India Do IT CP - Greenhill

8/2/2019 India Do IT CP - Greenhill

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents.................................................................................................................................................. 1

1NC....................................................................................................................................................................... 3

***INDIA Actor CP................................................................................................................................................ 3

***INDIA Actor CP................................................................................................................................................. 3

Slv Generic.......................................................................................................................................................... 5

*** Solvency.......................................................................................................................................................... 5

*** Solvency........................................................................................................................................................... 5

Slv Trust............................................................................................................................................................. 7

Slv Lunar Exploration....................................................................................................................................... 10

Slv Mars Exploration........................................................................................................................................ 11

Slv Lunar Mining............................................................................................................................................... 15

Slv Satellites..................................................................................................................................................... 16

Slv: Space Weaponization.................................................................................................................................. 18Slv Solar Powered Satellites............................................................................................................................ 19

AT: Launch Capabilities...................................................................................................................................... 22

***ATS................................................................................................................................................................ 22

***ATS................................................................................................................................................................. 22

AT: Entities List = No Solvency........................................................................................................................... 23

AT: ITAR = No Solvency..................................................................................................................................... 24

AT: Indo-China Mod............................................................................................................................................ 25

AT: Rising Expectations...................................................................................................................................... 27

AT: Delay............................................................................................................................................................. 28

2NC AT Previous Rocket Explosions............................................................................................................... 29

2NC AT China DA............................................................................................................................................ 31

AT Perm: US-India Cooperation Fails................................................................................................................. 32

AT Perm: India Coop Links to Politics................................................................................................................. 35

***INDIA COOP CP............................................................................................................................................. 35

***INDIA COOP CP............................................................................................................................................. 35

1NC..................................................................................................................................................................... 36

Slv Generic ...................................................................................................................................................... 38

***SOLVENCY.................................................................................................................................................... 38

***SOLVENCY..................................................................................................................................................... 38

Slv Trust........................................................................................................................................................... 40

ISRO Successful................................................................................................................................................. 44

***Say YES.......................................................................................................................................................... 44

***Say YES.......................................................................................................................................................... 44

Say Yes SPS.................................................................................................................................................... 45


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Say Yes ASATS............................................................................................................................................... 50

Say Yes Mars................................................................................................................................................... 52

Say Yes Solar Sails.......................................................................................................................................... 53

Say Yes Moon.................................................................................................................................................. 54

AT: Launch Capabilities...................................................................................................................................... 55

***ATS................................................................................................................................................................ 55

***ATS................................................................................................................................................................. 55

AT: Entities List = No Solvency........................................................................................................................... 56

AT: ITAR = No Solvency..................................................................................................................................... 57

AT: Indo-China Mod............................................................................................................................................ 58

AT: Rising Expectations...................................................................................................................................... 60

AT: Delay............................................................................................................................................................. 61


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1NC

Text: The Republic of India should The United States Federal government will deploy a one way,

volunteer mission to mars modeled off of Mars Direct crewed by senior astronauts who pass

rigorous fitness standards through normal means. under direction of the India Space Research

Organization.

The CP solves -- Indias program is gaining momentum and past successes prove it has necessary

capabilities.

Wax 09 Washington Post Staff Writer, Foreign Service (Emily, Nov 4, 2009, India's space ambitions taking

off http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/03/AR2009110303419.html?

sid=ST2009110400142)

The ascendancy of India's space program highlights the country's rising ambitions on the world stage

as it grows economically and asserts itself in matters of diplomacy. Politicians once dismissed the space

program as a waste. Activists for India's legions of poor criticized additional funding for the program, saying

it was needless decades after the American crew of Apollo 11 had landed on the moon. Now, however, the program is a sourceof prestige. Last year, India reached a milestone, launching 10 satellites into space on a single rocket

Officials are positioning the country to become a leader in the business of launching satellites for

others, having found paying clients in countries such as Israel and Italy. They even talk of a mission to MarsIndia's program is smaller in scope than China's and is thought to receive far less funding. It is also designed mostly for civilian purposes

whereas experts have suggested that China is more interested in military applications. (The Communist Party has said its goal is peacefu

space exploration.) "A human space flight with an eventual moon mission is a direct challenge to China's

regional leadership ," said John M. Logsdon, professor emeritus of political science and international affairs at George Washington

University's Space Policy Institute. "China is still the leader. India has yet to diminish China's space stature. But India is indeed seeking

a higher global profile." India now has among the world's largest constellations of remote-sensing

satellites. They are sophisticated enough to distinguish healthy coconuts from diseased ones in thisregion's thick palms. They can also zero in on deadly mosquitoes lurking in a patch of jungle. In

September, a NASA device aboard India's first lunar probe detected strong evidence of water on the

moon -- a "holy grail for lunar scientists," as Jim Green, director of the Planetary Science Division at NASA headquarters inWashington, put it. The partnership with Americans was particularly gratifying to Indians, given recent bilateral history. After New Delh

conducted nuclear tests in 1998, the United States imposed sanctions denying India access to certain technology in a bid to curb its ability to

launch nuclear rockets, said Theresa Hitchens, a space expert who is director of the U.N. Institute for Disarmament Research in Geneva.

"Space launchers and ballistic missiles are quite similar from a technical perspective," she said. Many of the sanctions have been lifted, and

India and the United States last year signed a historic civilian nuclear agreement, lifting a 30-year ban on bilateral nuclear trade. "The

scientists at ISRO and NASA have always had deep respect for each other. But it was politics and bureaucracy that stood in the way of grea

science," said Pallava Bagla, co-author of "Destination Moon: India's Quest for the Moon, Mars and Beyond." As India's space

program barrels ahead, experts fear that NASA is losing ground. The space agency's human spaceflighprogram is facing budget cuts, as well as basic questions about where to go and how to get there . Afte

NASA's aging space shuttle retires in 2010, it will be five years before the United States will have anothe

spacecraft that can reach the international space station. The United States may have to buy a seat to the

moon on an Indian spaceship, said Rakesh Sharma, India's first astronaut, who in 1984 was aboard the Soviet Union's Soyuz T-11space shuttle. "Now that would be something," Sharma said. "Maybe budget cuts could usher in an era of more cooperation rather tha

competition and distrust." Through community-based programs, India's space agency has been partnering with schools in remote areas such

as this one, helping to teach students about space exploration and cutting-edge technology. The agency is also training

thousands of young scientists and, in 2012, will open the nation's first astronaut-training center in thesouthern city of Bangalore. "I want to be prepared in space sciences so I can go to the moon when India picks its astronauts," said Lakshm

***INDIA Actor CP


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Kannan, 15, pushing her long braids out of her face and clutching her science textbook. Lakshmi's hopes are not unlike India's ambitions, wri

small. For years, the country has focused its efforts in space on practical applications -- using satellites to

collect information on natural disasters, for instance. But India is now moving beyond that traditional focus

and has planned its first manned space mission in 2015. The ambitions of the 46-year-old nationa

space program could vastly expand India's international profile in space and catapult it into a space race with

China. China, the only country besides the United States and Russia to have launched a manned spacecraft, did so six years ago. "It's

such an exciting time in the history of India's space program," said G. Madhavan Nair, a rocket scientist and

the outgoing chairman of the national space agency, the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). "More andmore bright young Indian scientists are calling us for jobs. We will look back on this as a turning point."


