progress One of Roosevelt’s largest program was the Works Progress Administration (WPA)Administration (WPA) It set out to create as many jobs as possible as quickly as It set out to create as many jobs as possible as quickly as

possiblepossible Between 1935-1943, $11 billion was spent to give jobs to 8 Between 1935-1943, $11 billion was spent to give jobs to 8

million workersmillion workers They built airports, constructed roads and streets, and put They built airports, constructed roads and streets, and put

up public buildingsup public buildings It also employed professionals to write guides to cities, collected It also employed professionals to write guides to cities, collected

slave narratives, painted murals on the walls of schools, and slave narratives, painted murals on the walls of schools, and performed in theater troupes around the countryperformed in theater troupes around the country

Roosevelt’s CriticsRoosevelt’s Critics

Roosevelt’s reforms were applauded by many but Roosevelt’s reforms were applauded by many but criticized by otherscriticized by others Called a socialistCalled a socialist Others wanted more radical reformsOthers wanted more radical reforms Huey P. LongHuey P. Long of Louisiana had headed a ruthless political of Louisiana had headed a ruthless political

machine and built support by helping poor and machine and built support by helping poor and underprivilegedunderprivileged

Advocated a redistribution of wealth (take from rich and give Advocated a redistribution of wealth (take from rich and give to poor)to poor)

Wanted to cap incomes at $1 million/yearWanted to cap incomes at $1 million/year Assassinated in September 1935Assassinated in September 1935

The Second New DealThe Second New Deal

National Labor National Labor Relations Act (NLRA)Relations Act (NLRA)

Social Security Act Social Security Act (SSA)(SSA)

Revenue Act of 1935Revenue Act of 1935

Also known as the Also known as the Wagner ActWagner Act – – created a board to monitor unfair created a board to monitor unfair management practices against union management practices against union members; allowed workers to members; allowed workers to organize unions, use collective organize unions, use collective bargaining, and go on strikebargaining, and go on strike

Established retirement income for all Established retirement income for all workers at age 65; provided benefits workers at age 65; provided benefits to unemployed; only program still to unemployed; only program still around todayaround today

Raised taxes on those making Raised taxes on those making $50,000/year as well as corporate $50,000/year as well as corporate and estate taxesand estate taxes

The Court-Packing SchemeThe Court-Packing Scheme

Another source of resistance to Roosevelt’s Another source of resistance to Roosevelt’s programs was the US Supreme Courtprograms was the US Supreme Court It struck down a number of New Deal ideasIt struck down a number of New Deal ideas February 1937, Roosevelt proposed his February 1937, Roosevelt proposed his “court-packing “court-packing

scheme” – scheme” – proposed enlarging the Court from nine to 15 proposed enlarging the Court from nine to 15 judges so he could “pack” the Court with justices judges so he could “pack” the Court with justices favorable to his programsfavorable to his programs

Faced fierce oppositionFaced fierce opposition Political pressures forced Roosevelt to Political pressures forced Roosevelt to

withdraw his requestwithdraw his request

Improving Labor and Other Improving Labor and Other ReformsReforms Improving Labor ConditionsImproving Labor Conditions

One reform of the Second New Deal was the passage of One reform of the Second New Deal was the passage of the the Wagner Act Wagner Act – reestablished the NIRA provision of – reestablished the NIRA provision of collective bargainingcollective bargaining

This protected the rights of workersThis protected the rights of workers Prohibited unfair labor practices such as threatening Prohibited unfair labor practices such as threatening

workers, firing union members, and interfering with union workers, firing union members, and interfering with union organizingorganizing

Set up the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to hear Set up the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to hear testimony about unfair practicestestimony about unfair practices

StrikersStrikers

FDR Creates the New Deal FDR Creates the New Deal CoalitionCoalition New Deal CoalitionNew Deal Coalition

an alignment of diverse groups dedicated to supporting an alignment of diverse groups dedicated to supporting the Democratic Partythe Democratic Party

Included Southern whites, various urban groups, African Included Southern whites, various urban groups, African Americans, and unionize industrial workersAmericans, and unionize industrial workers

Labor Unions FlourishLabor Unions Flourish Union members enjoyed better working conditions Union members enjoyed better working conditions

because of the Wagner Act and other pro-labor legislationbecause of the Wagner Act and other pro-labor legislation

FDR Creates the New Deal FDR Creates the New Deal CoalitionCoalition Labor Unions Flourish continued…Labor Unions Flourish continued…

Between 1933 and 1941, union membership grew from Between 1933 and 1941, union membership grew from less than 3 million to more than 10 millionless than 3 million to more than 10 million

The AFL limited its membership to craft unions such as The AFL limited its membership to craft unions such as carpenters and electricianscarpenters and electricians

The The Congress of Industrial Organization Congress of Industrial Organization was formed to was formed to embrace other laborersembrace other laborers

Split from the AFL until 1935Split from the AFL until 1935

FDR Creates the New Deal FDR Creates the New Deal CoalitionCoalition Labor DisputesLabor Disputes

Labor unions used the sit-down strike effectivelyLabor unions used the sit-down strike effectively Factory owners were unable to carry on Factory owners were unable to carry on

production with strikebreakers, or scabsproduction with strikebreakers, or scabs Some labor disputes became violentSome labor disputes became violent

At the Republic Steel plant in Chicago – Memorial At the Republic Steel plant in Chicago – Memorial Day, 1937 (Memorial Day Massacre)Day, 1937 (Memorial Day Massacre)

Ten people were killed, 84 wounded when police Ten people were killed, 84 wounded when police attacked strikersattacked strikers

Women and MinoritiesWomen and Minorities

Women Women and and minoritiesminorities did not benefit from the New did not benefit from the New Deal as much as white malesDeal as much as white males Programs favored men because they were the breadwinners of Programs favored men because they were the breadwinners of

their familiestheir families Allowed businesses to pay women less – did not regulate Allowed businesses to pay women less – did not regulate

domestic workdomestic work Many minorities still worked as farmers and migrant workers so Many minorities still worked as farmers and migrant workers so

they were excluded from Social Securitythey were excluded from Social Security New Deal programs sanctioned racial segregationNew Deal programs sanctioned racial segregation Blacks had higher rates of unemployment, but did get some Blacks had higher rates of unemployment, but did get some

jobs as a result of programs – caused shift in black supportjobs as a result of programs – caused shift in black support

New Deal Reforms EndureNew Deal Reforms Endure

Expanding Government’s Role in the Expanding Government’s Role in the Economy continued…Economy continued… The New Deal did not end the Great Depression, The New Deal did not end the Great Depression,

but it helped reduce sufferingbut it helped reduce suffering The government went into deep debt to provide The government went into deep debt to provide

jobs and aid to the American peoplejobs and aid to the American people What really ended the Great Depression was What really ended the Great Depression was

World War IIWorld War II

FDR and International ConcernsFDR and International Concerns

New Deal programs contributed to New Deal programs contributed to worldwide depressionworldwide depression FDR supported high tariffs (taxes on foreign FDR supported high tariffs (taxes on foreign

imports) to encourage Americans to buy US imports) to encourage Americans to buy US productsproducts

Foreign nations responded with their own tariffs Foreign nations responded with their own tariffs making the depression worse around the globemaking the depression worse around the globe

Led to the start of WWIILed to the start of WWII

The Neutrality ActThe Neutrality Act

In Europe militaristic dictators rose to power in Germany In Europe militaristic dictators rose to power in Germany and Italy and threatened to lead the entire continent and Italy and threatened to lead the entire continent back into warback into war

