Index [link.springer.com]978-1-137-00375...type of stevedore company (versus Rotterdam) 146 World...
Transcript of Index [link.springer.com]978-1-137-00375...type of stevedore company (versus Rotterdam) 146 World...
Index
Notes: bold = extended discussion or term highlighted in text; f = figure; n = endnote/footnote; t = table.
‘activity risk’ (Tenold) 220–31Adelaide 172Admiralty law 201–2Advent of Steam (Gardiner and
Greenhill, 1993) 45, 61(n18)Aegean Sea 243–4, 247–8, 250–2Aeolos Management Company
(London, 1969–) 245–6Aframax tankers 78Africa: Southern and Western
49–50t, 50t, 53–4, 56, 59Agricultural and National Bank
(Greece) 246air transport 67, 90, 124, 130, 251,
255–6t, 266Alafouzos group 240, 255tAlexander of Weedon, Lord 137,
141(n72)Alexandria 118Algeria 59Aliveri coal mine 245Allison, K. J. 219(n67)Amatori, F. 259(n5)American Civil War 3, 37, 54, 109American Revolutionary War 35American South 37
see also New WorldAmos & Smith Ltd. 206Amsden, A. H. 259(n5, n9)Amsterdam 12Andersen, W.H. 225, 233(n15)Andreadis, Captain G. H. (1875–1945)
246Andreadis, S. G. (1905–89) 246Andreadis group 240, 246–7, 255t,
261(n44–5)London office 250second generation 246–7third 247, 249
Andros 243–4, 245, 261(n40)Angerstein, J. J. 111‘Anglo-Saxon business model’ 225,
233(n16)Anglo-Saxon Petroleum
Company 225–6Annual Statement of Navigation and
Shipping of UK (1871–) 46, 48n,K51, 59, 61(n22)
Annual Statement of Trade and Navigation (UK, 1853–70) 46,48n, 59, 61(n22)
anti-competitive practices 104(n25), 170, 171
Antwerp xiv, 5–6, 22, 187tcasual labour (persistence) 151,
157(n22)competition with Rotterdam
142–57dockers (number, 1899) 143‘general cargo port’ 144outdated port infrastructure 147,
148, 150‘quickest and cheapest in Europe’
(slogan) 149response to containerization ‘much
too late’ 152Ten-Year Plan (1955–65) 148, 151type of stevedore company (versus
Rotterdam) 146World War II (effects: short-term
versus long-term) 146–51, 156–7
Antwerp: Catholic University 155(n1)
Antwerp city council 144–5, 147–8, 154
Antwerp Port Authority 148, 152–3, 155(n1)
273
274 Index
Arbeidsblad 143arbitration 115, 171Argentina 54, 59, 62(n43), 116, 120Argonauta (Newsletter of CNRS)
25(n19)Arkwright, Sir Richard 30Armstrong, J. ix, 3, 13, 25(n6,
n25–6), 43–63, 265Arnould on Marine Insurance
(1848–) 120‘Ascendancy of Sailing Ship, 1850–85’
(Graham, 1956) 45, 60(n10–11)Asia-Pacific 186, 198(n17)
busiest ports 197, 199(n39)Asian Development Bank 185‘asset risk’ (Tenold) 220–31Association of Employers
of Waterfront Labour (Australia) 168–9
Astigarraga, J. B. 240Athens 244, 246Atlantic Canada Shipping Project
(1976–82) 14–15, 21–2, 26(n29)Atlantic Ocean 44, 53, 59, 60(n11),
62(n38), 67economy 29, 104(n18)
Australasia 49–50t, 51, 55, 59, 62(n30), 63(n46)
Australia xii, xiii, 6, 20, 26(n26), 30, 52, 59, 68, 96, 120
anti-competitive arrangements 170, 171
basic data (ports/trade) 166–7economy ‘on hinge of history’
172, 178(n61)port reform 175port reform (limits) 174, 179(n68)port regulation (institutional path
dependence) 158–79waterfront industry (characteristics,
1989) 171, 178(n59)waterfront reform (1989) 172–3
Australia: Bureau of Infrastructure 173n
Australia: institutional path dependence 166–75, 177–9
entrenching self-reinforcing path dependence 169–71
regulating the waterfront 167–9
shifting to reactive path dependence 171–5
Australia: Treasury 178(n62)Australian Bureau of Statistics 169nAustralian Competition and
Consumer Commission(ACCC) 174, 179(n68)
Australian Stevedoring Industry Authority (ASIA, 1956–76) 168, 169
Australian Stevedoring Industry Board (ASIB, 1949–56) 167–8
Austria-Hungary 59Aznar & Astigarraga (firm) 241Aznar brothers 257tAznar Coste, E. (1920–81) 242–3Aznar Group (1861–) 240–3, 242,
250, 252, 258n, 261see also Basque country
Aznar Sáinz, A. 243Aznar Sáinz, E. 243Aznar de la Sota, E. (1830–1902)
240–1Aznar Tutor, A. (1865–1923) 241Aznar Tutor, E. (1860–1908) 241Aznar Tutor, L. M. (1862–1929)
241–2Aznar Zavala, I. (1898–1953) 242Aznar Zavala, J. (1904–1964) 242Aznar Zavala, J. A. (1901–1972) 242Aznar Zavala, J. L. (1896–1951) 242
‘backlash processes’ 160Backx, J. P. 156(n18)balance of payments 36t, 268–9,
272(n20)Baldwin, R. E. 41(n1)ballast 46–9, 49t, 61–2(n27), 68Baltic Co. Ltd. 115Baltic Committee 115Baltic Mercantile Exchange see
London: Baltic Mercantile and Shipping Exchange
Baltic Sea 22, 27(n34), 40, 41, 78Baltic Society 115Banco Urquijo 242, 243Bank of Athens (1893–) 244Bank of Attica 246Bank of Greece 269
Index 275
Bank of National Economy (Greece, 1918–29) 245
Bank of Piraeus 246bankruptcy 224, 228, 243banks and banking 100, 203, 228–9,
241–2, 244–6, 251–2, 253–8t, 261(n41)
role in business groups 236Barnard, M. G. ix, 7, 200–19, 267Barnett, C. 218(n56)Barry, M. 176(n18)Barty-King, H. 115, 118, 122–3Basberg, B. 232(n1)Basque country iii, xiii, 248, 251
see also BilbaoBasque Shipowners’ Association 243Bassett, M. 176(n22)Bates, Colonel P. 130bauxite/aluminium 96, 97, 104(n32)Beckinton, J. 205Belgium 48, 59, 60(n11)Belgium: Ministry of Labour 143Belgium: National Joint
Committee 145Belgium: National Labour
Council 149Belief in Sea (Davies, 1992) 126,
139(n12, n19), 141(n57)Bellamy, J. M. 206, 217(n28,
n31–2)Beneki, H. 256nBengal 59Berge Stahl 70Bergen (Norway) 16, 18, 233(n17)Bergesen, S. 228Bilbaína de Navegación (company)
241Bilbao 240, 248, 252, 261(n31–2,
n49)see also Aznar Group
Bilbao Shipowners’ Association 241Black Sea 30, 39, 247, 248Blair, A. C. L. 127Blake, G. 114, 122(n27)Boin, A. 176(n2)Boluda group 252Bombay 59, 116Bonney, J. 178(n52)Boston Associates 37
Boyce, G. H. ix, 4–5, 7, 9(n16), 26(n26), 106–23, 200, 201, 216(n4, n9), 264
BP 127Braila (Romania) 244, 245Brautaset, C. 233(n6)Brazil 59Bremen 142Brisbane 172Britain see United KingdomBritish and Commonwealth
[company] 127British Chamber of Shipping
272(n20)British Commission (with ICMH) 20British Corporation for Survey and
Registry of Shipping (1890–1949)114
British Maritime Charitable Foundation 133, 140(n50)
British Parliamentary Papers (BPP) 49–50n, 201, 216(n14, n17)
British Shipbuilding and State since 1918 (Johnman and Murphy,2002) 126, 139(n11)
British shipping 200, 201, 216(n4, n9)‘ebb tide’ (Jamieson) 124, 138(n1)government response to decline
124–41reasons for decline (external versus
internal) 124–6source material 46–7, 61(n22–3)
British Shipping (Thornton, 1939) 44,g60(n8)
British Shipping: Challenges and Opportunities (c.1990) 136
British Shipping: Charting New Course (DETR, 1998) 137, 141(n71)
British Shipping and World Competition (Sturmey) 125, 138(n3)
Broeze, F. 2, 5, 9, 15, 26(n25–6),62(n30), 86(n21), 103(n1), 176(n17), 178(n52), 267
Brook, T. 197(n2)Brown, J. 210, 218(n50)Bruijn, J. 21, 26(n26)Bubble Act (UK, 1720–1825) 203Buenmar Compania Naviera (Piraeus,
1969–) 245
276 Index
Bugge, I. 98bulk cargoes/commodities 3, 45, 46,
52, 54–5, 57deep sea 125dry 4, 68–71, 78–9, 91, 127, 230dry (global fleet size, 1960–75) 95freight rates 91heavy 73–4, 74tlight 66n, 73–6price index 92, 104(n15)return-leg 69
bulk carriers 68–9, 74, 80,85(n13–14), 86(n31), 86–7(n33–4), 90, 242, 243
deadweight tonnage versus cargo-hold volume 74t
‘maxi-size’ 82revolution 72revolution ‘comes of age’ 70scale economies (building and
carrying costs per ton-mile) 76f, 76–7
size 72–3, 76size (average, 1930–2008) 70fsize constraints 77–8specialized 102total tonnage (1930–2008) 70f, 70
bunkers 47, 65, 72, 75, 232(n4)Bureau of Transport and