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Slv Generic

US and India should cooperate in space on a code of conduct, launch costs, lunar exploration, climate

change, and space debris; this would bring in other nations to cooperate- it worked before

Inderfurth and Mohan, 09 (Karl I. and C. Raja, * professor at George Washington University and a former assistant secretary of state for south

Asia affairs, 1997-2001 and ** Indian academic, journalist and foreign policy analyst. He is currently Strategic Affairs Editor of the Indian Express, New

Delhi, Put Space at the Heart of U.S.-India Relations, Financial Times, 11/22/09, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/87161d80-d794-11de-b57800144feabdc0.html#axzz1QJTXYHba) AFL

President Obama will receive Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on Tuesday for the first official state visit of his administration, a visit befitting Indias

emergence as a major global actor. It also signals Americas commitment to a strong partnership. For more than a decade, the US-

India relationship has been deepening. This visit provides the chance to focus on a big idea that could lift relations to a higher orbit

literally. Mr Obama and Mr Singh should unveil a long-term bilateral initiative to work together to secure the

threatened common spaces of our planet our global commons including the seas, atmosphere, outer space and the digita

domain. The two leaders should underscore this by launching a major venture in outer space. The Obama

administration and Singh government are both in their first year of tenure and have the political capital to push through

a major advance.A similar moment in July 2005 led to the launch of a challenging civil nuclear initiative and its passage against great odds

in both capitals. Today, the conventional wisdom is that the two leaders will not match the scale of the nuclear bargain and should limit themselves

to consolidating recent gains. We disagree. They should aim higher and focus on strategic co-operation in outer space.

They can bring lasting benefits to national space programmes and lay out the framework for an

international code of conduct in outer space. Besides influencing a range of international issues, from energy security to globa

warming, space co-operation could define a new template for the management of the global commons. As Washington looks for new

partners in the management of the global commons, India is a natural choice . After the end of the Soviet Union, theUS has had no real peers in outer space. Today as the US reviews its civilian and military space objectives amid shrinking resources, there is a

broad consensus within the space community that Washington needs enduring partnerships, both bilateral and

multilateral, in outer space. What does Delhi bring to the table? As a rising space power with real and

potential technical skills, India can help the US pursue more ambitious goals in outer space and at a lowecost. Indias contribution to advances in outer space are impressive, such as the discovery of water

molecules on the surface of the moon by its lunar explorer, Chandrayaan-1. The US partnered with India on this

mission, with two Nasa payloads on board. Four broad areas of bilateral space co-operation present themselves

First, advanced launch technologies. The greatest limitation on space-ventures is the cost of launching

objects into space. The two countries should partner in basic scientific research, such as advanced materials and

combustion science that could enable a new generation of spacecraft, while avoiding the proliferation o

dangerous ballistic missile capabilities. Second, lunar exploration and beyond. With interest in both

countries for exploring the moon and its resources, the US and India should exploit synergies between their

moon programmes and consult on an ambitious human exploration of the moon and inter-planetary space

Lunar resources could be used to lower the costs of sustaining human and robotic outposts beyond the

earth. Third, climate change. The two countries should use the massive American and growing Indian

space assets for earth observation to provide comprehensive and credible assessments of climate change

Fourth, space governance. The US and India should work to forge a consensus on limiting space debris

improving space situational awareness for avoiding hazards, and ensuring unhindered operation of the

space assets of all nations. Creating a new voluntary code of conduct in outer space coul d mark the start of an

effort to bring order to the global commons. An Obama-Singh space initiative could become the defining

feature of an expansive US-India collaboration, especially in science and technology. It could also create

*** Solvency
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the basis for securing our global commons and offer incentives to other major powers to join this vita

undertaking.

The CP solves, India has the capabilities, and cooperation has been empirically successfulSutaria and Hat 08 *Krishna Sutaria is a former research intern with the South Asia Program at CSIS **Vibhuti Hat is a Research Associate with the

South Asia Program at CSIS [http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/sam124.pdf, November 7th 2008, Starry Eyes or SeriousPotential? The Rise of Indias Space Program]

The landmark success of Indias moon launch in October 2008 has all eyes set on the Indian space program. Indias space program produces both

satellites and launchers. The development-oriented missions of educational communications and remote sensing that were the programs mainstay are

now supplemented by plans for human space flight and hopes for a significant share of the US$2.5 billion commercial launch industry. The United States

has resumed space cooperation with India, and is hoping to extend this more fully to the launch area. Indias strategic thinking has expanded to

encompass a defensive role for its space capabilities. This is yet another manifestation of India re-positioning its position in the global power game. To

the Moon and Back: On October 22, 2008 Chandrayaan-I, Indias first unmanned spacecraft, was launched on a two year mission to the moon from the

Satish Dhawan space centre at Sriharikota spaceport near Chennai. After orbiting the earth twice Chandrayaan-I will fire towards the moon, taking five

and a half days to complete its journey. There are eleven instruments on board, five indigenous and six under international cooperation from the United

States, the European Space Agency (ESA) and Bulgaria. The spacecraft will orbit the moon studying the topography and mineralogical content of the

lunar surface. Even as Chandrayaan-I successfully begins its journey to the moon, plans are already underway for Chandrayaan-II, the follow up mission

in 2011-2012 that will land on the moon with a lunar orbiting spacecraft and a land rover. Anticipating the success of its first Moon mission, Indian Space

Research Organization (ISRO) has already signed an agreement in 2007 with Russian space agency Roskosmos to make Chandrayaan-II a join

mission. ISRO will manage the lunar orbiter, while Roskosmos manages the rover.
http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/sam124.pdfhttp://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/sam124.pdfhttp://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/sam124.pdfhttp://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/sam124.pdf


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Slv Trust

India Trusts the US- Spacelab Mission 3 began new era of partnership

Indian Embassy 9[February 6, 2009, Embassy of the Republic of India, Washington DC, USA- http://www.indianembassy.org/india-us-spacecooperation.php; WBTR]

Apart from the operational missions of IRS and INSAT, ISRO has also initiated dedicated space science

missions such as SROSS-C for atmospheric studies and AstroSat mission for astronomical observation in

UV and X-rays. Anuradha, an Indian experiment for cosmic ray studies was part of NASAs third Spacelab

mission. As a first step in planetary exploration, Chandrayaan-1, for remote sensing of the moon from 100 km lunar polar orbit was initiated.

Data obtained from this mission will improve our current understanding of the origin and evolution of the

Moon. American cooperation in India's first unmanned lunar mission, Chandrayaan-I, which was

successfully launched from Shriharikota on 22nd October, and inserted into Moons orbit on 8th November, marks the beginning

of a new era of trust and partnership between the two countries in the field of space exploration. The mission to the moon carries two

NASA payloads - a Miniature Synthetic Aperture Radar to map ice deposits in the moon's surface and a

Moon Mineralogy Maper to assess mineral resources of the Moon The inclusion of two US Instruments on

this spacecraft has provided further fillip to Indo-US cooperation in the space arena. India, along with seven othecountries, has signed a landmark agreement with the United States (NASA) to carry out lunar exploration. The

agreement was signed at American space agency NASA's Ames Research Centre on 28th July 2008. ISRO is

also planning a second version named Chandrayaan-2 to land a motorized rover on the moon in 2011/2012

The strides that the US and India can make together as partners in space will advance tele-medicine, tele-

education, and disaster preparedness and management which in turn help development of mankind in a

global perspective.

Indinan Prime Minister trusts the US after Pres. Obamas visit to India

Science Insider 10 [9 November 2010 Science Insider Magazine Obama Visit Boosts India-U.S. Science Ties by Pallava Baglahttp://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2010/11/

obama-visit-boosts-india-us-scie.html; WBTR]

******* CORRECTION NOTE: This item has been corrected, 11 November. It originally read that a

bilateral "Joint Clean Energy Research and Development Center" would receive $1 million a year each

from the United States and India for the next 5 years. That figure is $5 million.