Japan seized parts of China and threatened to continue Japan seized parts of China and threatened to continue expanding their Southeast Asian empire by military forceexpanding their Southeast Asian empire by military force

US continued to practice isolationism – Americans US continued to practice isolationism – Americans wanted to focus on problems at home not abroadwanted to focus on problems at home not abroad

Congress passed the Congress passed the Neutrality ActNeutrality Act in 1935 – in 1935 – prohibited the sale of weapons to warring nationsprohibited the sale of weapons to warring nations

Eleanor RooseveltEleanor Roosevelt

FDR’s wife FDR’s wife Eleanor RooseveltEleanor Roosevelt, was one of the most impactful first , was one of the most impactful first ladies in US historyladies in US history Niece of former president, Theodore Roosevelt, and distant cousin of Niece of former president, Theodore Roosevelt, and distant cousin of

her husbandher husband Social activistSocial activist Worked for reforms in state government and public housing, fought for Worked for reforms in state government and public housing, fought for

the rights of working women, supported distribution of information on the rights of working women, supported distribution of information on birth controlbirth control

Supporter of the “common citizen”Supporter of the “common citizen” Visited military veterans demanding payment for WWI serviceVisited military veterans demanding payment for WWI service Often traveled in place of her husband who was paralyzed by polioOften traveled in place of her husband who was paralyzed by polio Refused to obey Jim Crow laws in the South and sat with blacks and Refused to obey Jim Crow laws in the South and sat with blacks and

whites at interracial gatheringswhites at interracial gatherings

ReviewReview

1. What were FDR’s government programs for dealing with the Great 1. What were FDR’s government programs for dealing with the Great Depression called?Depression called?

A. National Recovery ProgramsA. National Recovery Programs C. the Court-Packing SchemeC. the Court-Packing Scheme B. the New DealB. the New Deal D. Neutrality ActsD. Neutrality Acts

2. How did Pres. Roosevelt feel about the government providing direct 2. How did Pres. Roosevelt feel about the government providing direct relief?relief?

A. He supported the idea.A. He supported the idea. B. He opposed the idea because it had already proven to be a failure.B. He opposed the idea because it had already proven to be a failure. C. He only favored the idea after Eleanor convinced him.C. He only favored the idea after Eleanor convinced him. D. He only supported the idea after Huey Long criticized him.D. He only supported the idea after Huey Long criticized him.

3. What were some of the arguments for and against the New Deal?3. What were some of the arguments for and against the New Deal? 4. Describe how Eleanor Roosevelt distinguished herself as a first lady?4. Describe how Eleanor Roosevelt distinguished herself as a first lady?

STANDARDSSTANDARDS

SSUSH20: Analyze the domestic and SSUSH20: Analyze the domestic and international impact of the Cold War on the international impact of the Cold War on the United States.United States.

The Cold War 1945-The Cold War 1945-19911991

NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization

The Cold War Begins: The Cold War Begins: Conflict in EuropeConflict in Europe Following WWII, tensions were high between western Allies Following WWII, tensions were high between western Allies

and the Soviet Union – neither side trusted the otherand the Soviet Union – neither side trusted the other Western powers were capitalist market systemsWestern powers were capitalist market systems Soviet Union was a socialist state led by Communist PartySoviet Union was a socialist state led by Communist Party

Soviets Tighten Their Grip on Eastern EuropeSoviets Tighten Their Grip on Eastern Europe Soviet Union emerged from WWII stronger economically and militarilySoviet Union emerged from WWII stronger economically and militarily Soviets had suffered devastation on their soil; felt they had a right to Soviets had suffered devastation on their soil; felt they had a right to

Eastern Europe – felt they could prevent future invasions from the westEastern Europe – felt they could prevent future invasions from the west The European continent was divided between western The European continent was divided between western

democracies and Soviet satellite nationsdemocracies and Soviet satellite nations Winston Churchill: “ A shadow has fallen…an Winston Churchill: “ A shadow has fallen…an iron curtainiron curtain has has

descended across the continent.”descended across the continent.”

US Post-war Policies in US Post-war Policies in EuropeEurope An An “iron curtain” “iron curtain” divided Europedivided Europe US diplomat George KennanUS diplomat George Kennan

““Time to stop babying the Soviets.”Time to stop babying the Soviets.” Proposed a policy of Proposed a policy of containmentcontainment – take measures to prevent the spread – take measures to prevent the spread

of communism - Eastern Europe could not be saved; contain it to those of communism - Eastern Europe could not be saved; contain it to those countriescountries

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine – reaffirmed Kennan’s philosophy – reaffirmed Kennan’s philosophy US would not hesitate to intervene and aid nations overseas resist US would not hesitate to intervene and aid nations overseas resist

communismcommunism The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan

Western Europe was in chaos and ruinsWestern Europe was in chaos and ruins Sec. of State George Marshall proposed U.S. provide aid to all European Sec. of State George Marshall proposed U.S. provide aid to all European

nations that needed itnations that needed it Revived European hopes – prevented Soviet advances into Western Revived European hopes – prevented Soviet advances into Western

EuropeEurope

A Divided GermanyA Divided Germany Germany was divided into four zones after WWIIGermany was divided into four zones after WWII

Occupied by U.S., Great Britain, France (west Germany), Occupied by U.S., Great Britain, France (west Germany), Soviet Union (east Germany)Soviet Union (east Germany)

Intended to be a temporary divisionIntended to be a temporary division Stalin had different ideasStalin had different ideas West Germany became the Federal Republic of GermanyWest Germany became the Federal Republic of Germany Stalin made East Germany the German Democratic Republic under Stalin made East Germany the German Democratic Republic under

communist rulecommunist rule Thousands of people fled East Germany for West Germany Thousands of people fled East Germany for West Germany Stalin responded by cutting off the city of Berlin from suppliesStalin responded by cutting off the city of Berlin from supplies

Truman authorized the Truman authorized the Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift – US and British planes – US and British planes delivered needed supplies to West Berlindelivered needed supplies to West Berlin

A Divided GermanyA Divided Germany The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift

American and British flew food and supplies into American and British flew food and supplies into West Berlin for 327 days, West Berlin for 327 days,

around the clockaround the clock Helped West Berlin survive; officially became a Helped West Berlin survive; officially became a

new nationnew nation

A Divided GermanyA Divided Germany The conflict between U.S. and U.S.S.R. The conflict between U.S. and U.S.S.R.

(Union of Soviet Socialists Republic) (Union of Soviet Socialists Republic) became known as the became known as the “Cold War”“Cold War” It dominated both nations’ foreign policies and It dominated both nations’ foreign policies and

many feared it would lead to actual warmany feared it would lead to actual war

Iron CurtainIron Curtain – – A term used by A term used by Winston Winston

Churchill Churchill to describe the to describe the separating of separating of Those Those

communistcommunistlands of East lands of East Europe from Europe from

the the West. West.

China and Korea: China’s China and Korea: China’s Communist RevolutionCommunist Revolution Chiang Kai-shek, a Nationalist, ruled China prior Chiang Kai-shek, a Nationalist, ruled China prior

to Japanese invasion in the early 1930s to Japanese invasion in the early 1930s Communists were led by Communists were led by Mao Tse-tung Mao Tse-tung

(Zedong)(Zedong) The two joined forces to fight the Japanese in The two joined forces to fight the Japanese in

WWIIWWII

China Becomes a Communist China Becomes a Communist CountryCountry Renewed Civil WarRenewed Civil War

Cooperation between Nationalists and Cooperation between Nationalists and Communists ended after WWIICommunists ended after WWII

U.S. played peacemakerU.S. played peacemaker Supported Chiang Kai-shekSupported Chiang Kai-shek

Communists eventually won out (People’s Communists eventually won out (People’s Republic of China)Republic of China)

America Reacts to Communists TakeoverAmerica Reacts to Communists Takeover Containment had failed!Containment had failed!