Communications Economics (BTCE, Australia) 172–3, 179(n66)
Busan 187tbusiness culture/environment
237–40, 247‘isolate city’ (Hull) 210–14, 215,
218–19key research theme 210path dependent 250–1see also culture
business cycles 6, 81, 150, 223, 267business groups 10(n17), 267
capability to combine resources for repeated industry entry 237,259(n10)
concept 7, 10(n16)contact capabilities 237core activity (reversion in times of
economic crisis) 238, 249
definition 236diversification 248‘dynastic motivations’ 239,
260(n20)formation (exogenous versus
endogenous factors) 236–7governance structures 237multi-generational 252structure and growth
strategies 238survival factors/technique 235,
238–40, 251 business groups and entrepreneurial
families (Greece and Spain) 7–8,235–62, 267
Greek (non-traditional) 255–6tGreek (traditional) 253–5tSpanish 257–8tstrategy, structure, evolution 235traditional versus
non-traditional 251business history 6–7, 200, 216(n5)British 202–3
maritime 100–3, 200Business History (journal) 6, 9(n13)Buyst, E. 155(n2)
C.D. Holmes & Co. Ltd. 206cabotage 126Cain, P. J. 106, 121(n3)Cairo 116Calcutta 52, 116Canada 3, 27(n33–4), 38, 41(n1),
44–5, 54, 59, 60(n9), 116merchant marine 233(n9)see also Atlantic Canada
Canadian Nautical Research Society (CNRS) 18, 19, 25(n19)
canals (inter-oceanic)constraint on ship sizes 78Canary Islands 242Cape of Good Hope 59Capemax bulk carriers 66tcapital 39, 41, 144, 190, 202, 238,
269, 271(n6)family ‘first source’ 250
capital costs 79, 93, 100, 221capital and labour 30, 32, 34, 227,
267
Index 277
capital management risk 233(n4)capital markets 247, 250capitalism
familial 218(n47), 236, 259(n7) ‘gentlemanly’ 106, 115, 121,
121(n3)industrial 218(n46)managerial (US model) 210
Cardiff 47, 61(n24), 245cargo 46–9, 49t, 53, 61–2(n27)captured 112
insurance risks 111cargo handlers 142, 145, 146, 148cargo handling 167containerization 152costs 78, 148, 156(n17), 221
speed ‘key factor’ 152, 153‘unnecessary complication’
(Antwerp) 144cargo liners 66t, 74t, 127cargo ships 68, 73, 246
versus mail/passenger ships 61(n25)
specialized 90cargo space/capacity 66n, 86(n31)
advantage of sailing ships (versussteamships) 60(n12)
volumes 75–6cargo tonnage 86(n25)
global growth 65‘minor tricks’ 86(n26)
Carras group 255tCastillo, A. 258n, 261(n28)casual labour 143, 145, 153–5, 161,
167, 168elimination (NZ waterfront,
1980) 164, 177(n37)opportunism-prone spot
contracting system 162persistence at Antwerp 151,
157(n22)see also decasualization
Catalogue for Guidance of Industries for Foreign Investment (PRC) 196, 199(n37)
Caves, R. E. 41(n1)Central Bureau of Statistics (Norway)
233(n11)Ceylon 16, 59
chaebol 236Chamber of Shipping (UK) 126–7,
128, 134Chambers’Journal 117Chandler, A. D. 7, 200, 210,
216(n5), 218(n46)Chandos Committee 130Chandris group 254tCharles Hellyer & Company Ltd.
(Hull, 1891–7) 209, 218(n43–4)authorized capital 209nominal capital (1891–7) 213,
219(n64)reconstitution (1897) 212–13,
217(n35), 218(n62)see also Hellyer Steam Fishing
Company Ltdchartering 116chartering agents 118Chartering Annual 72chartering process 122(n35)chartering terms 80charters
long-term 225–6, 228, 231short-term 229, 231
chemical (parcel) tankers 73, 98–100, 105(n40–50), 229
building costs 100chemicals 4, 90, 246, 265case study 89, 97–100, 102
reduction in bulk transport costs 99
Chesterfield, Earl of 207Chiang, Z. 186, 198(n19)Chicago 116Chicago University 90, 103(n6)Chifley, J. B. 167Chile 59China/PRC 54, 56, 59, 60(n11), 166,
178(n46), 252, 265, 266–7concession fees and tariffs 199container throughputs (1995–2000)
185tcustom clearance procedure 195–6
entry into WTO (2002) 196–7harbour and wharf
construction 184legal reforms (maritime
transport) 189–91, 199(n26)
278 Index
custom clearance procedure – continued
Open Door Policy 181–3open ports (1984–) 185, 192,
198(n14)port governance (challenges)
194–7, 199port problems (Chiang and Lau)
186, 198(n19)public enterprise management
187–8, 198(n21–4)public financial management
198–9seaport development (1978–2002)
6, 180–99seaports: public sector
management 184–7, 198sources of port finance 198–9transport network 186transport system (literature) 181,
197(n4)transport system (problems) 181
China: Five-Year Plans (PRC) 1858th (1991–1995) 1869th (1996–2000) 186, 188
China: Ministry of Communications(MOC) 189, 190, 192, 194f
Maritime Bureau 191, 192China: Ministry of Finance 189China: Ministry of Foreign Trade and
Economic Cooperation 182China: National People’s Congress
5th (1979) 198(n9)7th (1988) 1828th (1993) 183
China: State Council 182, 191, 192, 197(n5), 198(n10)
China: State Price Bureau 189China clipper 66tChinese Communist Party (CCP)
180, 18113th Congress (1987) 18215th Congress (1998) 183
Chios 245, 246Chiwan 185Church, R. 210Clarence, Duke of 212Clydebank 131co-operative structures 152–3
coal 40, 52, 67–9, 79, 87(n38), 104(n32), 241, 253t, 257t, 265
cargo size (increase) 72export trade 47, 61(n24), 96freight costs (different distances,
1872–2001) 81f, 81freight rates 91terminal costs (1872–2001) 82tsee also coking coal
coal-carriers 93, 94coastal shipping ix, 38, 47, 60(n12),
62(n38), 64, 65, 242‘always depended on small
vessels’ 77versus road transport 77
Coates, D. 139(n16)Cochrane & Sons 206coffee houses 110, 112, 113, 117,
122(n5)patronage (by occupational
group) 107coking coal
actions of shipping entrepreneurs 96–7
case study 89, 100, 102contracts with customers 97Colpan, A. M. 259(n5)combination carriers 95Comillas group 240, 257t, 261(n28)Commercial Bank of Greece 246, 247Commercial Bank of Near East
(London) 246commercial infrastructure (world
shipping) 4–5, 106–23, 264‘feeling’ for state of trade 108,
117, 121organization of space 121physical construction of trading
places 121specialized terminology 109,
117–18, 119, 121commodities 5, 46, 56, 88, 107, 160,
196most valuable (versus ship size) 83specific positions on exchange
trading floors 117trade volumes 79
commodity deflators 92, 93, 104(n23–4)
Index 279
commodity pricescollapse (1930s) 116
impact of freight rates 93Commonwealth Bank (Australia,
1911–) 171Commonwealth Court of Conciliation
and Arbitration (Australia) 167communications 3, 57communists 149–50, 156(n20), 168Compañía Bilbaína de Navegación
(1882–) 240companies/firms 159
internationalization 251‘maritime businesses’ 2private 7specialist and limited 7, 9(n14)
company law 202, 203, 216(n17)company records 7, 201comparative history 1, 8, 24,
28(n45)Compensatiefonds voor
bestaanszekerheid 151competition 175, 248, 267
existence of limits 238international 38‘unfair’ 129
competitive advantage 230, 237–8, 247, 252, 260(n16)
‘comparative advantage’ 121Rotterdam versus Antwerp 146
conferences 14–16, 18–20, 22, 25(n13)Conservative Governments (UK)
(1959–64) 127, 128–9, 130–1(1970–74) 127, 129, 131–2(1990–97) 136–7
Conservative Party (Spain) 242Consolidating Act (UK, 1862) 7, 203,
215Constantakopoulos group 256tConstantinople 60(n11), 246construction 150, 254t, 258tcontainer feeders 66t, 74t, 75,
86(n28)container ports
low productivity (Australia) 170, 178(n56)
container revolution 71–2, 74–5Antwerp versus Rotterdam
(1966–) 151–3, 157
PRC 184–5, 198(n8, n11)‘still in full swing’ 72–3
container shipping (1950s–) 71–3,73–80, 83, 87(n37–8), 90, 252, 265
average size 70fcellular 71, 75, 86(n29)deadweight-TEU ratios
(1986–2008) 75t, 75deadweight tonnage versus cargo-
hold volume 74tfirst-generation 66tglobal fleet 77global fleet: number of ships by