New DelhiPresident Barack Obama's unprecedented 3-day visit to India, which ended today, yielded a bumper crop of

diplomatic agreements on topics including disease surveillance, agricultural research, clean energy, and

monsoon forecasting. In addition, NASA and the Indian space agency began talks on joint human space

flight. And the United States agreed to relax certain export controls affecting Indian defense and space

facilities. At a special session of the Indian Parliament yesterday, Obama spoke of U.S.-India ties as an

"indispensable and defining relationship of the 21st century." He acknowledged India's contributions to

science and backed India's demand for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council. " This is a

manifestation of the growing trust and confidence" between the two countries, said Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, who added tha

he was gratified that the United States will support India's membership in export-control regimes such as

the Nuclear Suppliers Group, a cartel created in 1974 to restrict global trade in nuclear technology after India conducted a nuclea

explosion. To foster cooperation in public health, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention will team up with

the Indian ministry of health in a regional disease detection center in New Delhi. It will carry out surveillance on

emerging diseases and help in early detection of tropical disease outbreaks. No budget has yet been announced for this 5-year effort. In
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agriculture, Obama announced that India and the United States will jointly support R&D to usher in an

"evergreen revolution," a model for sustaining food security for the world. India will host the Global Center

for Nuclear Energy Partnership involving the United States. Among other things, according to a joint statement, the center wi

"strengthen global nuclear security and address threats of nuclear terrorism." A bilateral "Joint Clean Energy Research and

Development Center" with $5 million a year each from the United States and India for the next 5 years wil

develop new ways to harvest solar energy and tap shale gas, among other goals. To understand the monsoonbetter, the United States will provide about $600,000 for a 5-year computer modeling effort that will also help set up a "monsoon desk" at the

National Centers for Environmental Prediction in Camp Springs, Maryland, said Jane Lubchenco, administrator of the U.S. National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration. The two countries aim to work together in predicting the 2011 monsoon season

NSSP builds trust and overall relations

Borman 4 *Mathew S. Borman is a reporter for the Hindu, a newspaper based in India

[http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/02/stories/2004100205511100.htm, October 2nd, 2004, NSSP: U.S., India interests in action]

In the article entitled, "India, U.S. & Trade in Technology" (The Hindu, September 27), Mr. R. Ramachandran

argues that the recent announcement by President Bush and Prime Minister Singh on Phase One of the

U.S.-India Next Steps in Strategic Partnership (NSSP) initiative has been "hyped" and lacks substance.Mr

Ramachandran misunderstands both the purpose and the impact of this important initiative. The United

States and India share a range of common interests, including preventing the proliferation of weapons omass destruction and facilitating high-technology trade. The NSSP turns these interests into significant and

concrete actions, which will be taken through a series of reciprocal steps that build on each other,

consistent with each country's laws and international obligations. Completion of Phase One of the NSSP

represents an important change in U.S. export licensing policy for dual-use items. India's Phase One

actions regarding enhanced export controls and use of U.S.-origin items in accordance with U.S

requirements have enabled the United States to address three significant export policy issues: * Removing theIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) headquarters from the Department of Commerce's Entity List; * Reducing the licensing requirements

for exports to the ISRO subordinates remaining on the Entity List by approximately 80 per cent by removing such requirements for EAR99 and

"999" items exported to those facilities; and *Applying a "presumption of approval" for all dual-use items subject to multilateral and unilatera

controls, except those controlled by the Nuclear Suppliers' Group, for export to the "balance of plant" portions (non-reactor related end users) of

nuclear power facilities which are currently under International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards (Tarapur 1 & 2 and Rajasthan 1 & 2). * Each of

these policy changes is substantial. * Removing the EAR99 and "999" licence requirements is anticipated to eliminate the need for approximately

25 per cent of all licence applications for U.S. exports to India. This change will facilitate further cooperation between U.S. companies and India's

civilian space programme, by eliminating the time and uncertainty of such requirements. The current high volume of such licence applications

(about 250 in fiscal year 2004) demonstrates the value that the Indian civilian space programme places on obtaining these U.S. products. The

ease of obtaining the affected items, including parts and components, will enhance India's civilian space

programme. * Indian government officials have long sought removal of the ISRO headquarters from the

Entity List because of the critical role that ISRO plays in India's economic development. In addition to the

substantive impact of this change, the removal of the ISRO headquarters from the Entity List sends a

strong political signal to exporters to be more positive about business opportunities with the entire ISRO

organisation. * Facilitating the use of U.S.-origin items not controlled by the Nuclear Suppliers' Group(NSG) if intended for export to the "balance-of-plant" portions of safeguarded facilities will open

opportunities for U.S. and Indian collaboration in the Indian civilian nuclear power sector. It should be noted thathe licence review policy for these transactions was misprinted in the September 22 Federal Register notice. A second Federal Register notice was

published on Wednesday, September 29, to clarify that the "presumption of approval" is for all items other than those controlled multilaterally for

nuclear proliferation reasons (i.e., controlled by the NSG) for use in the "balance of plant" activities at facilities which currently are safeguarded. As

such, licence applications for exports of items unilaterally controlled by the United States such as turbines to the "balance of plant" portions of these

facilities will be accorded a "presumption of approval."

Specifically the NSSP built trust within the ISRO
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Slv Lunar Exploration

India solves lunar exploration -- finding water on the Moon proves.

Einhorn 09 - Asia regional editor in Bloomberg Businessweek's Hong Kong bureau, previously the Asia

technology correspondent (9/25/09, Bruce Einhorn, Bloomberg Business Week, A Win for Indias Space Program

http://www.businessweek.com/blogs/eyeonasia/archives/2009/09/a_win_for_indias_space_program.html)

There was some embarrassment in India after the untimely end of the countrys first mission to the Moon last month. The unmanned

Chandrayaan-I spacecraft, which was supposed to last for two years, fell out of radio contact while in orbit around the Moon in late August, justen months after its launch. That prompted some defensiveness from a fansite of the Indian Space Research Organization, which quickly

played damage control by claiming the mission had accomplished much of its goals. Chandrayaan-I.com said in a statement that its not

unusual for things to go wrong in space. NASA has faced several space mission failures and who can forget tragic end of space shuttle

Columbia and the crew perished during entry, 16 minutes prior to landing. * In other words, yes, our space mission crashed but at least

nobody died! Now, though, ISRO fans dont have to resort to poor-taste defensiveness. Indeed, Indians can crow that their nascent

space program, through its short-lived Chandrayaan-I, has helped make one of the most importan

discoveries in the history of human exploration of the Moon. A NASA probe aboard the Chandrayaan-

detected water on the Moons surface, and the Indian press is euphoric. One Big Step for India, One Giant Leap for Mankind,

crowed the Times of India. If it werent for them (ISRO), we wouldnt have been able to make this discovery, the

paper quoted Carle Pieters, the Brown University researcher who analyzed the data from the NASA probe

saying. Unfortunately for ISRO, the agency wont be able to capitalize quickly on the discovery. The next Indian space mission, theChandrayaan-2 isnt scheduled to launch until 2013. That means India would be behind China in a 21st-century Asian version of the U.S.

Soviet Union space race. The Chinese ended their first lunar mission earlier this year after 16 months and plan on landing a craft on the Moon

in 2012. Japans in the race, too, having just completed its first lunar mission. In this Asian race, the Chinese seem to have the edge, but for

now the engineers in Indias program can boast that their first mission turned out pretty well after all.


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Slv Mars Exploration

India solves Mars exploration best.

Fox 10 (FoxNews The Race to the Red Planet http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2010/10/27/road-red-planet-mars-nasa-china/ kdej)

A 50-million-mile target has been set, a straight spaceshot with a clear (though distant) goal. But who will make the

first footprint on Mars? Though both Russia and China have put men in space and say they hope someday to set foot on the moon, theUnited States remains the only country to do so. Yet Russia and China and some other countries have also publicly articulated a vision for manned

space exploration that includes a more distant target: Mars. Initially built for a 90-day mission, Mars rovers Spirit spent more than six yearsexploring Mars. NASA recently retired the vehicle, but it leaves behind a wealth of data. Now reports of a new deep-space satellite suggest tha