The Korean WarThe Korean War

Japan had taken over Korea in Japan had taken over Korea in 1910, and ruled until 19451910, and ruled until 1945

Japanese troops north of 38Japanese troops north of 38 thth parallel parallel surrendered to Sovietssurrendered to Soviets

Japanese troops south of the 38Japanese troops south of the 38 thth parallel parallel surrendered to U.S.surrendered to U.S.

Korea became divided: Communist (North Korea became divided: Communist (North Korea) and Democratic (South Korea) Korea) and Democratic (South Korea)

The Korean WarThe Korean War

North Korea Attacks South KoreaNorth Korea Attacks South Korea June 25, 1950 North Korean forces swept across June 25, 1950 North Korean forces swept across

the 38the 38thth parallel in a surprise attack on South parallel in a surprise attack on South KoreaKorea

Pres. Truman ordered American troops to Pres. Truman ordered American troops to support South Koreasupport South Korea

16 nations sent 520,000 troops to aid South 16 nations sent 520,000 troops to aid South KoreaKorea

The Korean WarThe Korean War MacArthur’s CounterattackMacArthur’s Counterattack

September 15,1950 U.S. troops, under Gen. McArthur, made a surprise September 15,1950 U.S. troops, under Gen. McArthur, made a surprise amphibious attack on North Korea – other troops moved north from Pusanamphibious attack on North Korea – other troops moved north from Pusan

Trapped, half North Korean troops surrendered, the rest fled back across Trapped, half North Korean troops surrendered, the rest fled back across the 38the 38thth parallel parallel

The Chinese Fight BackThe Chinese Fight Back Chinese needed North Korea as a Communist buffer zoneChinese needed North Korea as a Communist buffer zone Chinese troops forced UN troops southwardChinese troops forced UN troops southward Chinese captured South Korean capital of SeoulChinese captured South Korean capital of Seoul

Truman fired MacArthur after the general criticized the president’s Truman fired MacArthur after the general criticized the president’s handling of the warhandling of the war

Both sides signed a truce in 1953Both sides signed a truce in 1953

Fear of Communist Fear of Communist InfluenceInfluence Americans feared Communism in U.S.Americans feared Communism in U.S. The US and USSR engaged in a The US and USSR engaged in a nuclear arms racenuclear arms race

Private citizens built Private citizens built fallout sheltersfallout shelters – to protect them – to protect them against a Soviet nuclear attackagainst a Soviet nuclear attack

Schools conducted nuclear drills where students were Schools conducted nuclear drills where students were taught to “duck and cover”taught to “duck and cover”

80,000 Americans claimed membership in the Communist 80,000 Americans claimed membership in the Communist Party – many questioned their loyaltyParty – many questioned their loyalty

Communist revolutions in China and North Korea’s Communist revolutions in China and North Korea’s invasion of South Korea concerned Americansinvasion of South Korea concerned Americans US government investigated, arrested, harassed US government investigated, arrested, harassed

suspected Communists – called the suspected Communists – called the Red ScareRed Scare

People built more bomb shelters.

Government Policies with Government Policies with CommunismCommunism Truman created the Department of Defense, National Truman created the Department of Defense, National

Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to spy on the USSR and its allies(CIA) to spy on the USSR and its allies

The The House Un-American Activities CommitteeHouse Un-American Activities Committee HUAC investigated possible Communist influence in and HUAC investigated possible Communist influence in and

out of governmentout of government Targeted Hollywood film industryTargeted Hollywood film industry Hollywood Ten Hollywood Ten – ten “unfriendly” witnesses who refused to – ten “unfriendly” witnesses who refused to

testify; they believed hearings were unconstitutional. They testify; they believed hearings were unconstitutional. They were sent to prisonwere sent to prison

Many stars were Many stars were blacklistedblacklisted – couldn’t work in Hollywood, – couldn’t work in Hollywood, careers were ruined careers were ruined

Government Policies Dealing with Government Policies Dealing with CommunismCommunism

Alger HissAlger Hiss Accused of spying for the Soviet UnionAccused of spying for the Soviet Union He was convicted of perjury and sent to jailHe was convicted of perjury and sent to jail He proclaimed his innocence, said he was framedHe proclaimed his innocence, said he was framed

The RosenbergsThe Rosenbergs Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were accusedEthel and Julius Rosenberg were accused

of giving bomb secrets to the Soviet Unionof giving bomb secrets to the Soviet Union Accused of being CommunistsAccused of being Communists Convicted and sentenced to death; died in electric chair in Convicted and sentenced to death; died in electric chair in

June 1953June 1953

Joseph McCarthyJoseph McCarthy Most famous anti-Communist activist was Senator Most famous anti-Communist activist was Senator

Joseph McCarthy – Republican from WisconsinJoseph McCarthy – Republican from Wisconsin McCarthy’s Tactics (“McCarthyism”)McCarthy’s Tactics (“McCarthyism”)

Made unsupported accusationsMade unsupported accusations McCarthyism – attacks on suspected CommunistsMcCarthyism – attacks on suspected Communists Never had proof or evidence; accused Democratic Party Never had proof or evidence; accused Democratic Party

of allowing Communist infiltrationof allowing Communist infiltration Republicans did nothing to stop himRepublicans did nothing to stop him

McCarthy Launches His “Witch McCarthy Launches His “Witch Hunt”Hunt” McCarthy’s DownfallMcCarthy’s Downfall

1954, McCarthy made accusations against the 1954, McCarthy made accusations against the U.S. Army – became a televised Senate U.S. Army – became a televised Senate investigationinvestigation

McCarthy bullied witnesses which cost him McCarthy bullied witnesses which cost him public supportpublic support

Senate condemned him for improper conductSenate condemned him for improper conduct Died of alcoholism three years laterDied of alcoholism three years later

Review Questions 1. The term “Cold War’ refers to

A. the distrust between the US and USSR that many feared would lead to actual war in the years following WWII.

B. the war fought in Germany after WWII between Communists and Democrats.

C. the war fought between North and South Korea. D. the war fought between the US and China following the Chinese

Revolution. 2. The Truman Doctrine stated that

A. the US would not tolerate Communists in high levels of US government. B. the US would not hesitate to intervene to help foreign nations resist

communism. C. the US would not cross the 38th parallel during the Korean War. D. the US would support Mao’s revolution in China.

Review Questions 3. What was the goal of the United States’

“containment policy” and why did the US believe it was the best approach to dealing with Soviet communism?

4. What was the purpose of HUAC? Who was Joseph McCarthy and how did he become famous?

StandardsStandards

SSUSH22SSUSH22: Identify dimensions of the Civil Rights Movement, : Identify dimensions of the Civil Rights Movement, 1945-19701945-1970SSUSH23SSUSH23: Describe and assess the impact of political : Describe and assess the impact of political developments between 1945 and 1970developments between 1945 and 1970SSUSH24SSUSH24: Analyze the impact of social change movements and : Analyze the impact of social change movements and organizations of the 1960s.organizations of the 1960s.