size class (1980–2008) 77fgross tonnage-deadweight ratios
(1986–2008) 75t, 75on-deck cargoes 74–5‘semi-container ships’ 71, 85(n18)size 72, 74tsize (increase, 1986–2008) 75size constraints 77–8speed 71see also liner shipping
container terminalsspecialized 152–3upstream location 153
Containerisation International Yearbook187n
containerization 5, 161, 163–4, 164f, 168, 169, 175, 178(n52), 188, 197(n4), 267–8
Antwerp versus Rotterdam 155impact on dock labour 71, 85(n17)labour-saving potential 165PRC 186
containerscustoms inspection (PRC versus
international norms) 196efficiency 71international standards (1965–) 71‘random selection’ inspection
system 196contract stevedoring (NZ) 161–2Conway’s History of the Ship 66nCook, Welton & Gemmell 206core versus periphery (manufacturing
versus raw materials) 29core-periphery globalization
(Cs16–19) 29–31
280 Index
Corfu 12corporatization 172, 187Corrigan, C. 173COSCO (PRC container shipping line:
China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company ) 184, 188
‘cost-plus’ contracts 161–2, 168cotton 30, 37, 52, 54, 116, 245Cottrell, P. L. 53, 62(n37), 201,
216(n9)Coustas group 256tCrafts, N. F. R. 84(n1)Craig, R. 12, 14, 26(n25), 57, 62(n32)cranes 71, 78, 144–7, 154
national container rates (1990–2010) 172, 173f, 173–4, 178(n65)
specialized type for container ships 152
crew agreements 14, 22crews 97, 142, 143, 192, 224, 269
accommodation 76advantage of sailing ships (versus
steamships) 60(n12)casualty rates 55
employment costs 125Cuba 248Cufley, C. F. H. 118, 120, 122(n35),
123(n47)culture 210–14, 214–15, 218–19
definition 201, 216(n6)see also business culture
Cunard 85(n9), 127, 130–2, 140, 215(n2)
government loans (1930s) 128‘sacred cow’ status 131taken over by Trafalgar House
(1971) 131currency risk 225, 228, 232(n4)customs duties 107, 121(n4)
exemptions 189customs union 37–8
Dalian 185t, 186, 187, 198(n14)Danube River 39, 244data deficiencies 65–6, 68n, 69, 69t,
84, 86(n30), 162David, P. A. 260(n25)Davies, M. 126, 139(n12, n20),
141(n57)
Davies, P. N. 13, 15, 26(n25–6), 62(n37, n39), 200, 215(n2), 233(n13)
Davies, S. 178(n47)Davis, C. J. 178(n47)Davis, R. 11, 15, 24(n2), 201,
216(n7) De Goey, F. 155(n2)De Keuster, J. 156(n18)deadweight tonnage 86(n25)
versus cargo-hold volume 73–4, 74t, 86(n26)
Deakin, B. M. 9(n12)decasualization 150–1, 154,
156–7(n21–2)see also dock labour
decentralization 183, 187, 191–4, 199(n27–30)
‘Decline in UK-Registered Merchant Fleet’ (House of Commons Transport Committee,1987–8) 124, 125, 138–41
Deddington Steamship Company Ltd. (Hull) 205
Deery, S. 178(n54)deflators 4, 92, 93, 101demography/population 34, 264,
266Deng Xiaoping 180, 182Denmark 21, 26(n26), 59, 226developing countries 197, 236,
259(n8)competition (shipping) versus
UK 124Devos, G. 176(n2)Dickens, P. 196, 199(n36)distance 30, 263
see also hauling distances‘distribution nodes’ 266diversification 163, 229, 230, 236–8,
249, 251, 252dividends 211, 221dock labour 5–6, 167, 178(n47)decasualization 150–1, 156–7(n21–2)
guaranteed supply 162‘monitoring’ versus ‘monetary
incentives’ 162, 177(n29)productivity 168stereotypical 150
Index 281
working conditions 150, 151see also internal labour markets
dock-labour organization (Antwerp and Rotterdam) 142
docks 144–6, 152–4Donovan, A. 178(n52)Driel, H. van 176(n2)‘dual leadership’
‘mainly led by local authorities’(PRC) 192
‘mainly led by MOC’ (PRC) 192Dyson, B. 217(n27)
Earle, C. 206Earle, W. 206Earle’s/Earles Shipbuilding and
Engineering Company Ltd. 206, 209, 211, 217(n28)
authorized capital 206capital (reconstituted) 207liquidation (1900) 206–7‘public company’ 211reconstitution as family business
(1901) 207, 209transformed from partnership into
company (1871) 206early Open Door Policy period (PRC,
1978–2002) 180–99economic crises 239, 245economic development 29, 184,
200, 268, 271(n17–18)economic equilibrium 31–3, 35economic growth 8, 68, 181, 200,
235, 268Australia 172, 178(n62)
‘early modern period’ (Europe)263–4
economic history 8, 11, 100–3,263
absence of shipping 263, 268–70,271–2
‘early modern period’ 9(n5)global 2, 9(n5)‘major discontinuity’ 31
economic openness 238, 248–9economic theory 21, 23, 27(n37)economics 8, 264
absence of shipping 263, 268–70,271–2
economies of scale 33, 64–87, 169, 227, 231
building and carrying costs per ton-mile 76f, 76–7
Ecuador 59Edinburgh 64, 208
efficiency 4–5, 52, 65, 73–4, 75t, 81, 172, 183–4, 187, 197(n5), 264, 271(n6)
versus visibility 266Egypt 59, 60(n11)Eisenhardt, K. M. 259(n4)Ekberg, E. ix–x, 4, 88–105, 264elasticity of demand 35, 36Eldridge on Marine Policies 120elites 107, 211, 246Ellerman, Sir John 217(n27)Embiricos, A. (1842–1924) 244Embiricos, E. (1858–1924) 244, 245Embiricos, E. G. (grandson of E. K.)
245–6Embiricos, E. K. 245Embiricos, G. 244Embiricos, G. M. (1875–1945) 245Embiricos, K. L. 244Embiricos, Captain Leonardos
(1765–) 243–4Embiricos, Leonidas (1836–1894) 244Embiricos, Leonidas (1872–1947) 244Embiricos, Maris 244Embiricos, Michalis 244Embiricos, S. G. (1868–1929) 244,
245Embiricos group (1860s–) 240,
243–6, 247, 253t, 261(n38–43)diversification (third and fourth
generations) 249fragmentation into three
branches 244–5, 249–50London office 250shipping office at Braila 244
Embiricos Shipping Agency Ltd. (London) 246
emerging markets 10(n17), 236, 259(n3, n5)
empiricism 3, 76f, 76, 197, 236, 240, 248
employers (Australian waterfront) 172
282 Index
employers’ organizations 148, 149, 150
employment 133–7, 141(n61), 160, 161, 172, 269
industry-based versus company-specific 172
permanent 168see also labour
Encyclopaedia Britannica 44, 60(n5)‘English way of life’ 211entrepreneurs 7, 51, 95, 213, 226
see also shipping entrepreneursentrepreneurship 37, 38–9,
233(n14), 237, 239Esbjerg 12Europe 36–7, 47, 60(n12), 67, 68,
78, 96, 227, 236sale of colonial produce 35
Europe: Northern 19, 49–50t, 51–3, 55, 59, 248
Europe: Southern 235–62Europe: Western 49–50t, 50, 53, 56,
59European Commission 137European Economic
Community 135Greek and Spanish entry 238UK entry (1973) 162–3
European Union 243Euskalduna Shipyards 241, 243exports 2–3, 35–6, 36t, 96, 160, 162,
166, 177(n34), 238Exports and Shipping Council (NZ)
163, 165
‘FAA’ 109Fairburn, M. 176(n17)family: ‘first source of capital’ 250family businesses 144, 200, 204–5,
207–8, 216(n5)Greek diaspora 248, 261(n48)ownership and control
combined 209–10ownership combined with
management 214survival 239, 260(n21–2)
family offices 237, 239‘Far East’ 49–50t, 50–2, 54, 56, 59,
63(n46)
Fayle, C. E. 1, 9(n2)Fearnley, T. 224Fearnley & Eger 23, 27(n36–8),
233(n13)feeder ships 83ferries 242fertilizers 97, 104(n32)Fierro group 240, 258t, 261(n28)finance (sector) 244, 247, 248Finance Act (UK, 1984) 134Findlay, R. 41(n2), 88, 91, 103(n2),
104(n25)Finland x, 21, 26(n26)
transport statistics 84–5(n3)first-mover advantage 3, 41fiscal policy 136–7Fischer, Professor L. R. xi, 1, 2, 8,
8–9(n1), 9(n10), 11–28, 85(n4), 88, 103, 105(n51), 138(n3), 155(n1), 178(n63), 215, 200, 215(n1), 223, 224, 232, 233(n7–9, n13–14), 234(n25), 264, 270, 270–1(n6–7), 272(n23–4)
career achievement (peroration) 23–4
contribution to maritime history (three aspects) 13–24, 25–8
‘disc jockey in New York’ 25(n8)encouragement for maritime
history 19–20encouragement to scholars and
organizations 13, 20–1history department (Memorial
University, 1976–) 14honorary doctorate (Liverpool,
2005) 25(n5)influences 15‘innate modesty’ 13, 20loyalty to Memorial
University 20–1nickname (‘Skip’) 13, 25(n7)propulsion to maritime