China intends to launch toward Mars -- and as soon as 2013. It's too early to call it a race, says Henry Hertzfeld, research professor of space policy

and international affairs in the Space Policy Institute at George Washington University. But China's Martian orbiter may indicate a second

destination for the country's space program. "It's natural that if they are serious about space exploration (which, it is clear, they are), Mars is a

challenge beyond the Moon. Just as it is for us," Hertzfeld told FoxNews.com in an e-mail. The new project will make use of technologies

developed for China's first lunar satellite, launched in 2007, according to a report from the Xinhua news agency. The plan was based on research

conducted by the China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), said Huang Jiangchuan, an expert at a forum on China's space technology. He

described the technologies likely to be used -- including ones to boost the satellite's payload capability and exploration accuracy -- as "already quite

advanced," according to the report. Hertzfeld nevertheless cautioned that the differences between the 1960s and the 21st century make for a very

different competitive landscape. There are more countries now with space capabilities and access to space; there is much more cooperation

among nations; and the costs are astronomical. "I think it's too early to tell if we will engage in a true 'race' to Mars as we did with the USSR to the

moon," he said. But the official messages from governments seem to tell a different story, with the U.S., India, China, and Russia all declaring tha

they hope to reach Mars at around the same time. "By the mid-2030s, I believe we can send humans to orbit Mars and return them safely to Earth,President Obama said this year when he announced America's new goal's for NASA. "And a landing on Mars will follow. And I expect to be around

to see it." But will we be first? India has plans of its own for the Red Planet. Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) chairman

K. Radhakrishnan said Monday that Mars was on its radar as well. "A mission to Mars, for several reasons, has

become a priority for us," Radhakrishnan said -- though he admitted that India would not build the lander that would take its Chandrayan 2

program to the surface. That vehicle is being developed by Russia, he explained, although a rover "is currently being fabricated in

Indian laboratories." Nevertheless, India has publicly stated that it intends to go to Mars by 2030. So the race is on.Yet many rules andparameters governing the battle remain unresolved, Hertzfeld said. "If there is a race, the major and minor players are yet to be determined," he

told FoxNews.com. "And unlike the Cold War space race, it may not be one to show off technological superiority -- but one that is focused on

partnerships for resource needs (terrestrially, such as oil and food), and/or political standing. Commercial interests on celestial bodies would be a

possibility, but a longer term one." Hertzfeld noted the key issue standing before the U.S. and NASA when it comes to reaching Mars: money. And

he asked: "Will either the U.S. or China (or someone else) commit the large amount of capital over a long period of time to these projects?" NASAis currently coordinating with a variety of commercial businesses to facilitate manned missions to Mars, including SpaceX, the United Launch

Alliance (a partnership that includes Boeing Corp.), Orbital Sciences Corp., and others. Which one will successfully build our next-generation rocke

for manned spaceflight remains a much debated question -- and representatives from NASA did not respond to multiple requests from

FoxNews.com for comments for this story. NASA isn't resting on its laurels, however, or leaving the entire mission up to private enterprise. The

space agency has given the green light for development of a 2013 Mars orbiter mission to investigate the mystery of how Mars lost much of its

atmosphere, a program called the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (Maven) mission. In addition, the space agency plans yet another in i ts

series of Martian rovers, this one a science laboratory called Curiosity intended to collect soil samples and rock cores and analyze them for organic

compounds. NASA has just installed a webcam to let the public watch Curiosity's assembly and testing. But months of work remain before the car

sized rover is ready for launch from Cape Canaveral. "The launch period for Curiosity (the Mars Science Laboratory mission) is fall 2011. The

specific launch period is Nov. 25 to Jan. 18, 2011," said Guy Webster of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA has sent a half dozen probes to

Mars already, including the well known rovers Spirit and Opportunity that landed there in 2004 and have sent back a wealth of data. In addition, the

Phoenix lander hit the planet on May 25, 2008, on a mission to explore the planet's icy soil, and the Reconnaissance Orbiter has been capturing

pictures of Mars since 2006. Earlier craft Express and Odyssey also gleaned knowledge of our distant neighbor. In fact, rather than a race, NASAcharacterizes relations with China as friendly. NASA administrator Charles Bolden just returned from a trip to China that he credited with laying a

foundation for future dialogue and cooperation between the two space programs. "Although my visit did not include consideration of any specific

proposals for future cooperation, I believe that my delegation's visit to China increased mutual understanding on the issue of human spaceflight and

space exploration, which can form the basis for further dialogue and cooperation in a manner that is consistent with the national interests of both o

our countries," Bolden said in an Oct. 25 statement. If dates slip and none of these programs succeed in putting a man on

Mars, the first footprint on the Red Planet may end up surprising everyone. Russia has announced plans to return to space-- using monkeys to pilot its rockets.
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India Solves Mars Exploration

One India 7 ( India can take up Mars mission in 2012: ISRO http://news.oneindia.in/2007/04/11/india-can-take-up-mars-mission-in-2012-isro1176297531.html kdej)

Bangalore, Apr 11: India can launch a mission to Mars in 2012 , Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Chairman G

Madhavan Nair indicated today. Talking to newspersons here, he said ISRO had received a proposal for Mars mission from the Indian

scientific community and it was being looked into. If feasible, the mission could take place in 2012. The GSLV was capable of taking an

Indian spacecraft of up to 500 kg weight to Mars , he added. On manned mission, Dr Nair said ISRO had received an

allocation of Rs 80 crore in the current budget for preparing a detailed project report and other requirements.ISRO would be in a position to submit the report to the Government for clearance in a year . Once the approval wasreceived from the Government, the mission could be launched eight years from then. Detailed studies need to be carried out on various aspects o

the manned mission, including training, before it could be implemented, he explained. To a question, he said the payload for the

Chandrayaan I mission was being finalised and tested and it would be integrated later this year for the mission to

take off early next year.Scientists from NASA had visited India and ISRO scientists had also visited the US for

discussions on the payload.

Necessary research is already being done.

CEC 8 (Citizens Electoral Council, India Plans Mars Mission by 2015 http://cecaust.com.au/main.asp?sub=articles&id=2009_09_01_india-mars.htm

kdej)September 1, 2009 (LPAC)Addressing the inaugural session of the 8th International Conference on Low Cost Planetary Missions, G. Madhavan

Nair, chairman of Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) at Panaji, Goa, said India plans to launch the country's mission to

Mars some time between 2013 and 2015. "The mission is at a conceptual stage and will be taken up after

Chandrayaan-2," he added. "Mars is very much on our agenda... It will be a challenge for us and we will chalk out a

program soon." Chandrayaan-2, is the second unmanned lunar exploration mission proposed by the ISRO. The mission includes a lunaorbiter as well as a Lander/Rover. ISRO plans to land a motorized rover on the Moon likely in 2012, as a part of its second Chandrayaan mission.

The wheeled rover will move on the lunar surface, to pick up soil or rock samples for on site chemical analysis. The data will be sent to Earth

through Chandrayaan-2, which will be in lunar orbit. Chandrayaan-1 landed on Moon last November, and, after sending signals for about 10

months, it has just lost contact with the command center. India plans to power some parts of the Chandrayaan-2its next unmanned mission to the

Moonwith nuclear energy and the feasibility studies are being carried out by Indian Space Research Organization and Bhabha Atomic Research

Centre. "We are thinking of powering some parts of Chandrayaan-2 with nuclear power and it will power the spacecraft when it revolves around the

dark side of the moon," ISRO Chairman Madhavan Nair told media on Aug. 13, before accepting the degree of Doctorate of Science conferred on

him at the 47th Convocation of Indian Institute of Technology, in Mumbai (IIT-B). The ISRO chief said the mission to Mars would be

the most important Indian exploration as "it is a planet with atmosphere, lots of minerals and even preliminary

indications of water presence." ISRO has already begun preparation for sending a spacecraft to Mars . New Delh

has sanctioned the seed money to carry out various studies on experiments to be conducted, en route in the

mission and other details necessary to scale the new frontier. Nair had said recently that the mission studies had

already been completed and that space scientists were trying to collect scientific proposals and scientific

objectives.

India solves the case.