The Civil Rights MovementThe Civil Rights Movement

WWII and the efforts of A. Philip WWII and the efforts of A. Philip Randolph’s efforts showed that African Randolph’s efforts showed that African Americans were willing to die for there Americans were willing to die for there country just like white soldiers.country just like white soldiers.

As a result African Americans started to As a result African Americans started to question racism in America.question racism in America.

Black World War II Soldiers: Black World War II Soldiers: Tuskegee AirmenTuskegee Airmen

Civil Rights MovementCivil Rights Movement

1945 Harry S. Truman became President 1945 Harry S. Truman became President after the death of FDR.after the death of FDR.

Supporter of Civil RightsSupporter of Civil Rights Truman’s support of civil rights split the Truman’s support of civil rights split the

Democratic Party.Democratic Party. A new party was formed called the “Dixiecrats” A new party was formed called the “Dixiecrats”

who were Democrats not in favor of integration.who were Democrats not in favor of integration.


Truman signed an executive order to Truman signed an executive order to integrate the armed forces.integrate the armed forces.

Jackie Robinson became the Jackie Robinson became the

first African American to play first African American to play

professional major league professional major league

baseball.baseball.


Brown v. Board of Education was passed in Brown v. Board of Education was passed in 1954 overturned Plessy v. Ferguson 1954 overturned Plessy v. Ferguson making segregation in public schools making segregation in public schools illegal.illegal.


Little Rock Arkansas (1957)Little Rock Arkansas (1957) A response to Brown v. BoardA response to Brown v. Board President Eisenhower had to send military forces President Eisenhower had to send military forces

to Arkansas because the governor refused to to Arkansas because the governor refused to integrate his school.integrate his school.

Students who integrated known as the “Little Students who integrated known as the “Little Rock Nine”. Rock Nine”.

Little Rock NineLittle Rock Nine


Mississippi defied the Supreme Court and Mississippi defied the Supreme Court and attempted to prevent an African American named attempted to prevent an African American named James Meredith. James Meredith. The university admitted Meredith after President Kennedy The university admitted Meredith after President Kennedy

sent federal authorities to Mississippi.sent federal authorities to Mississippi.

Governor George Wallace tried to prevent the Governor George Wallace tried to prevent the integration of University of Alabama by physically integration of University of Alabama by physically blocking the doors of the college.blocking the doors of the college.

George Wallace in front of University George Wallace in front of University of Alabamaof Alabama


Atlanta, Georgia under Mayor William Atlanta, Georgia under Mayor William Hartsfield, managed to avoid much of the Hartsfield, managed to avoid much of the violence and turmoil found in other violence and turmoil found in other southern states.southern states. ““Atlanta is the city too busy to hate”Atlanta is the city too busy to hate”


Leader: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.Leader: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. African Americans refused to ride the bus African Americans refused to ride the bus

until Montgomery integrated the buses.until Montgomery integrated the buses. The Montgomery public transportation lost The Montgomery public transportation lost

major $$$$$$$$$$$.major $$$$$$$$$$$. It lasted over a year until the Supreme It lasted over a year until the Supreme

Court ruled that Montgomery must Court ruled that Montgomery must integrate.integrate.


SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceConference

Leader: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.Leader: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Relied on voter registration and education Relied on voter registration and education

as a method for civil rights.as a method for civil rights.


““Letter from Birmingham Jail”Letter from Birmingham Jail” Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Response to white ministers who wrote a Response to white ministers who wrote a

statement arguing that the battle for civil statement arguing that the battle for civil rights should be done in court, not protest.rights should be done in court, not protest.

King wrote that he believed that protest King wrote that he believed that protest were necessary to gain equality.were necessary to gain equality.


March on Washington (1963) – influenced March on Washington (1963) – influenced Kennedy’s support for civil rightsKennedy’s support for civil rights

200,000 civil right activists in protest 200,000 civil right activists in protest demanding equality.demanding equality.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

delivered his “I Have a Dream” delivered his “I Have a Dream”

speech.speech.


Sit-ins: Nonviolent protests in which blacks Sit-ins: Nonviolent protests in which blacks sat in segregated places until they were sat in segregated places until they were served or arrested.served or arrested. February 1, 1960; Greensboro, North CarolinaFebruary 1, 1960; Greensboro, North Carolina SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating

Committee, students that devoted themselves to Committee, students that devoted themselves to non-violent protestnon-violent protest


In 1961, the Congress of Racial Equality or In 1961, the Congress of Racial Equality or CORE (an organization founded in 1942 CORE (an organization founded in 1942 and devoted to social change through and devoted to social change through nonviolent action) organized “freedom nonviolent action) organized “freedom rides”rides”

Freedom Rides gained national attention to Freedom Rides gained national attention to the cause of civil rights.the cause of civil rights.


At times, students who joined the SNCC At times, students who joined the SNCC and Core CRITICIZED the SCLC.and Core CRITICIZED the SCLC. Younger African Americans tended to be more Younger African Americans tended to be more

radical and wanted to take a more radical and wanted to take a more confrontational approach to civil rights.confrontational approach to civil rights.

SNCC and CORE members began to reject SNCC and CORE members began to reject nonviolent protest as being too slow and nonviolent protest as being too slow and ineffective and began advocating “Black Power”.ineffective and began advocating “Black Power”.

Civil Rights MovementsCivil Rights Movements

After the March on Washington, President After the March on Washington, President John F. Kennedy proposed new civil rights John F. Kennedy proposed new civil rights laws.laws.

President Lyndon B. Johnson urged President Lyndon B. Johnson urged Congress to pass Civil Rights legislation Congress to pass Civil Rights legislation proposed by Kennedy before he died.proposed by Kennedy before he died.


Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964 The act prohibited segregation in public The act prohibited segregation in public

accommodations (hotels, restaurants, theaters) accommodations (hotels, restaurants, theaters) and discrimination in education and employment, and discrimination in education and employment, and gave the President the right to enforce it.and gave the President the right to enforce it.

1964; 241964; 24thth Amendment: poll tax illegal Amendment: poll tax illegal

Civil Rights Movement Civil Rights Movement

““Bloody Sunday”: March 7, 1965; from Bloody Sunday”: March 7, 1965; from Selma, Alabama to the state capital of Selma, Alabama to the state capital of Montgomery.Montgomery. 500 supporters500 supporters Television captured the horrific sceneTelevision captured the horrific scene


Voting Rights Act of 1965: President Voting Rights Act of 1965: President Johnson signed to get rid of literacy tests Johnson signed to get rid of literacy tests for voter registration and sent officials to for voter registration and sent officials to register voters in the event that county register voters in the event that county officials failed to do so.officials failed to do so. Increased the amount of African American Increased the amount of African American

candidates elected to public office.candidates elected to public office.

Social and Political CurrentsSocial and Political Currents

During the 1950’s and 60’s the US During the 1950’s and 60’s the US Supreme Court used its power to bring Supreme Court used its power to bring about social change.about social change.

Earl Warren served as justice from 1953 to Earl Warren served as justice from 1953 to 1969.1969. Brown v. Board of Education (segregation)Brown v. Board of Education (segregation) Mapp v. Ohio (illegal searches)Mapp v. Ohio (illegal searches) Gideon v. Wainwright (provide legal counsel) Gideon v. Wainwright (provide legal counsel)


The Warren Court’s biggest rulingThe Warren Court’s biggest ruling Miranda v. ArizonaMiranda v. Arizona

Miranda Rights: “You have the right to remain Miranda Rights: “You have the right to remain silent…”silent…”


Lyndon B. Johnson’s “Great Society”Lyndon B. Johnson’s “Great Society” Social programs centered around “The War on Social programs centered around “The War on

Poverty”Poverty” The Economic Opportunity ActThe Economic Opportunity Act Medicare: Healthcare for the elderlyMedicare: Healthcare for the elderly Medicaid: Healthcare for lower income familiesMedicaid: Healthcare for lower income families


Democratic National Convention of 1968Democratic National Convention of 1968 Political convention where the Democratic Party Political convention where the Democratic Party

nominated its candidates for president and vice president nominated its candidates for president and vice president for the ’68 election.for the ’68 election.