history 13–20publications 14publishing role 13–20research work 13, 21–3role in IMEHA 12–13Secretary-General of the
ICMH 20
Index 283
support for young scholars (and others) 20–1
visiting scholar 20fisheries/fishing 35, 40, 201, 204–5flags of convenience 90, 266Fletcher, R. A. 60(n7)flexibility 5, 6, 239Fon, A. M. 224, 233(n13)foreign direct investment (FDI)
181–3, 186, 188, 196, 199(n32)see also investment
foreign exchange 34f, 35, 40Forum (IJMH, 1989–) 17, 25(n18)France 37, 48, 53, 59, 60(n11),
62(n38), 108, 248, 265regional allocation
(imperfections) 59Francoist regime (Spain) 242–3,
249free discharge (FD) 80, 81, 87(n38)free in and out (FIO) 80–1, 87(n38)freight costs 79, 263, 269
commodity-deflated indices 93, 104(n23–4)
measures (adequacy) 89real rates 92–4
‘freight factor’ (deflator) 92, 93freight-rate indices (bias) 94freight rates x, 2, 4, 46, 101, 102,
128, 148, 162, 168, 220, 222f, 222, 229, 241, 264
appropriate deflator 92depressed (1973–c.1988) 228differing conclusions 91–2nominal versus real values 92peaks (late 1960s, early 1970s)
227–8post-war era 89–95, 103–5see also shipping costs
Fremantle Harbour Trust 170Fremantle Port Authority 168,
178(n48)Friedman, W. A. 216(n5)fruit 52, 242Fu, X. 198(n13)fuel 79, 91, 93, 94Full Steam Ahead: Maritime Strategy
(Prescott, 1993) 137, 141(n68)Furness [shipping company] 127
furs 35, 120Fusaro, M. 9(n5), 42(n8)
Gambia 59Gandarias Urquijo family 242Gardiner, R. 45Garrod, P. 87(n34, n36)Garrway’s coffee house 107Gartland, M. P. 176(n1)GDP deflator 92Geddes Committee (1965–6) 132,
140(n39)gender history 200general cargo 70f, 82–3, 90, 144,
146, 148, 153, 154General Council for British Shipping
(GCBS) 133–4, 136‘gentlemanly capitalism’ (Cain and
Hopkins) 106, 115, 121, 121(n3)
geographical constraints 82, 83geographical location 36–7, 269Germany xii, 20, 21, 26(n26), 48,
59, 62(n38), 108, 209Gianitsis, T. 260(n17)Gibraltar 59Giffard, A. 61(n16)Giffen, Sir Robert 269, 271(n19)Glasgow 113, 114, 130global economic integration 8
contribution of shipping 263–8,270–1
preconditions (Fischer and Nordvik) 264
global economy 1, 2–3, 40–1‘international economy’ 95‘world economy’ 5, 43, 57
globalization 2, 4, 9(n4), 23, 28(n44), 41, 43, 65, 85(n4–5, n17), 166–7, 171–2, 183
core-periphery (Cs16–19) 29–31driving force (C19 versus C20) 88literature 29nineteenth century 88, 90shipping businesses
‘forerunner’ 267Glover, J. 62(n45)Gold Coast 59Goldfinch, S. 177(n41)
284 Index
Goss, R. O 76n, 125, 126–7, 136,139(n14–15), 139–40(n24–5)
Goulandris group 240, 254tgovernments: general 5, 23, 28(n42),
104(n25), 112, 237, 251close relations with business
groups 238–9, 249, 250, 252intervention (economic) 237, 238maritime policy 266role 2, 264
governments: specific countriesAustralia 158, 168, 169, 173–4, 176Australia (federal) 167, 172, 175Australia (state) 167, 175Belgium 148, 149Netherlands 147, 149New Zealand 160, 161, 163–6,
174–5, 177(n41)PRC 6, 180–97, 198(n21),
199(n37)PRC (central/national) 181, 194fPRC (local/regional) 181, 188,
191, 194fUK 5, 124–41, 174–5, 266
Graebner, M. E. 259(n4)Graham, G. S. 44–5, 53, 57,
60(n10–12), 61(n21), 62(n36), 63(n45)
grain 22, 27(n34), 29, 30, 39, 40, 52, 54–5, 66, 73, 79, 96–7, 104(n15, n32), 115, 144, 146, 241, 244
cargo size (increase) 72freight costs (different distances,
1872–2001) 80f, 81, 87(n36–7)freight rates 91shipping costs 4terminal costs (1872–2001) 82t
grain carriers 93, 94Granovetter, M. 259(n5)Great Eastern (Brunel, 1858) 67Great Northern Steamship Fishing
Company Ltd. (1880–) 207–8,209, 211, 217(n36–9), 218(n55)
membership restrictions 211ownership and management 208
Greece 3, 8, 20, 21, 26(n26), 31,38–40, 42(n7–10), 59, 105(n32),200, 216(n5)
access to capital 250
‘leading shipping nation of world’ 259(n2)
military dictatorship (1967–74) 247, 249, 250
and Spain (business groups, Cs19–20) 8, 235–62
Greek diaspora 248, 250Greek shipping 226Greek Shipping Co-operation
Committee (London) 246Green, A. 176(n20, n22)Greenhill, B. 14, 45, 61(n16)‘gross rate’ principle 81grupos económicos (Latin
America) 236Guangdong Province 193, 194fGuangzhou 185t, 198(n13–14)Guillén, M. F. 238, 259(n5, n10),
260(n13, n17)Gulf of Finland 78Gulliver, M. 19
Hahn-Pedersen, M. 26(n26)Hamburg 60(n11), 142, 152,
155(n1), 156(n18), 187tHamre, H. 26(n26)hanseatic tradition 145Haritatos, M. 256nHarlaftis, G. x, 1–10, 16, 26(n26),
42(n7–10), 103(n1), 105(n32), 197(n1), 200, 216(n5), 235–62,263–72
Harley, C. K. x, 2–3, 14, 25(n11), 28–42, 44, 45, 52–3, 54, 57, 61(n13–15, n21), 62(n33–4), 264–5
Harrower, J. 217(n27)Harvard School 200hauling distances 79, 87(n36)
short-distance trades 47–8Heath, C. 109, 110, 122(n18)Heathcoat-Amory, D. 130Heerma van Voss, L. 178(n47)Hellyer, C. 208, 209, 212, 213,
219(n64)Hellyer, F. O. 209Hellyer, H. A. 209Hellyer, J. E. 209Hellyer, J. W. 208, 209
Index 285
Hellyer, O. S. 209Hellyer, R. 208, 209Hellyer, S. H. 209Hellyers Steam Fishing Company Ltd.
(Hellyers SFC, 1897–1919) 207–8, 209, 217(n35), 218(n44)
authorized capital 209capital and shares (1897) 213,
219(n64)reconstitution of Charles Hellyer &
Company Ltd. 212–13, 218(n62)
see also Charles Hellyer & Company Ltd.
Henley and Son 201Henning, G. 26(n26)Hesselink, L. 178(n47)Hikino, T. 259(n5, n9)Hinkkanen, M-L. 26(n26)Hispano Americano Bank 242, 243historical profession 24, 200,
215(n1)historical sociology 159, 176(n10)historiography 23, 28(n45), 103(n1),
263, 270(n3)British business history 202–3British shipping decline
(government policy) 126–7decline of British maritime
economic power 124, 138(n3)legal framework 201–2maritime business history 200maritime history as international
economic history 100–3shipping and freight rate
developments (post-war era) 89–95
subjectivity 46, 57–8transition to steam 56–7transition to steam
(‘gradualness’) 43–6US merchant marine 62(n42)world shipping (development of
commercial infrastructure) 106–8, 121–2
History of Steam Navigation (Kennedy,1905) 44, 60(n7)
Ho, V. 197(n2)Hodder, C. 209
holding companies 237, 239see also joint-stock companies
Holland see NetherlandsHolm, P. 26(n26)‘home trades’ 53, 59, 62(n38)Hong Kong xii–xiii, 186, 194,
198(n15)loss of market share 185world’s leading container port
(2000) 187tHope, R. 138(n3)Hopkins, A. G. 106, 121(n3)horizontal integration 146, 153, 247Hoste, S. 155(n2)hotels 242, 245House of Commons: Defence
Committee (1988 report) 135, 141(n60)
House of Commons: EmploymentCommittee (1992) 135–6, 141(n61)
House of Commons: TransportCommittee 124, 125, 133–5,136, 138–41
Hovis (company) 116Huchet, J. F. 195, 199(n34)Hull (Kingston-upon-Hull) ix, xii,
219(n67)business behaviour in ‘isolate
city’ 210–14, 215, 218–19maritime business sector
(c.1860–1914) 7, 200–19, 267‘ninth-largest ship-owning port’
(UK, 1913) 204private business mentalité 204–10,
217–18private companies, culture, and
place 200–19‘third-largest port’ (UK, early
C20) 204–5trawl fishery (1850–1914) 207–9,
211, 212, 215, 217–18Hull: Tranby Croft (mansion) 212Hull area: Beverley, Cottingham,
Hessle 208Hull Steam Fishing and Ice Company
Ltd. (Hull SFIC, 1880–) 207–8, 208–9, 211, 217–18(n40–1), 218(n55)
286 Index
hulls‘double hulls’ 75insurance risks 111of iron 52of metal 202, 204of steel 52, 207
human resources 191, 237–8, 248, 252Hummels, D. 90–2, 103(n6)Humphreys and Pearson’s 206Hutchison Port Holdings (HPH)
178(n55), 186, 196Hyde, F. E. 11, 24(n2), 200, 215(n2)hydrodynamics 65, 85(n6)