MeriNews 7 (India plans a trip to Mars http://www.merinews.com/article/india-plans-a-trip-to-mars/127850.shtml kdej)

A FLIGHT to mars is the latest buzzword. India is all set to pay a visit to the Red Planet as part of ISROs 11th

plan that came to light on Friday. Mars seems to have become a favorite after moon for countries like the US, Russia and the European

Space Agency. Russia has already started its preparations in full swing for a trip to Mars. According to sources, India is likely to carry ou

scientific activities on Mars. The Indian Mars Mission is likely to focus on studying the Martian atmosphere and

the weather. The project will also focus on searching for water . Japan and China are also expected to plan a trip to mars

Indianspace scientists feel that at this point we cannot afford to stay behind . However, a lot of analysis needs to be done

before finalizing the trip to Mars. Mars is one planet which has attracted scientists and researchers since a long time. People have even held

debates on the possibility of life on Mars. The timeline for the six to eight month flight to Mars is yet to be
http://news.oneindia.in/2007/04/11/india-can-take-up-mars-mission-in-2012-isro-1176297531.htmlhttp://news.oneindia.in/2007/04/11/india-can-take-up-mars-mission-in-2012-isro-1176297531.htmlhttp://cecaust.com.au/main.asp?sub=articles&id=2009_09_01_india-mars.htmlhttp://www.merinews.com/article/india-plans-a-trip-to-mars/127850.shtmlhttp://news.oneindia.in/2007/04/11/india-can-take-up-mars-mission-in-2012-isro-1176297531.htmlhttp://news.oneindia.in/2007/04/11/india-can-take-up-mars-mission-in-2012-isro-1176297531.htmlhttp://cecaust.com.au/main.asp?sub=articles&id=2009_09_01_india-mars.htmlhttp://www.merinews.com/article/india-plans-a-trip-to-mars/127850.shtml


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worked. It has been estimated that if the centre gives its support, the project will take off by 2015. The GSLV (GeoSynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) is already operational and the total estimated cost of the project is Rs 386 crore. A trip to Mars has triggered

various ideas in the minds of the people. Some feel that it will be a great expedition while others day that the money could be used to tackle more

important issues like poverty in India. Manju Mehta, a science teacher says, The mission to Mars is a great venture. If it works out

it will be an enormous achievement for India. Mars is one of the most sought after planet and a scientific journey

will enhance the economic value of India. Ketki Rao, banker, says, When I told my kids that scientists were planning a visit to Marsthey were very excited. They said that we would get to know if there was life on the other planet and that if aliens really existed. A trip to Mars wil

answer several questions regarding the atmosphere, the Ionosphere and presence of water. Priyanka Mehra, entrepreneur says, As a kid I always

wondered if Mars had life on it? I thought that the planet had a reddish atmosphere with lots of dust and aliens who dressed in thermal silverclothes. The trip will answer a number of my questions and I am sure it will be an interesting affair. Meenakshi Dutt, a schoolteacher, says, The

trip to Mars will benefit the scientific department but it will also incur a huge cost. There are more important problems in our country that need to be

tacked for example poverty, environment degradation and terrorism. The government never has enough money to support those who die from

hunger each year, but there are ample resources in its treasury to finance a trip to Mars. Rohan Gupta, businessman says

Wow. A trip to Mars! Is there any tourist destination there? How will the common man benefit from the expedition to Mars? You never know, ouscientists might borrow some of the Martians advanced technologies. A trip to Mars might be an enchanting one but one can only depend on time

to decide when it will be flagged. A well directed effort like this might add a feather in the cap of Indias space ventures

and bring it at par with other so-called scientifically advanced countries.

India has met almost all necessary preconditions to go to Mars they just need a pushAsia Times 7 (India sets its sights on Mars http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/ID19Df02.html kdej)

BANGALORE - India's space scientists are reaching out further into the universe . Even as an unmanned mission to the moon

is readying for launch, and a manned mission to space awaits final approval from the government, theyare already eyeing the nex

destination - Mars. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is willing to launch a mission to Mars if it gets a green

light from the government, its chairman Madhavan Nair, told reporters in Bangalore last week. "Our scientific community has

come out with an outline of a mission to Mars. If the proposal is interesting, we will pursue it ," Nair said. "We can

undertake a mission to Mars within five years of the government's approval. If the project is given the go-ahead

now, we will be in a position to launch the mission to the red planet by 2012 ," Nair, who is also chairman of the SpaceCommission, an apex policymaking body on space matters, said. Nair's statement came in response to questions from the media on India's Mars

strategy in the context of China recently announcing a joint mission with Russia to Mars in 2009. Under an agreement signed by Russia and China

a little more than a fortnight ago, the Russian spacecraft Phobos Explorer will carry a Chinese satellite to Mars, where the latter will probe the

Martian space environment. But the ISRO denies that the interest in a Mars mission has been prompted by the

Chinese-Russian move to this planet. "India's space program has always been determined by its own

development goals, interests and priorities," S Krishnamurthy, ISRO's spokesman, told Asia Times Online, ruling out that India is in a

space race with other countries or that its space program is influenced by what other countries do. India's space program is on a roll

Preparations for an unmanned moon mission, Chandrayaan-I, are on in full swing. The ISRO has begun

assembling the moon craft that will lift off in March 2008. And it is pushing forward with regard to sending a

human into space as well. After getting a nod from the Indian scientific community for a manned space mission, the ISRO is working on theproject proposal which it will submit for government approval later this year. In January, the ISRO demonstrated expertise in re-entry technology

that is central to sending a manned mission when it brought back safely to earth an orbiting capsule. This is complex technology that only a few

countries, the United States, Russia, France, Japan, China and now India, have. And if India succeeds with its manned spacemission it will join an exclusive club including Russia, the US and China that have sent humans into space. India

has impressive capabilities in launch vehicles and satellites. Until a recent failed launch of the geo-synchronous launch vehicle

the ISRO had a string of successful launches to its credit. It has put some 45 satellites in orbit to date . In the area of EarthObservation, the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite system is the world's largest constellation of satellites in operation. ISRO scientists are

confident that they have the technological expertise to fulfill India's space dreams, whether with regard to the unmanned space mission, the

manned mission to space or the Mars mission. "A mission to Mars might seem a distant dream at this juncture but it is not

impossible given our considerable expertise and experience," a retired ISRO scientist told Asia Times Online. "An India

made rocket like the GSLV [geo-synchronous launch vehicle] can carry over 500-kg payload and reach Mars without a

hitch," Nair had pointed out last week. Like its mission to the moon, the mission to Mars will come in for sharp criticism from sections within the
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country on the grounds that this is a hugely costly indulgence as India confronts serious problems of poverty, illiteracy and malnutrition. But

India's robust economic growth in recent years means it can afford its space and defense programs , counter others

Besides, the ISRO's projects are implemented with small budgets. Its total budget is said to be one-twentieth of

that of America's National Aeronautical and Space Administration. Years of technology sanctions imposed on India following its explosion of anuclear device in 1974, prompted its scientific community to look for economical and indigenously developed technology. Krishnamurthy points ou

that missions to the moon or Mars are not at the cost of the ISRO's other programs that have developmental applications. "The moon mission, for

instance, involves an investment of only Rs600 million [US$14 million] per year over five years, just 2% of ISRO's total budget," he said, stressing

that the priority of other programs will not fall as a result of the headline-grabbing moon or Mars missions. Besides, the ISRO isn't a research

organization that simply consumes funds. It has yielded concrete results, contributed to development priorities such as education and healthcaregenerated profits and is a commercial success. The financing of its dreams isn't fully dependent on government largesse. The ISRO's

growing commercial success - India builds and launches satellites that are 40% cheaper than its European and

US competitors - is meeting a large part of its rising expenditures. They might be increasing dramatically - its projectedspending for fiscal 2008 is the highest in recent years and 29% more than budgeted for in the previous financial year - but so is its revenue. Antrix

the ISRO's commercial arm, expects a 30% growth in revenue for the year ending March 2008. Unlike the space programs of othe

countries that had their roots in their defense programs, that of India was rooted in developmental objectives

According to the ISRO chairman, "NASA is interested in interplanetary exploration, looking at galaxies, asteroids and other planets. ISRO is firs

and foremost interested in looking at planet Earth and conceiving of applications for space to improve the quality

of life down here." Indeed, India's space program has been an agent of change with achievements in the fields of

education, distance learning, television broadcasting, water management, weather forecast, agriculture

telemedicine and so on. Does India's mission to the moon or a possible one to Mars indicate a change in the

ISRO's priorities? Will its mission to explore the moon and Mars distract it from pursuing the development

agenda? Will India's space program lose direction if it decides to go in for mission to Mars? Krishnamurthy

stoutly refutes such allegations. "Missions to the moon or Mars will give us technology that will upgrade our

communication and remote-sensing systems, which are used for developmental applications," he argues. These

missions he says will in fact further fuel the development agenda of India's space program. Besides, the developmen

applications of the space program are expanding alongside. It does seem that India's space program hasn't lost direction yet .