Large numbers of radicals and protesters descended on Large numbers of radicals and protesters descended on the city where the convention was held and, eventually the city where the convention was held and, eventually voted against the Vietnam Peace Resolutionvoted against the Vietnam Peace Resolution

Police began clubbing those involved in the rally while Police began clubbing those involved in the rally while television cameras caught most of the violence.television cameras caught most of the violence.

Democratic National ConventionDemocratic National Convention


Migrant Workers MovementMigrant Workers Movement United Farm Workers was founded in 1962 United Farm Workers was founded in 1962

by Cesar Chavez to support the rights of by Cesar Chavez to support the rights of migrant farm workers, many of which were migrant farm workers, many of which were poor Hispanic immigrants.poor Hispanic immigrants.


19681968 Antiwar Movement against Vietnam WarAntiwar Movement against Vietnam War Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther KingAssassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Assassination of Robert KennedyAssassination of Robert Kennedy


The Women’s MovementThe Women’s Movement Changing the roles of women starting with Betty Changing the roles of women starting with Betty

Friedan book “The Feminine Mystique”Friedan book “The Feminine Mystique” National Organization for Women which devoted National Organization for Women which devoted

itself to political activism and promoting feminist itself to political activism and promoting feminist causes.causes.


Environmentalist MovementEnvironmentalist Movement Environmentalists are concerned with preserving the Environmentalists are concerned with preserving the

earth’s resources and species of life.earth’s resources and species of life. Rachel Carson: Scientist and writer published Rachel Carson: Scientist and writer published Silent Silent

SpringSpring which argued against the use of harmful chemicals which argued against the use of harmful chemicals Earth Day (started in 1970)Earth Day (started in 1970) Al GoreAl Gore

Wrote the “Inconvenient Truth” Wrote the “Inconvenient Truth” EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

Federal agency enforcing laws that protect the environmentFederal agency enforcing laws that protect the environment


The Rise of ConservatismThe Rise of Conservatism The belief that government should not try to The belief that government should not try to

regulate too much.regulate too much. Conservatives resented higher taxes and didn’t Conservatives resented higher taxes and didn’t

want their hard earned money to go toward want their hard earned money to go toward individuals they viewed as lazy and unwilling to individuals they viewed as lazy and unwilling to work. work.


Barry Goldwater and the Election of 64’Barry Goldwater and the Election of 64’ Arizona US senator that believed in states rights Arizona US senator that believed in states rights

and property rightsand property rights He won the Republican nomination and parts of He won the Republican nomination and parts of

the South over a Democratic presidentthe South over a Democratic president The Solid South was over! Showed Southerners The Solid South was over! Showed Southerners

were willing to put conservative ideals above party were willing to put conservative ideals above party loyalty.loyalty.

Review Questions 1. Rachel Carson is credited with inspiring the modern

A. environmental movement. B. women’s movement. C. migrant worker’s movement. D. anti-war movement.

2. The Supreme Court’s ruling in the Miranda case officially established that

A. Mexican immigrants must be treated equal to whites. B. law enforcement officials must have a warrant before conducting a

search. C. anyone arrested of a crime must be informed of their right to an attorney

and their right not to incriminate themselves. D. the government must provide lawyers for criminal defendants who

cannot afford to hire their own.

Review Questions 3. What was Johnson’s “Great Society” and what

was it intended to do? What were some of the problems and criticisms of the program?

4. Describe the year 1968 and list some of the major events that occurred.

5. What is conservatism and why did many in the western US and the Deep South embrace it during the 1960s?

The Late Cold War The Late Cold War and Modern Politicsand Modern Politics

SSUSH25SSUSH25: Describe changes in : Describe changes in national politics since 1968.national politics since 1968.

The Late Cold War and Modern The Late Cold War and Modern PoliticsPolitics

Nixon, Ford, and CarterNixon, Ford, and Carter Nixon’s Detente Plan: Nixon sought to use Nixon’s Detente Plan: Nixon sought to use

diplomacy rather than intimidation to ease diplomacy rather than intimidation to ease tensions that existed between the US and tensions that existed between the US and communist nations.communist nations.

11stst President to recognize China’s communist President to recognize China’s communist government. government.

Nixon in ChinaNixon in China

Nixon’s Visit to MoscowNixon’s Visit to Moscow

NixonNixon

Nixon had a “middle of the road” stance on civil Nixon had a “middle of the road” stance on civil rights in America.rights in America.

Swann v. Charlotte-MecklenburgSwann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Over the practice of having students attend schools Over the practice of having students attend schools

outside the boundaries of what would normally be in their outside the boundaries of what would normally be in their district in order to achieve racial integration. district in order to achieve racial integration.

Supreme Court ruled that voluntary integration was not Supreme Court ruled that voluntary integration was not working so integration should be done by busing. working so integration should be done by busing.

Civil RightsCivil Rights

Affirmative Action: 1970’s policy that aimed at increasing Affirmative Action: 1970’s policy that aimed at increasing minority representation in the workplace, educational minority representation in the workplace, educational institutions, social setting, etc.institutions, social setting, etc.

Regents of UC v. BakkeRegents of UC v. Bakke Bakke applied to the University of California Medical School and Bakke applied to the University of California Medical School and

did not get accepted. The University had 16 slots available for did not get accepted. The University had 16 slots available for qualified minorities. Bakke challenged the school’s affirmative qualified minorities. Bakke challenged the school’s affirmative action policy stating that he was better qualified than those action policy stating that he was better qualified than those students accepted because of affirmative action.students accepted because of affirmative action.

Supreme Court ruled in favor of Bakke. (14Supreme Court ruled in favor of Bakke. (14 thth Amendment cited) Amendment cited)

The Economy and NixonThe Economy and Nixon

Nixon had to deal with a recession while in office.Nixon had to deal with a recession while in office. Stagflation: When inflation and unemployment rise Stagflation: When inflation and unemployment rise

together. Economic Nightmare!!!together. Economic Nightmare!!! Nixon proposed a tax increased that Congress blocked. Nixon proposed a tax increased that Congress blocked.

He also asked the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates He also asked the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates in an attempt to curb inflation, only to see the action result in an attempt to curb inflation, only to see the action result in a stock market collapse.in a stock market collapse.

Nixon’s Problems get Worse!!!Nixon’s Problems get Worse!!!

The United States backed Israel in a war Israel The United States backed Israel in a war Israel fought with Egypt and Syria.fought with Egypt and Syria.

The Arab states comprising OPEC (Organization The Arab states comprising OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) imposed an oil of Petroleum Exporting Countries) imposed an oil embargo against the US.embargo against the US.

Exposed the United States heavy dependence on Exposed the United States heavy dependence on foreign oil and reminded people that natural foreign oil and reminded people that natural resources were not limitless.resources were not limitless.

WomenWomen

Women wanted an amendment to the Constitution Women wanted an amendment to the Constitution making sexual discrimination illegal that the making sexual discrimination illegal that the states failed to ratify. states failed to ratify.