Ibaizabal Management Services 243Imlah, A. H. 272(n20)imperialism 29, 121(n3), 180imports 34f, 34–6, 36tIn-Principle Agreement (IPA,
Australia, 1989) 172India 16, 22, 27(n33), 29, 49–50t,
50–2, 54–5, 59, 60(n11), 63(n46), 68, 116, 236
Indian Ocean 54indicated horsepower (ihp) 206Indonesia 96industrial relations 167, 168, 170,
173, 178(n54)see also strikes
industrial relocation 96–7, 101, 153, 263, 266, 270(n2)
Industrial Revolution 30, 41, 106, 200, 216(n3)
‘industrial shipping’ 230, 232industrialization 203, 227, 236,
259(n9), 269industry 242, 244, 246, 257tIndustry Act (UK, 1972) 127industry associations 120information dissemination 4, 5, 23,
28(n41), 106–8, 112, 120–1, 270information technology 233(n4)infrastructure 145–6, 198(n23), 264innovation processes 94–5innovations 264, 265–6input costs 91, 92, 93–4‘Inquiry into British Shipping’
(Rochdale Committee, 1970) 124–5, 127, 138–40
institutional change/s 90frame-breaking 159technological change ‘classic
driver’ 168trigger points 175institutional path dependence 6,
158–79Australia 166–75, 177–9NZ 160–6, 176–7institutional reform (PRC) 182,
184–8, 198institutions 222, 232
‘discontinuous changes’ 159facilitative of growing trade
106formal and informal 264inertia 195–6stability and change 158, 159,
176(n2)transformations 99see also organizations
Instone (air charters) 116insurance 41, 117, 120, 222, 224,
226, 231, 233(n4), 241, 245–7, 251, 253–8t
non-marine sector 109, 110see also Lloyd’s of London
insurance ‘binders’ 109insurance brokers 113, 122(n35)insurance risk 109, 111–12insurance ‘slips’ 109, 110, 111,
122(n19)Interim Regulations (PRC, 1985) 184,
189, 192, 198(n10)internal labour markets (ILMs)
160–4, 166, 168see also naties
International Commission for Maritime History (ICMH) 20
International Congress of Maritime History (quadrennial, 1992–) 12,13
International Congress of Economic History
Berne (1986) 15, 16, 25(n14)Leuven (1990) 15, 16, 17, 20Milan (1994) 22, 27(n35)
International Congress of Historical Sciences 20
Index 287
International Economic History Association 19–20, 26(n24)
International Financial Statistics (IMF) 104(n15)
international integration see globalization
International Journal of Maritime History (IJMH, 1989–) 12, 13, 17–19, 20, 23, 24, 25(n4, n15), 28(n45–6), 59, 63(n48), 88, 103
international load line convention see load line revision (1966)
International Maritime Economic History Association (IMEHA,1988–) xiii, 12–13, 15, 18, 19–20, 26(n24), 88, 103(n1)
International Ship RegistersDanish and Norwegian 94
inventory costs 79, 82investment 39, 41, 144–7, 152, 154,
170–1, 174, 183, 188, 191–2, 195–6, 198(n23), 211, 216(n9), 223, 226–7, 233(n17), 241–2, 244–5, 248
conservative pattern 224diversification 229, 230
in shipping (core task) 221, 232investment banks 250‘investment choice’ 222f, 225investment risk 102invisible earnings/exports 268–9,
272(n20)Ionian and Popular Bank 246Ionian Sea iii, x, 247–8, 250iPod 265, 271(n10)Iran 67Irish Republican Army 115iron 3, 30, 41, 52, 73, 205, 241iron ore 68, 92, 96, 104(n15, n32),
241, 248iron ships 37, 113, 142iron works 242iron-screw steamer 53ISL 75n, 77nIsle of Man 125n‘isolate city’ (Hull) 213, 219(n66)Isserlis, L. 271–2(n19–20)Italy 59, 259(n5), 260(n20)
Jackson, G. 13, 23, 26(n25–6), 27(n40)
Jamieson, A. G. 124, 138(n1)Jane’s Merchant Ships 86(n22)Jansson, J. O. 87(n34)Janzen, O. U. 18Japan 16, 54, 56, 59, 67, 68, 99, 101,
166, 227, 236steel industry 96–7
Jarvis, A. 23, 26(n26)Jebsen, P. 223, 232, 233(n8),
234(n25)Jenkins, G. 130Jerusalem coffee house (London)
107, 115, 119Jessop, B. 195, 199(n31)Jiangsu Province 193Johansen, H. C. 26(n26)John Brown’s (Clydebank) 131Johnman, L. 103(n1), 126, 139(n11,
n19), 140(n34)Johnsen, B. E. 26(n26)joint-stock companies 109, 202, 207,
215see also limited liability companies
Joint-Stock Companies Act (UK, 1844) 203
joint-ventures 184–5, 187–92, 196Jonathan’s coffee house 107Jones, C. D. 76nJones, G. 7, 9–10(n16), 213,
219(n65), 259(n5)‘Julians’ (insurance ‘slips’) 111just-in-time principle 79
Kaohsiung (Taiwan) 187tKaramanlis governments (1950s,
1970s) 246, 247, 249Kaukiainen, Y. x, 3–4, 14, 25(n11),
26(n25–6), 43, 60(n2), 64–87,91–2, 104(n12–14, n21), 108, 122(n13), 227, 265–6, 271(n7–8)
real freight rates 93–4, 104Kavussanis, M. G. 221, 232(n3)Kendall, M. G. 272(n20)Kendall, P. M. H. 86–7(n33–4),
87(n36)Kennedy, J. 44, 60(n7)Kennerley, A. 26(n26)
288 Index
Khana, T. 10(n17), 235–6, 259(n3,n5–6), 260(n11)
Kiær, A. N. 223, 233(n5)Kingston-upon-Hull see HullKirkaldy, A. 114, 122(n28)Kloster, L. 224, 233(n14)Knight, F. 271(n14)Kock, C. J. 238, 260(n13)Koopmans, T. 9(n12)Korea 252Korean War (1950–3) 67, 180Koryzis, A. 246Koumoundouros, A. 244Kresse, W. 26(n26)Krugman, P. 272(n22)Kuipers, S. 176(n2)Kulukundis family 245Kulukundis group 253tKunz, A. ix, 62(n38)Kutchuk-Kainardji Treaty (1774) 39
Labor Party (Australia) 167–8labour
maritime/seafaring 14, 22,28(n45)
non-union 174labour costs 145, 154, 162–6, 170,
177(n39)Antwerp ‘uncompetitive’ 150NZ 162‘wage costs’ 93–4World War II (effects) 148–50,
156–7see also wages
Labour Governments (UK)(1964–1970) 127, 129, 131(1974–1979) 127(1997–2010) 137–8
labour markets 5, 159, 172external 175maritime 27(n35)national and international
maritime 21labour organizationAntwerp versus Rotterdam 154–5further research required 154World War II (effects) 150–1,
156–7Labour Party 137, 141(n68)
Labour Pool (dock labour,1918–) 150, 151
labour productivity 64, 94labour shortages 161, 164, 174labour-based transformation
costs 162, 177(n30)Lagos 59Lam, J. S. L. 198(n13)land transport 99, 108, 190land-based facilities 99land-sea interface 4‘landlord’ model (PRC) 185, 192,
198(n12)Lange, E. x–xi, 4, 26(n26), 85(n4),
88–105, 138(n3), 264Langlois, R. N. 260(n26)Larkin, P. 213, 219(n66)Latin America 236Latsis group 240, 255tLau, D. 186, 198(n19)Le Havre 142, 155(n1)Lee, C. H. 106, 121(n2)Leeds-Bradford 213Leff, N. H. 259(n8)Leith 64Lemayeur, B. 155(n1)Lemos group 254tLevant 38, 42(n8), 53liabilities
‘several’ versus ‘joint’ 109Liberal Country Party (Australia) 168Liberal Party (Australia) 173Liberty ships 66t, 67, 74t, 95, 102,
246coking coal trade (1950) 96–7
Limited Liability Act (UK, 1856) 203limited liability companies 214,
216(n17)ownership (and retention of
control) 203–4Lindsay, W. S. 44, 60(n6)liner companies 127–8liner freights 128liner services 57liner shipping 71, 87(n34)liner trades 125, 241linseed 116, 117liquid gas tankers 73, 90, 229liquidity risk 232–3(n4)
Index 289
Livanos group 240, 254tLiverpool 62(n37), 113, 122(n7),
201, 216(n3), 248Liverpool: ICMH (1992) 12Liverpool docks 23, 27(n39)Liverpool School (maritime history)
6, 9(n13, n15), 24(n2), 200see also maritime economic history
Lloyd, E. 107, 108, 112Lloyd’s Act (UK, 1870) 109Lloyd’s coffee house (London) 107,
108Lloyd’s Committee 109–10, 113Lloyd’s List (1726–) 113Lloyds of London 5, 106, 108–12,
117, 119, 122(n16–26)legislative foundations (1720–)
108–9motto 114‘national institution’ (early C19
onwards) 112physical layout 110–11‘quasi-regulatory agency’ 114see also maritime insurance
Lloyd’s of London: Captain’s Register 112
Lloyd’s of London: Intelligence Section (1850–) 112
Lloyd’s of London: Statistical Committee (1867–) 112
Lloyd’s Policy Signing Office 110Lloyd’s Register of British and Foreign
Shipping (1833–) 112–14,122(n27–32)
headquarters 113origins 113
Lloyd’s Register of Shipping 98, 105(n40), 106, 108
Lloyd’s Salvage Association 111–12Lloyd’s Shipping Economist 91tLloyd’s statistics 68–70n