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Slv Lunar Mining

India solves He-3 mining -- has the capabilities and motivation.

Williams 7 Contributing writer to the Technology Review, Mark, India's Space Ambitions Soar, Technology Review, 7/30/07http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/19115/?a=f

** Quoting Kalam, then President of India

Kalam told the international audience of space experts in Boston that, besides expanding its extensive satellite programIndia now plans lunar missions and a reusable launch vehicle (RLV) that takes an innovative approach using a

scramjet "hyperplane." Kalam said that India understands that global civilization will deplete earthly fossil fuels in the

21st century. Hence, he said, a "space industrial revolution" will be necessary to exploit the high frontier's

resources. Kalam predicted that India will construct giant solar collectors in orbit and on the moon, and will mine

helium-3--an incredibly rare fuel on Earth, but one whose unique atomic structure makes power generation from nuclear fusion potentially

feasible--from the lunar surface. India's scramjet RLV, Kalam asserted, will provide the "low-cost, fully reusable space

transportation" that has previously "denied mankind the benefit of space solar-power stations in geostationary

and other orbits."

India has the necessary tech and capabilities -- solves the aff.

The Times 8 (India Over the Moon, The Times, 10/23/08, Lexis Nexis)

Indian pride is rising almost as fast as the Chandrayaan-1 Moon rocket that yesterday blasted off from southern India to

begin two years of lunar studies and establish India's place in the forefront of the Asian space race. The

launch was greeted with patriotic enthusiasm across the country, as scientists hailed the unmanned mission

as a landmark for the nation's high- technology industries, and politicians spoke of India's emerging globa

importance (see page 35). Few questioned the cost, despite the vast sums still needed to lift hundreds of millions out of poverty

Even the poor expressed joy at an achievement remarkable for a country that was regularly swept by famine

only 60 years ago. The space operation is ostensibly about mapping the Moon's surface, looking for helium-3 and

broadening India's commercial space programme. In fact, as politicians and the public understand, it is more about respondingto China's first space walk last month and the unmanned probes launched by both China and Japan last year. This has been a good week fo

India. Two days ago a crossing point over the line of control in Kashmir was opened for the first time to allow Indian and Pakistani lorries to

carry fruit, vegetables and other exports between the two halves of the divided state that have been shut off from each other for six decades

The symbolic traffic over the Peace Bridge was agreed during talks between the Indian Prime Minister and the Pakistani President at the

United Nations. It is intended to demonstrate to both countries that, despite the political turbulence in Pakistan and Indian accusations that

Pakistan was responsible for the bombing of the Indian Embassy in Kabul, the rapprochement between the two countries is still on track

Reopening of the trade route has been a main demand of Kashmiri separatists. It will do much to calm renewed tensions in Indian Kashmir

before elections there later in the year. Back on Earth, another Indian has just won the Man Booker Prize. Aravind Adiga, a 33-year-old

Oxford-educated writer, beat another Indian shortlisted contender, Amitav Ghosh, and is the fourth Indian-born writer to win the prize since it

was established in 1969. But his novel, The White Tiger, is itself a play on the competition between India and China, and takes a bitter look a

the hollowness behind the boasts of "India shining" - a crass slogan that probably cost the nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party the last genera

election. The space launch may deflect attention temporarily from the problems that Adiga chronicles, but the gap between India's vaunted

democracy and the realities of daily life are pitilessly exposed, as the Government itself has found. Manmohan Singh, the Prime Minister, won

a coup in securing his cherished nuclear deal with Washington, but otherwise little has gone his way: the economy has slowed, the quarrels

within his coalition have sharpened and reformers are disappointed that changes they see as essential to further development have stalled

Nevertheless, the Moon shot underlines a point also made by the global downturn: that India, which surely deserves a

permanent Secur-ity Council seat, is a power not to be ignored. For millions of Indians that point was joyously made by India's onereally important achievement: victory over Australia in the second Test, with the bonus of Sachin Tendulkar racking up more runs than anyone

else in Test match history.
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Slv Satellites

India solves environmental monitoring efforts best.

Singh 10 CNN World Staff Writer (1/29/10, Harmeet Shah Singh, CNN World, India plans manned space mission in 2016http://articles.cnn.com/2010-01-29/world/india.manned.space.mission_1_chandrayaan-chandrayaan-1-space-agency?_s=PM:WORLD)

Indian researchers have announced plans to send their astronauts to space in 2016. The cost of the proposed

mission is estimated at $4.8 billion, said S. Satish, spokesman for the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). Studies have begun

on the design of the crew capsules that will be used to put a pair of astronauts 300 kilometers aloft for

seven days, he said. The project budget has been sent for federal approval, he added. A training facility for astronauts will also

be built in southern India as part of the program, which Satish said would be solely Indian. In 1984, Rakesh Sharma became the

first Indian to explore space in what was a joint mission with the then Soviet Union. In 2008, India launched its first unmanned

mission -- Chandrayaan-1 -- to the moon that dropped a probe onto the lunar surface. In 312 days,

Chandrayaan-1, meaning moon craft, completed more than 3,400 orbits and met most of its scientific

objectives before vanishing off the radars abruptly last year, according to the space agency. The craft carriedpayloads from the United States, the European Union and Bulgaria. One of its aims was to search for evidence of water or ice and identify the

chemical composition of certain lunar rocks. The Chandrayaan-1 mission came to be seen as the 21st century, Asian version of the space race

between the United States and the USSR -- but this time involving India and China. Satish said the agency was also planning to send

a second version of Chandrayaan in 2012. India held its first rocket launch from a fishing village in southern India in 1963. Now

the South Asian nation lists more than 60 events as "milestones" in its space program, which includes the

successful use of polar and geosynchronous satellite launch vehicles. Indian scientists say their country has the

world's largest constellation of remote-sensing satellites. These satellites , according to the Vikram Sarabhai Space

Center, capture images of the Earth used in a range of applications -- agriculture, water resources, urban

development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, drought and flood forecasting, ocean resources

and disaster management. Another major system, or INSAT, is used for communication, television and

meteorology. India, however, maintains competition does not drive its space ambitions.

Indias already deploying environmental satellites -- solves the aff.Clark 11 Spaceflight Now Writer (Stephen, April 20, 2011, Indian Rocket Reaches Space with

Observation Satellite http://www.space.com/11441-indian-rocket-launch-singapore-satellite.html)

Achieving a booming success after two rocket failures last year, India deployed three satellites in orbit early Wednesday (April 20) with

the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, a workhorse 14-story booster that racked up its 17th straight successful mission. The rocket blastedoff at 0442 GMT (12:42 a.m. EDT) Wednesday from the Satish Dhawan Space Center on Sriharikota Island on India's east coast, where it was

10:12 a.m. local time. The PSLV thundered into a mostly sunny sky, soaring southeast from the launch site before turning nearly due south to reach

a polar sun-synchronous orbit about 511 miles above Earth. [World's Tallest Rockets] Producing a combined thrust of 1.9 million pounds, the

launcher's six strap-on boosters and solid-fueled first stage powered the PSLV to an altitude of more than 40 miles in less than two minutes, then a

hydrazine-fueled second stage took over to accelerate the rocket to nearly 9,000 mph. Two more stages finished the job, placing the rocket and its

three payloads in a stable orbit. "I'm extremely happy to announce that the PSLV-C16/Resourcesat 2 mission is successful," said said K