WomenWomen

Roe v. Wade (One of the most controversial court Roe v. Wade (One of the most controversial court cases in history)cases in history) Prior to 1973, states could outlaw or restrict abortions Prior to 1973, states could outlaw or restrict abortions

during a woman’s pregnancy.during a woman’s pregnancy. Citing an implied right to privacy, the Supreme Court ruled Citing an implied right to privacy, the Supreme Court ruled

state laws restricting a women’s right to an abortion during state laws restricting a women’s right to an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy to be unconstitutional. the first three months of pregnancy to be unconstitutional.

Doe v. Bolton Doe v. Bolton in conjunction with Roe currently grants in conjunction with Roe currently grants women the right to end the life of the fetus through all nine women the right to end the life of the fetus through all nine months of pregnancy for any reason, including just prior to months of pregnancy for any reason, including just prior to birth. birth.

WatergateWatergate

The Rise of NixonThe Rise of Nixon The turmoil within the Democratic Party The turmoil within the Democratic Party

benefited former vice president Richard Nixon.benefited former vice president Richard Nixon. Nixon campaigned and won on a promise to Nixon campaigned and won on a promise to

restore law and order. He successfully appealed restore law and order. He successfully appealed to many middle-class Americans fed up with to many middle-class Americans fed up with years of riots and protestyears of riots and protest

WatergateWatergate

The The Watergate Watergate scandal centered on the scandal centered on the Nixon administration’s attempt to cover up Nixon administration’s attempt to cover up a burglary of the Democratic National a burglary of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters at the Committee (DNC) headquarters at the Watergate office and apartment complex in Watergate office and apartment complex in Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.

WatergateWatergate

An Imperial PresidencyAn Imperial Presidency ““A president must not be one of the crowd…”A president must not be one of the crowd…” Nixon expanded the power of the presidency with little Nixon expanded the power of the presidency with little

regard to checks and balancesregard to checks and balances He believed he was all powerful and untouchableHe believed he was all powerful and untouchable

The President’s MenThe President’s Men Nixon had an inner circle of advisors to whom he confided Nixon had an inner circle of advisors to whom he confided

everything; they shared his desire for secrecy; they everything; they shared his desire for secrecy; they believed they were above the lawbelieved they were above the law

The Inner CircleThe Inner Circle

Chief of Staff Chief Domestic AdvisorChief of Staff Chief Domestic Advisor H.R. Haldeman John EhrlichmannH.R. Haldeman John Ehrlichmann

John Mitchell John Mitchell Attorney Attorney GeneralGeneral

John W. Dean, Presidential John W. Dean, Presidential

Counsel Counsel

The Drive Toward ReelectionThe Drive Toward Reelection

A Bungled BurglaryA Bungled Burglary The cover-up began quicklyThe cover-up began quickly Documents were shreddedDocuments were shredded The CIA was told to stop investigating because The CIA was told to stop investigating because

of national securityof national security Two reporters at the Two reporters at the Washington PostWashington Post, Bob , Bob

Woodruff and Carl Bernstein followed the story Woodruff and Carl Bernstein followed the story closelyclosely

WatergateWatergate

A Bungled BurglaryA Bungled Burglary The Committee to Reelect the President (CRP) The Committee to Reelect the President (CRP)

paid the burglars $450,000 to keep silentpaid the burglars $450,000 to keep silent The White House consistently denied all charges The White House consistently denied all charges

and promised peace in Vietnamand promised peace in Vietnam Nixon won reelection in 1972 by a landslideNixon won reelection in 1972 by a landslide

WatergateWatergate

Startling TestimonyStartling Testimony ““What did the president know and when did he know it?”What did the president know and when did he know it?” John Dean, presidential counsel, testified for 30 hoursJohn Dean, presidential counsel, testified for 30 hours

Declared Nixon had been deeply involved in the Declared Nixon had been deeply involved in the cover-upcover-up

White House said Dean was lying White House said Dean was lying Who was telling the truth?Who was telling the truth?

Presidential aide Alexander Butterfield said Nixon taped Presidential aide Alexander Butterfield said Nixon taped all of his presidential conversationsall of his presidential conversations

The Fall of a PresidentThe Fall of a President

March 1974, a grand jury indicted seven March 1974, a grand jury indicted seven presidential aides on charges of conspiracy, presidential aides on charges of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury.obstruction of justice, and perjury.

Nixon Releases the TapesNixon Releases the Tapes Spring of 1974, Nixon told American public he was Spring of 1974, Nixon told American public he was

releasing 1,254 pages of edited transcriptsreleasing 1,254 pages of edited transcripts Investigators wanted unedited tapesInvestigators wanted unedited tapes Case went before the Supreme Court – president was Case went before the Supreme Court – president was

forced to surrender the tapesforced to surrender the tapes

The Fall of a PresidentThe Fall of a President

The President Resigns The President Resigns August 5 Nixon released the tapesAugust 5 Nixon released the tapes

They contained many gaps – on 18 ½ minutes longThey contained many gaps – on 18 ½ minutes long Said Nixon’s secretary “accidentally” erased portions of the Said Nixon’s secretary “accidentally” erased portions of the

tapetape Before the full House vote on the articles of impeachment, Before the full House vote on the articles of impeachment,

Nixon announced his resignationNixon announced his resignation He admitted no guiltHe admitted no guilt Gerald Ford was sworn in as the 38Gerald Ford was sworn in as the 38thth President President

Gerald FordGerald Ford

““Our long national nightmare is over.”Our long national nightmare is over.” Ford Americans to put the Watergate scandal Ford Americans to put the Watergate scandal

behind them.behind them.

A Ford, Not A LincolnA Ford, Not A Lincoln Likable and honestLikable and honest Ford pardoned Richard Nixon on September 8, Ford pardoned Richard Nixon on September 8,

1974 so the country could move beyond 1974 so the country could move beyond WatergateWatergate

Gerald FordGerald Ford

Ford Tries to “Whip” InflationFord Tries to “Whip” Inflation America’s economy had gone from bad to worse.”America’s economy had gone from bad to worse.” Inflation and unemployment were rising –”public enemy #!”Inflation and unemployment were rising –”public enemy #!” Gasoline and heating prices were upGasoline and heating prices were up ““Whip Inflation Now” (WIN) – called on Americans to cut back Whip Inflation Now” (WIN) – called on Americans to cut back

on their use of gas and oil and take energy-saving measureson their use of gas and oil and take energy-saving measures The plan fell flatThe plan fell flat Cut government spending and raised interest ratesCut government spending and raised interest rates

Triggered the worst recession in 40 yearsTriggered the worst recession in 40 years

Jimmy CarterJimmy Carter

Republican Ford faced Democrat James “Jimmy” Carter in Republican Ford faced Democrat James “Jimmy” Carter in the 1976 electionthe 1976 election

Carter was an unknown peanut farmer and former governor Carter was an unknown peanut farmer and former governor of Georgiaof Georgia

Mr. Carter Goes to WashingtonMr. Carter Goes to Washington Soft-spoken, personableSoft-spoken, personable Promised to restore integrity to the nation’s highest office, Promised to restore integrity to the nation’s highest office,