deficiencies 69load line regulations 73, 113, 114load line revision (1966) 67–9,
74–5, 85(n12, n27)local authorities (PRC) 191, 195lock-in (concept) 159, 176
institutional 5, 6, 160–1, 167, 171, 174–5
London 5, 64, 106, 136, 208, 245–8centre of global shipping
industry 121commercial infrastructure
(longevity) 121importance to business
executives 119information-related
advantages 121IRA bombing (1992) 115miscellaneous markets and
infrastructure elements 120,123(n52)
London: Baltic Mercantile and Shipping Exchange 5, 106, 114–19, 122–3, 241
barometer of business conditions 117
‘best market prices’ 118‘clearing house for cereal produce
of world’ 115dealing locations 117hierarchy of members (efficiency
effects) 118‘one-stop shop’ 117standardized contracts (1878–)
117–18tacit knowledge 118trading in specific goods (‘calls’) 117
London: City of London 107, 108, 113, 118, 245
London: Embiricos family office 244, 245
London: Greenwich xi, 12London: Leadenhall Street 108London: Lime Street 108London: Royal Exchange 108, 114,
119‘walks’ 117
London: St. Mary’s Axe 115London: Virginia and Baltick[yes]
coffee house (1744–) 114London Corn Exchange 116, 119London Grain Futures
Association 116London Metal Exchange (LME) 119,
123(n49–51)premises 119trading ‘ring’ 119
290 Index
London offices 250London Shipping Exchange 115London Stock Exchange 117, 119
‘pitches’ 117Long Beach 187tLorange, P. 228, 234(n23)Los Angeles 187tLowell (Massachusetts) 37Lower, A. R. M. 42(n4)Loyen, R. 155(n1–2)Lucassen, J. 263, 270(n4–5)Ludwig 270Lykiardopoulos group 253tLyne tariff (1908) 171
Macgregor, J. 141(n66)Mackintosh, W. A. 41(n1)Macmillan, H. 130Madras 59Maersk Line 72, 186Magasins à Grains d’Anvers
(SAMGA) 144Mahoney, J. 159, 164n, 176(n10)mail 47, 51, 57, 60(n12), 61(n25),
265Maine 38maize 116, 117Major, J. 136Malaga 118Malta 59, 60(n11)Malthus, T. 213Malthusian dynamic 2, 33–8man-ton ratios 76management (and ownership) 202,
203–4, 216(n11)management firms 250manufactured goods 105(n32), 163,
264, 265manufacturing 3, 29, 37–8, 42(n6),
215, 251, 253–6tMao Zedong 180, 191Marine Insurance Act (UK, 1724)
108–9Maritime Code (PRC, 1992) 187, 190maritime economic history 2, 200
comparative approach 21–2, 23emergence as specific
discipline 11–12Fischer 11–28
as international economichistory 100–3
literature 14shifts (post-war era) 89state of the art (‘still some way to
go’) 270, 272(n24)as sub-discipline 23, 28(n45)
Maritime Economic History Group 15
maritime historians’ community 26(n26)
Maritime History (journal) 12maritime industries: context 24maritime skills 135–6, 141(n61)‘minimum training obligation’ 137maritime transport
laws, regulations, guidelines(PRC) 190–1
legal reforms (PRC) 189–91, 199(n26)
literature 1–2world’s key industry (Fayle) 1, 9(n2)
Maritime Union of Australia (MUA, 1989–) 169, 171, 174
market efficiency 264, 271(n6)market failure 102, 175market forces 29, 127, 264market imperfections 236–8, 247–8market incentives 182market internationalization 259(n2)Market for Seamen (Fischer, ed.,
1994) 19, 25(n23)‘Market for Seamen in Age of Sail’
(Milan conference, 1994) 22market structure
concentrated 167, 169–70, 171markets 6, 88, 106
domestic versus international 38, 40
financial 5international integration 2, 9(n4)size and growth 83
Marples Memorandum 128–9, 133Marriner, S. 215(n2)Marshall Plan funding 147Martin, F. 109Martin Samuelson & Co. 206Martinos group 255tMatthews, K. 25(n13)
Index 291
McCusker, J. J. 34, 41(n3)meat 29, 54, 62(n43), 120media 251, 255tMediterranean 19, 52, 53, 60(n11),
62(n38), 247, 269triumph of steam (later than
previously supposed) 53Mediterranean: Eastern 49–50t, 50,
56constituent countries 59
Mediterranean: Western 49–50t, 50, 56, 59, 248
members of parliament 206, 249‘memory bank’ 240, 251, 260(n26)Menard, R. R. 34, 41(n3)merchant houses 236merchant navy reserve scheme
(UK) 134merchant shipping/ships 6, 11,
28(n45), 44, 60(n6), 65, 66t, 102cruising speeds 65, 66t, 85(n6)global tonnage 65size (increase, 1880–2008) 65, 66tsteamship 45, 61(n18)
Merok, E. xi, 4, 88–105, 264Mersey Docks and Harbour Board
(1857) 170Michalinos group 253tMichie, R. C. 122(n12)microeconomic reform 158, 172,
175microeconomics 6–8, 9–10(n12–17),
142Middle East 227Middleton, R. 139(n16)migration 23, 28(n43), 265Miklius, W. 87(n34, n36)Mill, J. S. 213Milne, G. 107, 122(n6–9)Minchinton, W. E. 27(n32, n36)mineral exports 166minimum value clause 228–9mining 241–2, 244, 253–4t, 257–8t‘minor bulk products’ 104(n32–3)Modern Terminals Ltd. (MTL) 186Mohammed, S. I. S. 91, 93, 103(n9)monopolies 144, 167, 169, 171, 174,
214Morocco 59, 116
motorships 113, 225Mottershead, P. 139(n16)MS Aila 86(n28)MT Freddy (1955–) 98, 105(n41)yMulatu, A. 84(n1)multinational corporations 183, 187,
188, 190, 196, 270municipal governments (PRC) 192Murphy, H. 98, 99, 103(n1, n3), 105,
126, 139(n11, n19), 140(n34)
Naess, E. D. 96–7, 100, 105(n35)Nakagawa, K. 15names (underwriters) 109–10, 111natie companies 143–5, 146, 152–3,
154naties (Antwerp) 142–3, 155(n3)
see also port labourNational Archives (previously Public
Record Office), UK 14, 126, 139(n13)
National Party (Australia) 173National Ports Council (UK,
1964–81) 175, 179(n70)National Ports Plan (Australia,
2010–) 175, 179(n71)national traits 211–13nationalism 188, 259(n2)nationalization 191, 247, 249, 250natural resources 264–5
see also raw materialsNaviera Aznar 243Naviera Sota & Aznar 241Navigation Acts 37, 126
repealed (UK, 1850) 201, 216(n9)Nerheim, G. 26(n26)Netherlands 21, 26(n26), 40, 48, 59,
60(n11), 137central incomes policy 149, 150government investment (Rotterdam
port) 145see also Rotterdam
networking 14–15, 21, 26(n26), 110networks 7, 252
global production 264Greek family businesses 248international 239–40, 251see also trade networks
‘new economic geography’ 269
292 Index
New England 3, 31, 34balance of payments (1768–72) 36teconomic situation 37–8
New Hampshire 38New Labour 127New Orleans 52New World 31, 32f, 34, 266‘new world of shipping’ 43New York 96, 116, 170New York Times 99, 212, 218(n60)New Zealand xii, 6, 26(n26), 59,
120, 167, 168currency devaluation (1967) 163dependence on UK market (freefall,
1950–81) 163economic diversification (1973–)
163export-led growth 162exports 163GDP loss (due to high shipping
costs) 166, 177(n43pastoral exports 163, 177(n34)port regulation (institutional path
dependence) 158–79productivity (port labour, 1976–88)
165t, 165regulating port labour markets
160–6, 176–7New Zealand: Treasury
Department 166, 177(n43)New Zealand Association of
Waterfront Employers (1981–) 165
New Zealand Business Roundtable 165, 166, 177(n42)
New Zealand Overseas (Conference)Lines 162
New Zealand Ports Authority (1968–88)175, 179(n70)
New Zealand Shipping Company177(n28)
Newcastle (UK) ix, 61(n24)Newcastle Stevedores
(Australia) 178(n55)Newfoundland 59Newsletter of Maritime Economic History
Group (1987–) 16, 17, 25(n14)Ng, A. K. Y. xi, 6, 180–99, 266–7Niarchos group 251, 255t
Nijhof, E. 156(n19)Ningbo 185t, 194, 198(n14)noise 116–17Nomikos group 254tnon-bulk trades 53, 62(n35)Norden (Danish company) 221,
232–3(n4)Nordvik, H. W. (19433-–1998) 1,
8, 8–9(n1), 15–18, 19, 22, 23,24(n1), 25(n15, n17, n21), 26–8,103, 105(n51), 223, 224, 232, 233(n7–9, n14), 234(n25), 264, 270, 270(n6), 272(n23–4)
Norman, V. D. 228, 234(n22–3)North, D. C. 6, 11, 24(n3), 92,
104(n16), 121(n1), 159, 176(n3), 177(n30), 268, 271(n17)
North America 30, 48, 49–50t, 51, 55, 96
balance of payments (1768–72) 36t