Radhakrishnan, chairman of the Indian Space Research Organization. The announcement was met by boisterous applause from engineers inside

the PSLV control center. Although the PSLV has a successful track record, the Indian space program suffered through a troubling year with

consecutive launch failures of its larger GSLV rocket and accusations of institutional nepotism. The PSLV's fourth stage released the 2,658-pound

Resourcesat 2 spacecraft 18 minutes after liftoff. Replacing an earlier satellite launched in 2003, Resourcesat 2 will help officials

respond to natural disasters, monitor agriculture and manage urban and rural roads and infrastructure . "This is

the 18th launch of the PSLV, and Resourcesat 2 is the 18th remote sensing satellite of India ," Radhakrishnan said in

post-launch remarks. Resourcesat 2 will aid environmental scientists in measuring soil contamination

tracking water resources and monitoring land use trends. India's national security agencies will

also use Resourcesat 2 data. The spacecraft carries three visible and infrared cameras with a peak

resolution of 5.8 meters, or 19 feet. The imagers are upgraded versions of the cameras flying on Resourcesat 1,


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an aging predecessor satellite that has already outlived its lifetime projections. Designed to operate for at leas

five years, Resourcesat 2 also features advanced and miniaturized electronics and carries an experimental ship-

tracking Automatic Identification System instrument to collect position, speed and other information from

seagoing vessels. The AIS payload was built by Com Dev of Canada. Wednesday's rocket launch also orbited two smaller

satellites one for university students in India and Russia and another for Singapore. [Designs for India's First Manned

Spaceship Revealed] YouthSat, a joint mission between Indian and Russian students, carries three science

instruments to study the upper atmosphere and measure solar cosmic rays. X-SAT, Singapore's first nationa

satellite, has a multi-spectral camera and will demonstrate space-based remote sensing and image processing

technologies. YouthSat and X-SAT each weighed about 200 pounds at launch. The PSLV flight was the first space launch

of 2011 for India. Three more PSLV missions are planned this year, with the next scheduled for June

with India's GSAT 12 communications satellite. Officials are still investigating and fixing problems that doomed two GSLV launches

last year. India is also trying to perfect a homemade cryogenic third engine for the GSLV. The domesticpowerplant was the culprit in a GSLV launch mishap in April 2010.

More launches coming -- proves capability.

News One 11 (June 1, 2011 India to launch next communication satellite in July

http://www.inewsone.com/2011/06/01/india-to-launch-next-communication-satellite-in-july/54648

India will launch another advanced communication satellite GSAT-12 in geosynchronous orbit in the

second week of July using a smaller rocket, a senior official said Wednesday. The 1,400kg GSAT-12 will be launched from thespaceport at Sriharikota, about 80 km northeast of Chennai, on board the polar satellite launch vehicle (PSLV-C17). The 320-tonne heavy rocke

will have extended strap-ons for carrying solid and liquid propellants to put the spacecraft in the geosynchronous orbit in two stages, state-run

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Chairman K. Radhakrishnan told reporters here. The Rs.148-crore GSAT-12 will have 12

extended C-band transponders for communications and weather forecast services. The launch cost is about Rs.100

crore. The launch of GSAT-12 has been scheduled next month after the space agency successfully placed an

advanced mega satellite GSAT-8 in geosynchronous orbit May 25 after it was launched May 21 from Kourou inFrench Guiana off the South American coast onboard the Ariane-V rocket of the European Space Agency consortium Arianespace. GSAT-12 has

been built at the space agencys satellite centre in this tech hub and will be shipped to Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh Thursday. As we areusing a polar launch vehicle to place the satellite in the geosynchronous orbit, the spacecraft will be first placed

in the lower elliptical orbit between 284 km perigee (closer to earth) and 21,000 km apogee (away from earth) and

subsequently transferred into the intended orbit in stages between 21,000 km perigee and 36,000 km apogee ,Radhakrishnan said. In the run-up to the launch mission, the rocket will be assembled at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota and

integrated with control systems and avionics. The solid and liquid stages are going through final checks before strapping them onto the rocket

The entire exercise, including assembling, integration and tests will be completed by June 26 for launching the

mission in the second week of July, the chairman said.


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Slv: Space Weaponization

India Is Willing And Capable To Develop Space Weapons

Daily Tech 10 [ India to Enter Space Weapons Race With Lasers, Killer Payloads by Jason Mick , January 13, 2010,http://www.dailytech.com/India+to+Enter+Space+Weapons+Race+With+Lasers+

Killer+Payloads/article17392.htm

Now India has joined the game of militarization of space. The director-general of India's defense research organization on Jan. 3told the press that his country was currently working on an exo-atmospheric kill vehicle and lasers, which could

be combined to destroy enemy satellites. V.K. Saraswat, director-general of the Defence Research and Development Organisation

which is part of India's Ministry of Defence, elaborated, "The kill vehicle, which is needed for intercepting the satellite

needs to be developed, and that work is going on as part of the ballistic missile defense program." The

onboard lasers would not be used as a high energy weapon, but rather as a positioning device to make

sure a destructive payload was delivered to the target. Mr. Saraswat explains, "[The laser] will be able to give you a concretepicture of the satellite, and use that picture to guide your kill vehicle towards that. That work has yet to be done." If the efforts of China, the U.S

Russia, and now India are any indication, it appears that past human wars on the land and on sea may only be a prelude to wars in outer space;

the sweeping stellar battles of science fiction tales such as Star Wars may one day become reality. For now, though, space warfare is unlikely

because there's little to be gained from it in terms of resources. However, if man has not learned to coexist more peacefully by the time we begin to

colonize other celestial bodies and mine their resources, tensions may boil over and successor of these space weapons -- now mere novelties --

may see use.
http://www.dailytech.com/India+to+Enter+Space+Weapons+Race+With+Lasershttp://www.dailytech.com/India+to+Enter+Space+Weapons+Race+With+Lasers


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Slv Solar Powered Satellites

India Solves: Has Key Tech for SPS

Foust 10 [Jeff, Aerospace Analyst, November 8,. Space solar powers- Indian connection http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1721/1July 13, 2011.]

Indias role in SBSP Those 1970s-era studies also assumed that the United States would be the lead, if not only, nation involved in the

development of SBSP systems: a rational assumption at the time given the capabilities of other spacefaring nations. However, just as technologies

have advanced during the last three decades, so have the capabilitiesand energy needsof other nations, opening up opportunities forcooperation not envisioned three decades ago. One example formally announced at a Washington, DC, press conference on Thursday by the

National Space Society is the Kalam-NSS Energy Initiative. The project is a joint venture that plans to bring together American and Indian experts

to discuss technologies associated with SBSP at a bilateral meeting planned for next May in Huntsville, Alabama, in conjunction with the

International Space Development Conference, the annual conference of the NSS. What gives this effort added prominence is one of the Indian

supporters of the effort: Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the former president of India. Kalam worked on missile and space programs in India

before becoming president in 2002, earning the nickname Missile Man of India. He promoted Indias space efforts during his five-yea

tenure as president and is now lending his name and interest to this new effort. I have been proposing that large missions, like

bringing space solar power to the Earth, would need the combined efforts of nations, Kalam said , speaking byphone from India. His interest in SBSP, he said, came from a need to meet Indias growing energy requirements while moving away from fossi

fuels. We need to graduate from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. While the idea of cooperation between the two countries on space

solar power has been brought up in the past (see Should India and the US cooperate on space solar power?, The Space Review, June 8, 2009)

the concept was discussed in detail more recently in an August 2010 white paper by Peter Garretson, an Air Force lieutenant colonel who had a

fellowship at Indias Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses. In the paper, he outlined the concept of solar power from space and how it might

serve to advance the strategic partnership between the United States and India. In the paper, Garretson calls for a three-stage joint effort fo

development of an SBSP system, after an initial (stage 0) creation of a bilateral framework: a technology development study, development of a

demonstration system, and then full-fledged production. While the final stage would cost tens of billions of dollars, Garretson wrote that the

technology study stage could be done for only $1030 million over about five years. Why should the two countries cooperate on SBSP, though? A