“I will never tell a lie to the American people.”“I will never tell a lie to the American people.” Carter won by a narrow margin – becoming the 39Carter won by a narrow margin – becoming the 39 thth

president of the United Statespresident of the United States

Carter’s Foreign PolicyCarter’s Foreign Policy

The Camp David AccordsThe Camp David Accords In 1977, Egyptian president Anwar el-Sadat and Israeli prime In 1977, Egyptian president Anwar el-Sadat and Israeli prime

minister Menachem Begin met in Jerusalem to discuss peaceminister Menachem Begin met in Jerusalem to discuss peace Summer of 1978, Carter invited Sadat and Begin to the Summer of 1978, Carter invited Sadat and Begin to the

presidential retreat in Maryland, Camp David when peace talks presidential retreat in Maryland, Camp David when peace talks stalled between the menstalled between the men

After 12 days the three leaders reached anAfter 12 days the three leaders reached an

agreement known as theagreement known as the Camp David Accords Camp David Accords – –

Israel agreed to withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula;Israel agreed to withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula;

Egypt formally recognized Israel’s right to existEgypt formally recognized Israel’s right to exist

The Iranian Hostage CrisisThe Iranian Hostage Crisis

The Iran Hostage CrisisThe Iran Hostage Crisis The Shah of Iran was an ally of the United States, however The Shah of Iran was an ally of the United States, however

Iranians resented his corruption and dictatorial tactics Iranians resented his corruption and dictatorial tactics Revolution broke out in 1979 – Muslim religious leader Revolution broke out in 1979 – Muslim religious leader

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led the rebels in overthrowing the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led the rebels in overthrowing the shah – established a religious state based on the Qur’anshah – established a religious state based on the Qur’an

The shah entered the U.S. in October 1979 for cancer The shah entered the U.S. in October 1979 for cancer treatmentstreatments

Revolutionaries were furious – armed students seized the U.S. Revolutionaries were furious – armed students seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took 52 Americans hostageembassy in Tehran and took 52 Americans hostage

In return they wanted the Shah – the U.S. refusedIn return they wanted the Shah – the U.S. refused

Ronald Reagan and the End of the Cold War: Ronald Reagan and the End of the Cold War: The Conservative GiantThe Conservative Giant

In 1980 Ronald Wilson Reagan ran against Jimmy CarterIn 1980 Ronald Wilson Reagan ran against Jimmy Carter Reagan chose George H.W. Bush as his running mateReagan chose George H.W. Bush as his running mate Reagan was a former actor and former governor of CaliforniaReagan was a former actor and former governor of California

He was relaxed, charming, and affableHe was relaxed, charming, and affable Reagan won the election by a narrow marginReagan won the election by a narrow margin

Conservatives had their manConservatives had their man It’s “morning in America.”It’s “morning in America.”

Hostages were released after 444 days, after Ronald Reagan Hostages were released after 444 days, after Ronald Reagan was sworn in as the 40was sworn in as the 40thth president of the U.S. president of the U.S.

Review Questions 1. Richard Nixon was

A. a president who took a hard-line military stand against the Chinese and enthusiastically supported civil rights legislation.

B. the first president to publicly recognize communist China and eventually resigned due to a scandal.

C. the only man ever to serve as both president and vice president without being elected to either office.

D. a former governor of Georgia who went on to become president and improve relations with communist nations.

2. Jimmy Carter was praised for which of the following? A. Watergate B. his handling of the Iranian Hostage Crisis C. the Camp David Accords D. instituting WIN

Review Questions 3. What was Watergate and how did it

affect the presidency?

4. Describe the Iranian Hostage Crisis and explain how it affected the 1980 presidential election.

““Reaganomics” Takes OverReaganomics” Takes Over

Reagan immediately worked to reduce the size Reagan immediately worked to reduce the size and influence of the federal governmentand influence of the federal government

Budget CutsBudget Cuts Made deep cuts in government spending on social Made deep cuts in government spending on social

programsprograms Most of his cuts hurt the poor – mass transit, food stamps, Most of his cuts hurt the poor – mass transit, food stamps,

welfare benefits, job training, Medicaid, school lunches, welfare benefits, job training, Medicaid, school lunches, and student loansand student loans

““Reaganomics” Takes OverReaganomics” Takes Over

Tax CutsTax Cuts Supply-side economics Supply-side economics – theory that if people paid – theory that if people paid

fewer taxes they would save more money; banks could fewer taxes they would save more money; banks could then loan money to businesses, which would invest then loan money to businesses, which would invest money to improve productivity, leading to lower pricesmoney to improve productivity, leading to lower prices

Increased Defense SpendingIncreased Defense Spending Authorized increases in military spendingAuthorized increases in military spending Strategic Defense Initiative (SDS) Strategic Defense Initiative (SDS) – program to develop – program to develop

a defense system that would keep Americans safe from a defense system that would keep Americans safe from enemy missiles – estimated to cost trillions of dollarsenemy missiles – estimated to cost trillions of dollars

Reagan and the “Evil Empire”Reagan and the “Evil Empire”

In March 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the general In March 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Unionsecretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Gorbachev Initiates ReformGorbachev Initiates Reform Soviets had destroyed their economy by trying to keep up Soviets had destroyed their economy by trying to keep up

with U.S. defense spendingwith U.S. defense spending Advocated Advocated glasnost glasnost – openness, allowed open criticism – openness, allowed open criticism

of the government and freedom of pressof the government and freedom of press Perestroika Perestroika – less government control of the economy, – less government control of the economy,

introduced private enterprise and democratic governmentintroduced private enterprise and democratic government

The Iron Curtain Comes DownThe Iron Curtain Comes Down

The Collapse of Communist RegimesThe Collapse of Communist Regimes Gorbachev reduced the number of Soviet troops Gorbachev reduced the number of Soviet troops

before he resigned and encouraged East Germany before he resigned and encouraged East Germany and Eastern Europe to go their separate waysand Eastern Europe to go their separate ways

Nov. 9, 1989 East Germany opened the Berlin Wall Nov. 9, 1989 East Germany opened the Berlin Wall – East Berliners pounded at the wall with hammers – East Berliners pounded at the wall with hammers and other toolsand other tools

Other European NationsOther European Nations

adopted democratic reformsadopted democratic reforms

In 1983, terrorist groups loyal to Iran took a In 1983, terrorist groups loyal to Iran took a number of Americans hostage in Lebanonnumber of Americans hostage in Lebanon Reagan refused to negotiate with terroristsReagan refused to negotiate with terrorists In 1986, Pres. Reagan had approved the sale of arms to In 1986, Pres. Reagan had approved the sale of arms to

Iran in exchange for the release of seven American Iran in exchange for the release of seven American hostages; part of the profits hostages; part of the profits

were sent to the Contras in were sent to the Contras in Nicaragua (illegal)Nicaragua (illegal) Congress held hearings to Congress held hearings to investigateinvestigate

The Iran-Contra ScandalThe Iran-Contra Scandal

Review Questions 1. Reagan’s economic plan once he took office was nicknamed

A. “conservative money theory” B. “national debt” C. “Reaganomics” D. “stagflation”

2. Which of the following best describes Reagan’s view of government? A. It should be bigger and better funded so that it can fully regulate society. B. It should be reduced because too much government is the source of the US’

problems. C. Governments should be abolished because they serve no worthwhile purpose. D. Government should have more control over the economy and health care without

funding welfare.3. Describe Reagan’s view of the Soviet Union prior to 1985, how his approach changed

after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power, and what actions Reagan took that contributed to the end of the Cold War.