colonial era 271(n18)constituent countries 59‘crucial decade’ (1880s) 56Middle Colonies 3, 34, 36t
North Atlantic 52, 62(n41), 233(n7)economic integration 23, 28(n44)grain 52shipping 21, 26(n27)
North Atlantic Shipping Act (UK, 1961) 131
North Sea 22, 28(n41–2), 60(n11), 148, 217(n27), 269
Northern Colonies (Malthusian dynamic) 33–8
Northern Mariner/Le Marin du Nord (journal, 1991–) 18, 25(n19–20)
Northern Stevedoring Services 178(n55)
Norway x–xi, xiii, 3, 7, 20, 21,26–7(n26), 27(n34–5), 31, 40, 53, 59, 98, 137
capital and labour (relative price) 227
export ports 27(n40)imports and exports 223, 233(n6)merchant marine (fourfold
expansion, 1850–70) 223shipbroking 23
Index 293
Norwegian Guarantee Institute for Ships and Drilling Vessels Ltd. 234(n24)
Norwegian International Ship Register (1987–) 230
‘Norwegian Sailors in Canadian Merchant Marine’ 22, 26(n31)
Norwegian School of Economics (NHH,Bergen) iii, 16–17, 25(n16)
Norwegian shipping 220–34crisis of 1970s and 1980s 227,
234(n20)‘laggards to leaders’ 225, 233(n15)oil tankers 225–6, 233–4(n15–18)part-ownership system 223,
233(n7)risks and rewards (long-term
synthesis) 230–2tanker-owners (risk preference)
228, 234(n23)traditional business model 220
Norwegian Shipping News 91, 94
Oakland 170Oasis of Seas (2009) 85(n9)Ocean Freights and Chartering (Cufley,
1962) 120, 122(n35)ocean shipping 29, 65, 66n, 75, 83,
89, 106, 264technological change 90transport costs 90–1, 103(n6)
Odfjell 99, 105(n46), 221, 232(n4)OECD 125, 265oil 78–9, 104(n32), 144, 227, 258t
‘petroleum’ 265oil companies 225, 231oil crises (1970s) 69, 71–2, 93, 94oil refineries: location 67oil tankers 66t, 69–70, 71, 74, 96,
113, 127, 226–9, 231, 234, 242,246, 251
building costs 100deadweight tonnage versus cargo-
hold volume 74t‘enjoy full scale advantages even in
port’ 78–9‘maxi-size’ 82Norwegian (inter-war era) 225–6,
231f, 231, 233–4(n15–18)
Scandinavian owners (risk preference) 228, 234(n23)
size 67–8, 77, 85(n11–12), 227size (average, 1950–80) 68t, 68size revolution ‘comes of age’ 70total fleet (1950–80) 68t, 68total tonnage (1930–2008) 70f, 70see also tankers
Old World trading connections 31,41(n2)
On Reform of Economic Structures (CCP,1984) 182, 187
Onassis group 251, 255t, 270open-cry dealing 108, 110, 116–17,
119, 122(n10)operating costs 93, 230opportunity costs 82optimal ship size theory 78–9, 82,
84, 86–7(n33–4), 87(n36)ore carriers 66t, 67, 68–9ore-bulk carriers 69, 69tore-bulk-oil carriers (OBOs) 69, 69t,
70nores 52, 73, 79, 97‘organizational determinism’
(Scranton) 210–11organizations
stability and change 158, 176(n2)Oropos coal mine 245O’Rourke, K. H. 9(n4), 41(n2), 88,
91, 103(n2), 104(n25)Ottoman Empire 38, 42(n8), 243‘our word is our bond’ 115ownership (versus control) 209–10ownership (and
management) 203–4, 208
P&O 127, 131, 136Pacific Ocean 67, 72Pakistan 236Pallis, A. A. 198(n22)Palmer, S. xi–xii, 5, 15, 26(n26),
45, 61(n21, n24), 124–41, 201,216(n9), 266
Panama Canal 72, 78, 97Panamax bulk carrier 66t, 78Panting, G. E. 18, 25(n13, n21),
60(n9)parcel sizes 79, 82, 83
294 Index
Parkinson, M. 178(n62)part-ownership system 223, 230,
233(n7)partnerships 204, 207
‘inherent adaptability’ 202–3‘kaleidoscopic nature’ 205Norway 223
‘private partnerships’ 7, 239passenger liners 49, 54, 73, 127, 242
cargo space 65–7, 85(n7)‘cruise ships’ 67, 73, 85(n9), 242size 67, 85(n7)speeds 67
passengers 47, 51, 57, 60(n12), 61(n25), 125
path dependence 158, 176(n1), 240, 250–1, 252, 260(n25)
historical sociology 159, 176(n10)institutional 6
port regulation 158–79‘self-reinforcing’ versus ‘reactive’
(NZ) 160–2, 162–6‘self-reinforcing’ versus ‘reactive’
(Australia) 168, 169–75‘self-reinforcing’ versus ‘reactive’
(Mahoney) 159–60, 176(n11)Patrick Corporation 173–4, 178(n55)Payne, P. L. 202–3, 216(n11),
217(n21)Pearl River Delta (PRD) 185, 186,
198(n13, n20)Pearson Committee (1966–7) 132,
140(n40)Performance and Competitiveness of
Seaports in Transformation (HKproject) 197(n1)
periphery 3, 28–42, 265Persian Gulf 67, 78Persson, K. G. 91, 92, 103(n10, n18)Peru 59Petersen, F. S. 224Piraeus 245, 247, 269Piraeus: Vassiliadis Shipyards and
Mechanical Works 245Pirounakis, N. 260(n17)Plimsoll’s load line 113
see also load line revisionPolemis group 255tpolitical-institutional research 142
politics 237, 239, 241–5, 249, 261(n39), 266
Pollard, S. 62(n35)pollution 192Polónia, A. 9(n5, n7)port authorities 120, 142, 167,
169–72, 174, 187, 191, 192–3, 196
management practices (Australia) 170–1
port charges 78, 82, 86(n26), 125, 148–9, 156(n16), 170
port costs 81, 84, 91, 94port development 2
Interim Regulations (PRC, 1985) 184, 198(n10)
port employersAustralia 168 NZ 160, 165, 177(n40)
Port Employers’ Association (NZ) 163
port facilities 97port finance
sources (PRC) 188–9, 199(n25)port geography 172port governance
empirical evidence (PRC) 197port hierarchy 21, 23port history 23, 27(n40)path dependence 158–60, 176port infrastructure 144
World War II (effects) 146–8, 156–7
port labour 163–4NZ 160–6, 176–7NZ (productivity, 1976–88) 165t,
165see also stevedores
Port Law (PRC, 2004–) 190, 197Port Line 177(n28)port operators 187, 195‘port question’ (China) 6port reform 190
trigger points 175port regulation 6
institutional path dependence (Australia v NZ) 158–79
‘marginal incremental changes’ 159
Index 295
Port of Singapore AuthorityCorporation (PSA) 186
port size 83port systems (Asia) 6, 9(n11)port technology 94port terminals 267Porter, G. R. 44, 60(n4)Porter, M. 226, 234(n19–20)ports 22, 26(n27–8), 71, 129, 132,
140(n40), 264Australian (US technology) 168,
178(n51)British (foreign vessels) 52bulk handling technology 146changing location 266China (development, 1978–2002)
180–99, 266–7chokepoints 160, 167constraint on bulk-carrier size 68constraint on ship sizes 77coordination problems
(Australia) 174decentralization (PRC) 191–4,
199(n27–30)disadvantages of central control
(PRC) 191–2efficiency 79exchanges and markets (UK) 120formation 6, 9(n10)larger and deeper 99manual loading of ships 102new, deepwater 78
planning 23, 27–8(n40)privatization 94
regional hubs (PRC) 185–6sail and steamship vessels (share
of total tonnage entrances, UK, 1860–1910) 48t
‘seaports’ 5–6, 9(n7, n10), 23,27–8(n40)
versus ship size 266shipping costs 78shipping clearances 48, 61(n26)shipping entrances 47–56shipping turnaround times 78specialized loading equipment 102steam percentage (by tonnage,
UK, 1855–1910) 48–9, 49t,61–2(n27)
tonnage entrances 49n, 55–7vessel numbers 50t, 55water depth 78
Ports Industry Review Committee (NZ) 166, 177(n42)
Portugal/Portuguese 9(n7), 32, 59Post-Panamax ships 66t, 72, 74–5,
86(n21)Poulsen, R. T. 232(n1)Pratt, K. C. 216(n13)predictability 195, 196Prescott, J. 137President Line 72price/s 32f, 32, 34f, 34–5, 149price competition 93price deflators‘unfortunate selection’ 4principals and agents 4private business mentalité
Hull 204–10, 215, 217–18private companies 216(n13)
culture, and place (Hull) 200–19private limited companies 208, 209,
214proportion of total companies 204,
216(n18–19)recognized in law (1907) 7‘typical British compromise’ 201–4,
214–15, 216–17(n7–21)see also public limited companies
private sector 104(n25), 145–6, 154, 182, 183, 185, 191, 193, 198(n23)
privateering 25(n18)privatization 167, 172, 188prizes (captured shipping) 112‘Problem of Desertion’ (Fischer,
1980) 22, 26(n30)production costs 40–1, 42(n11), 165productivity 4, 90, 103(n9), 172,
173, 263profit motive 11, 30, 224, 226profitability 212, 228, 229profits 23, 27(n39), 29, 271(n14),