Thursdays press conference, NSS CEO Mark Hopkins noted that the two countries have so much in common, ranging from a

shared colonial history to strong public interest in space. Both also have growing energy requirements, especially in India as tha

populous nation modernizes, and SBSP could meet those needs and more. India and the United States can become major ne

exporters of energy, he said. Basically, youre talking about a combination of American technology and the ability of India to do a lot olow-cost manufacturing, Hopkins said. It was less clear, though, at Thursdays press conference, what exactly India could bring to the table in

terms of technologies and other capabilities to enable SBSP. Asked what India could provide, Kalam spoke about the development of what hecalled a hyperplane, a reusable spaceplane that could greatly lower the costs of space access. For solar power satellite success, we need a

launch vehicle system which can bring down the costs from $20,000 to $2,000 a kilogram, he said. The Indian space agency ISRO has been

studying a spaceplane concept called Avatar that would use a combination of ramjet, scramjet, and rocket engines to achieve orbit, but has yet to

begin flight tests of even subscale technology demonstrators. Given the difficulties India has faced with less complex launch vehicle technologies

such as cryogenic upper stages for expendable launchers (the first flight of an indigenously-developed cryogenic upper stage for its GSLV launche

failed in April of this year), as well as the technology challenges of RLV development as demonstrated by past US efforts, it suggests that the

hyperplane may be many years in the future. T.K. Alex, director of the ISRO Satellite Centre and the Indian leader of the Kalam

NSS Energy Initiative, said later at the press conference that India could also contribute technology in the area of high-

efficiency and lightweight solar panels. Hopkins, though, suggested Indias role might be in helping keep system costs downBasically, youre talking about a combination of American technology and the ability of India to do a lot of low-cost manufacturing, he said. The

press conference took place the day before President Barack Obama left on a three-day visit to India. That trip is expected to include some

announcements related to space, including the removal of ISRO from the U.S. Entity List for high-tech exports, a step that would remove oneobstacle for American companies seeking to export some items to India. However, SBSP is not expected to be on the agenda of meetings between

Obama and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. Kalam suggested that it instead be brought up at a future meeting of G8 or G20 nations

Whether these effortsthe IAA study and the Kalam-NSS initiativegive new life to SBSP remains to be seen. Space solar power has been

largely out of the mainstream of discussion in both the space and energy fields for decades (see Blinded by the light, The Space Review, June 7

2010), and official supportand fundingfor such work has been in short supply. Comebacks, though, are always possible, if the righ

circumstances arise. After all, Jerry Brown was elected governor of California on Tuesday.

India is key to SPS development 4 warrants

1. Gov. likes SPS

2. Interoperable technology


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3. Highly motivated, benfits too great

4. India will have the manpower necessary

Glover 10 [Jessica, Joseph S. Nye Jr. Research Intern, For U.S.-India Cooperation, Space is the Next Frontier CNAS, November 11, 20http://www.cnas.org/blogs/naturalsecurity/2010/11/us-india-cooperation-space-next-frontier.html.]

As President Obama continues his tour through Asia this week, including Mondays remarks in India, foreign policy-watchers have suggested a

number of ways to improve and revitalize the India-U.S. relationship including our very own CNAS colleagues. Importantly, President Obama

himself emphasized the interplay between technology, new energy, and greater security during his address

to the Indian Parliament. The final frontier outer space is one arena where some experts see potentiacollaboration between the United States and India. A November report issued by the Institute for Defence Studies

and Analyses (IDSA) in India, The Skys No Limit laid out the potential for U.S.-Indian efforts on space based solar

power (SBSP). If such technology can be developed, SBSP could be a remarkable future source of clean energy. The concept centers onplacing satellites in geosynchronous orbit, capturing solar rays before their energy is diluted by the Earths atmosphere, turning this captured

energy into microwave energy, and literally beaming it down to Earth-based receivers that could transform it into electricity. The IDSA repor

outlines, on page 67, four reasons why promoting India-U.S. cooperation on space based solar power makes sense at this juncture: Firstly

India is the only major state where a Head of State has not only suggested space solar power as a goal for

its space agency, but also expressed an interest in international cooperation . Second, as already noted above, there

is considerable momentum in the Indo-US strategic partnership, with key componentsspace, energy,

climate change, high tech, aviation, and dual use strategic technologies and defence cooperationalreadyin place with vibrant dialogue. Third, Indias need for power and development is acute, likely considerably

more acute than other potential partners which makes it potentially a more motivated partner , and a linked effor

also promises a tremendous ultimate market potential. Fourthly, the success of space solar power will depend partly on

low-cost manufacture. In the time frame when space solar power will come of age, perhaps 15 years in the future, even as

other manufacturing and labour markets age and face decline, India is projected to be in the midst of its demographic dividend, with

the largest working age population of any country on earth. Despite real concerns over cost and feasibility, as well as a notedlack of legal frameworks surrounding potential international cooperation, a report advising the U.S. Department of Defense in 2007 regarded India

as a potential partner for future development of SBSP alongside Japan and the European Space Agency.

India can create SSP best, has already begun working on the tech and needs to develop more.Dinerman 09, [Taylor June 8, 20, Should India and the US cooperate on space solar power?, The Space Reviewhttp://www.thespacereview.com/article/1389/1]

If the US has a serious medium-term need for a very large new source of clean energy, India needs it even

more. While there is a lot of talk about terrestrial solar, wind, and geothermal power as alternatives to coalwhich seems to be currentlypolitically unacceptableor nuclearwhich has its own set of political problems but whose greatest drawback may simply be the length of time i

takes to build new power plantsspace solar power (SSP) may be the only alternative that could be made to work

before the major global electricity demand crisis hits, around the year 2050. In Washington lots of people havecomplained that the Obama Administration has so far not given the India-US relationship the attention it deserves. Others are waiting to see if this

relatively new team is going to follow up on the progress made by both the Clinton and the George W. Bush Administrations in building a rea

friendship between the two democratic giants. The one area in which there seems to be movement on, though, is a renewable energy

partnership.If the US has a serious medium-term need for a very large new source of clean energy, India needs it even more.From Indiasstandpoint the government does take the energy problem very seriously. While they connect it with the question of climate change, they have made

it clear that they are not willing to inflict economic pain on their people in order to appease those in the West who are demanding that they cease

their current drive to climb out of mass poverty in the name of the environment. Former External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee made this clea

when he spoke at the Asia Society in New York last year and said, It is therefore completely one sided to target countries like India, whose

emissions though modest are rising, but fail to bring to account those who have been responsible for more than 70% of the accumulated emissions

in the atmosphere.Recognizing the potential weakness of a case based strictly on the question of climate change, Mukherjee was wise enough toadd that even if there were no climate change arguments, considerations of energy security alone would require a medium to long term strategy o

implementing a strategic shift from fossil fuels to non fossil fuels. He called for a major R&D effort to develop applications that that can provide

convenient, cost effective large scale applications of solar energy.Any analysis of the potential of terrestrial solar energy in

India or elsewhere runs up against the awesome size of the future demand for power. Photovoltaic panels


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on rooftops and solar water heaters all make excellent small-scale contributions to the solution, but they

cannot by any stretch of the imagination fulfill the requirements of a huge growing economy like Indias

Only SSP, which operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, year after year, can hope to meet this need.

Fortunately both India and the US have space programs and technologies that could, if developed together and possibly

with other interested nations such as Japan, bring SSP systems into service sometime late next decade or the early

2020s. With its commitment to develop a new low cost reusable spaceplane, the India Space Research

Organisation (ISRO) is already working on one of the key technologies needed for an SSP system. Indian

participation in both private and public SSP programs should be welcomed by the US. Ehe US government shouldmake an effort to facilitate this by helping with visas and work permits for qualified Indian scientists and engineers. Recent moves towards

reforming the notorious International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) should include ensuring that SSP systems are covered by the Departmen

of C

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