4. Describe the Iran-Contra Affair.

The 1990s: George H.W. Bush and the The 1990s: George H.W. Bush and the Persian Gulf WarPersian Gulf War

The 1988 Presidential ElectionThe 1988 Presidential Election Reagan’s vice president, George H.W. Bush ran for Reagan’s vice president, George H.W. Bush ran for

president by building on Reagan’s legacypresident by building on Reagan’s legacy Was in office when the Berlin Wall fellWas in office when the Berlin Wall fell Commander-in-chief during the Commander-in-chief during the Persian Gulf WarPersian Gulf War

in 1991in 1991 1990 1990 Saddam HusseinSaddam Hussein invaded neighboring Kuwait invaded neighboring Kuwait US relied on Kuwait for oilUS relied on Kuwait for oil An alliance of 28 countries went after Saddam; war An alliance of 28 countries went after Saddam; war

lasted 42 days – but allowed Saddam to stay in power lasted 42 days – but allowed Saddam to stay in power

Election of 1992 Bush’s popularity soared after the war Economy had taken a downturn by 1992 “It’s the economy, stupid.” Democrats portrayed

Bush as out of touch with common citizens Bush broke a promise not to raise taxes – “Read

my lips: no new taxes!” Democrats nominated Bill Clinton – gifted

politician and public speaker

The Clinton PresidencyThe Clinton Presidency

Governor William Jefferson Clinton of Governor William Jefferson Clinton of Arkansas became the first member of the Arkansas became the first member of the baby-boom generation to win the presidency.baby-boom generation to win the presidency.

The Election of 1992The Election of 1992 Pres. George H.W. Bush’s popularity had dropped Pres. George H.W. Bush’s popularity had dropped

because of recessionbecause of recession Clinton promised to get the country out of a Clinton promised to get the country out of a

recessionrecession

The Clinton PresidencyThe Clinton Presidency

A “New” DemocratA “New” Democrat Clinton said he would move away from traditional Clinton said he would move away from traditional

Democratic policiesDemocratic policies Wanted to move people off of welfare and grow Wanted to move people off of welfare and grow

private businessesprivate businesses Worked to move democratic party to the centerWorked to move democratic party to the center

NAFTANAFTA

Trade and the Global EconomyTrade and the Global Economy North American Free Trade Agreement North American Free Trade Agreement

(NAFTA) (NAFTA) – brought Mexico into the free-trade – brought Mexico into the free-trade zone that the U.S. and Canada already had zone that the U.S. and Canada already had formedformed

Supporters – would strengthen all three Supporters – would strengthen all three economieseconomies

Opponents – said it would transfer American jobs Opponents – said it would transfer American jobs to Mexico to Mexico

Health CareHealth Care

Health Care ReformHealth Care Reform Wanted to create affordable health care for all Wanted to create affordable health care for all

Americans (Healthcare Reform Bill)Americans (Healthcare Reform Bill) Congress debated the plan for a year, was never Congress debated the plan for a year, was never

passedpassed

Scandal and ImpeachmentScandal and Impeachment

Clinton ImpeachedClinton Impeached Accused of improperly using Accused of improperly using money from a land deal with the money from a land deal with the Whitewater Development Company Whitewater Development Company to fund his 1984 gubernatorial raceto fund his 1984 gubernatorial race Had also lied under oath about having an improper Had also lied under oath about having an improper

relationship with a young White House internrelationship with a young White House intern December 1988, the House of Representatives approved December 1988, the House of Representatives approved

to articles of impeachment – charged with perjury and to articles of impeachment – charged with perjury and obstruction of justiceobstruction of justice

He was acquittedHe was acquitted

Review Questions 1. Bill Clinton was

A. the first Democrat to win the presidency since 1976. B. the first Democrat elected president since Franklin Roosevelt. C. the first Democrat to serve only one term as president during

the twentieth century. D. the first person ever to serve as governor of a southern state

before becoming president. 2. Describe the Pres. Clinton’s battle with Congress over the

federal budget in 1995-96. What was the final outcome? 3. What was NAFTA and why did it cause controversy? 4. Why was Pres. Clinton impeached and what was the

outcome of his impeachment?

Into a New Century: The Presidential Election of 2000 Election of 2000

Al Gore vs. George W. Bush Closest election in US history to date Decided by 537 votes in the state of Florida Voting irregularities extended the debate over

who won for a month December 12, 2000, the US Supreme Court

voted 5 – 4 to stop future recounts George W. Bush became 43rd president

2000 Election Electoral Map

The Middle East and the Rise of Terrorism Hostility has existed between Arab and Persian

Gulf nations, which are mostly and Muslim, and Israel, which is mostly Jewish Many Middle East countries believe that Israel belongs to

Palestinian Arabs US support for Israel has made US a target of hatred and

terrorists (criminals who destroy property and kill innocent civilians in the name of a political or social cause)

Radical Islam advocates violence to overthrow the US and other western nations

The Middle East and the Rise of Terrorism

Al-Qaeda the most formidable and best known Islamic terrorist group Headed by rich Saudi radical Osama bin Laden After the Soviets withdrew from the country in

1989, bin Laden and other radicals wanted to continue the “fight for Islamic causes”

bin Laden was angered by US presence on Muslim soil during Persian Gulf War

The Terrorist Attacks of 9/11 and the War on Terror September 11, 2001

Terrorists hijacked airliners and flew

them into the World Trade Center in

New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, DC A third plane crashed into a field in Pennsylvania Attacks brought the reality of terrorism home to the US Not since the bombing of Pearl Harbor had the US

experienced an attack on its own soil

Terrorist Attack

Bush’s Response Bush had only been in office 8 months when 9/11 happened He declared a “war on terror”

Created the Department of Homeland Security Increased airline security Signed into law the US PATRIOT Act

Increased authority of law enforcement to use measures to obtain information

Operation Enduring Freedom US and a coalition of other nations took military

action against Afghanistan, believed to be where bin Laden was hiding under the protection of the Taliban Taliban refused to turn over bin Laden October 2001, Operation Enduring Freedom was

launched Troops remain in Afghanistan today rebuilding the

country, supporting the new government, battling insurgents, looking for terrorists

Operation Enduring Freedom

War in Iraq Bush’s war on terror extended in Iraq in 2003

Intelligence on weapons of mass destruction led to the War in Iraq

it was believed that Saddam Hussein had ties to Al-Qaeda – he had a history of using chemical weapons against ethnic groups

With support from allies but not the United Nations, the US brought down the government of Iraq in 21 days

War in Iraq No “weapons of mass destruction” were found in

Iraq Bush administration came under harsh criticism for its

claims against Iraq Iraq has formed a new government, new

constitution, better opportunities for women 2007 additional troops (troop surge) were sent to

assist the new government 2010 last combat troops left Iraq, but about

50,000 stayed to help the Iraqi military

War in Iraq

How Attitudes Towards Government Have Changed After 1960s, US citizens’ attitudes towards the

government changed radically. Television changed access to information Images of Vietnam War, civil rights protests, political

demonstrations, and Congressional hearings made people more skeptical and less trusting of government

In the ’60s many called for more regulation Later conservatives like Ronald Reagan proclaimed

government the problem and called for less regulation There continues to be conflicts over less

government vs. more government programs to address healthcare, education, etc.

Review Questions 1. The state of Florida played a key role in

the 2000 presidential election because A. both major candidates were from Florida. B. it was the last state where people voted. C. it was the only state in which no winner was

ever declared. D. it carried enough electoral votes to determine

the winner.

Review Questions 2. Presidential Bush authorized Operation

Enduring Freedom A. in hopes of liberating Iraq. B. in response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. C. in an effort to find Saddam Hussein’s weapons of mass

destruction. D. in an attempt to establish a federal department in

charge of homeland security. 3. Describe how attitudes of US citizens towards

government have changed since World War II.

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