144, 146, 189, 211, 221–4, 229volatility (shipping sector) 220
Progress of Nation (Porter, 1838) 44,60(n4)
‘project execution capability’ (Amsden and Hikino, 1994) 237, 259(n9)
296 Index
proprietorships 7, 202, 203, 207‘Prospects of British Shipping’ 128–9Protection and Indemnity Clubs 120protectionism 37, 42(n6), 125, 129,
133, 145, 162, 171, 238, 249see also tariffs
public enterprise reform(PRC) 187–8, 198(n21–4)
public financial management (PRC) 188–9
public limited companies 204, 205public sector 185, 187, 188, 191, 193
definition of new responsibilities(PRC) 195, 199(n32)
public sector management 184–7, 198Puerto Rico 248Pyvis, J. 178(n53)
Qing dynasty 196Qingdao 185t, 198(n14)qualitative research 236, 259(n4)quantitative analysis 14, 21–2,
25(n10)quays 145–6, 152–3, 154Queen Elizabeth (Cunard liner) 128,
130Queen Elizabeth II (liner) 131Queen Mary 128, 130y
R. E. Wilson (T2 tanker) 98railways 64, 97, 190, 242, 257t, 267Rank (company) 116raw materials 65, 79, 181, 189, 265
‘agricultural industrial’ 29fall in prices and fall in freight rates
(‘related processes’) 101transport ‘almost quadrupled
1960–90’ 95, 104–5(n32)see also natural resources
real estate 242, 253–8tRediker, M. 25(n18)refrigerated ships 113, 114regions (transnational) 46, 48, 49,
49–50tconstituent countries 59, 62(n28)shift to steamships, pace and timing
(variations substantial) 51–8trade and shipping
volumes 62(n29)
Registrar of Joint Stock Companies (UK) 204
regulation: port labour markets (NZ) 176–7
entrenching self-reinforcing path dependence 160–2
shifting to reactive path dependence 162–6
Reith, P. 173Reksten, H. 227–8, 270Remolcadores Ibaizábal
(company) 241, 243rent payments 189replacement ratios 100reputation 109, 114, 118, 212, 230requisitioning 191Research in Maritime History series
(1992–) 12, 13, 18, 19, 24(n2),26(n25)
resource-based view 259(n5), 260(n16)resource-deprived economy
Greece 38Norway 40Restis group 256t
restrictive work practices 167, 170, 171, 173, 174
Reveley, J. xii, 6, 158–79, 266rice 73Richet, X. 195, 199(n34)risk 4, 7, 154, 189, 271(n14)
calculated 232financial 233(n4)political and economic 236
risk-management 221, 232(n3), 233(n4)
risk-taking 233(n14)Schumpeterian 224
RMS Queen Mary (2003–) 85(n9)Ro-Ro vessels 66t, 71, 73, 75, 86(n29)
deadweight tonnage versus cargo-hold volume 74t
Rochdale Committee (1969–70) 124–5, 129, 132,133, 138–40
Rodrigo, M. 258n, 261(n28)Rolls-Royce 127Romania 59, 244, 245, 248Rose, M. B. 210, 213, 218(n50),
219(n65)
Index 297
Rotterdam 5–6, 12, 170, 187tcompetition with Antwerp 142–57number of dockers (1899) 143port tariffs 149specialization 145, 146, 154‘technological advantage’ 146type of stevedore company (versus
Antwerp) 146war damage (1945) and
rehabilitation (by 1948) 147World War II (effects) 146–51,
156–7Rotterdam city council 145–6, 154Rotterdam port authority 145, 146,
149, 152‘Roundtable’ (IJMH, 1989–) 17,
25(n18)Royal Commission of Inquiry
into Waterfront Industry (NZ, 1950–2) 161, 177(n24)
Royal Dutch Shell 225Royal Statistical Society 269royalty charges 189Royen, P. van 26(n26)Rubenstein, W. D. 211–12,
218(n56–7)condemnation of ‘cultural
critique’ 215rural economy (PRC) 181, 182Russell, J. S. 44, 60(n5)Russia/Russian Federation
Tsarist 39, 53, 59, 248Soviet era 116, 135post-Soviet: oil exports 78
S.G. Embiricos Ltd. (1896–) 244, 245safety 99, 173Sager, E. W. 25(n10), 60(n9)sail: transition to steam 43–63, 64,
65, 231citius, altius, fortius 142–6, 155–6determinants of regional
variations 51–8, 62–3‘great shift’ (1870s, 1880s) 51Greece 39–40Hull trawl fishery 207‘process’ versus ‘event’ 3, 56–7‘rapid’ (in long-term context) 58
sectoral variations 57
‘short, sharp, decisive’ (in someregions) 56
tipping point(s) 46–51tonnage ratios 55, 62–3(n45)vessel numbers 55–6
sailing ships 27(n29, n34–5), 74t, 76, 220, 226, 229, 246, 250
‘ascendancy (1850–85)’ 45, 60(n10–11)
bulk carriers 66tlimited capital, limited risk
(Norway) 223–5, 233versus modern shipping 65, 66tprofitability (late 1880s) 223,
233(n8)second-hand 233(n9)Saint John’s
(Newfoundland) 26(n27, n29)Saint John’s: Memorial
University 17, 19, 25(n8, n16)Fischer’s loyalty 20–1
Salvage Agreement (Lloyd’s of London) 111–12
salvors 111–12Sampson, A. 218(n56)San Román, E. 258n, 261(n28)Sanderson, O. 206, 207, 217(n27)sanding (‘three definitions’, PRC) g
182–3, 197(n6)sawn wood 73, 79scale economies see economies of
scaleScandinavia 41, 79, 87(n35)Schedvin, C. B. 178(n61)Schneider, B. R. 237, 260(n11)Scholl, L. U. xii, 2, 11–28, 108,
122(n14–15)Scranton, P. 210, 218(n49)screw propeller 52, 60(n12)Scrutton on Charterparties (1886–) 120Sea-Land (US company) 71seafaring career (before air
transport) 266Seamen’s Union (Australia, to
1989) 169seaports see portsSeberechts, F. 155(n1)self-help (Smiles) 213‘self-reliance’ (national trait) 213
298 Index
‘selling chicken in rain’ 229service sector 200, 242, 268, 269Sewell, W. H. 159, 176(n12)Shanghai 184, 185t, 187, 194, 197
world ranking: as container port (2000) 186, 187t
world ranking: as port (2010) 197, 199(n39)
Shanghai International Shipping Centre (SISC) 188–9, 193, 199(n25)
Shanghai municipality 194fShanghai Port Authority 193status within Chinese institutional
system 193, 194fShanghai Port Container Co.
Ltd. 193Shannon, H. A. 204, 216(n18)Shantou 196shareholders 144, 201–4, 206–9,
211, 213, 224, 225Shaw Savill & Albion 177(n28)Shekou 185, 186Shell 85(n12), 127shelter-deck liners 73–4, 74t, 75Shenzhen 185t, 185–7, 194f, 197,
198(n13), 199(n39)Shenzhen Port Authority (1994–)
193, 194, 199(n30)status within Chinese institutional
system 193, 194fShepherd, J. F. 35, 36t, 42(n5), 268,
271(n18)‘Shift from Sailing Ships’ (Harley,
1971) 45, 61(n13)ship engines 75–6ship repair 247ship size 265–6
constraints 77–8constraints (economic interests of
shippers) 79, 87(n35)growth (‘central feature’) 84modern revolution 72–3versus number of ports capable of
handling larger vessels 266optimal 78–9, 82, 84,
86–7(n33–4), 87(n36)versus quayside length 84versus value of cargo 83
ship supplying 247ship values/prices 91, 220, 227–30
‘vessel value risk’ 222f, 222, 233(n4)
shipbroking 21, 22–3, 118, 120,123(n47), 240, 257t
shipbuilding 7, 43, 46, 113–14, 129–30, 132, 140(n39), 201, 206, 241–2, 247–8, 257t
costs 93Kingston-upon-Hull 204–5order books (UK decline,
1958–62) 128‘special fiscal status’ (UK) 128Shipbuilding Credit Scheme
(UK) 131shipowners 5, 7, 37, 41, 62(n37), 77,
79, 100, 102, 107–8, 112–14, 118, 120, 124, 129, 133, 136, 153, 168, 174, 214, 216(n5), 227, 232, 241, 250, 267, 269
British 128business risk perspective 221–2Canadian 54mortgage conditions
(disadvantageous clause) 228–9Norwegian 233(n9)
self-regulation, self-liberalization 266Spanish (‘British mirror’) 241,
261(n32)see also business groups
shipowning 138, 200, 202, 205, 245shippers 79, 100Shippers Today 185nyshipping
absence from mainstream research in economics and economic history 263, 268–70, 271–2
advantages (versus land transport) 64
advantages (water carriage of goods) 64–87
British 43–4, 60(n3)British-owned 61(n27)Canadian 44–5, 60(n9)capacity for heavy goods 66ncargo-hauling efficiency 65, 66tcontribution to global economic
integration 263–8, 270–1
Index 299
crisis (1970s, 1980s) 251cyclical nature 267demand 31efficiency (sail versus steam) 56English 201, 216(n7)forced sales (Norway) 228–9,
234(n24)freight rate developments (post-war
era) 89–95, 103–5‘fundamental changes’ (1950–80)
89–90‘gambling game’ (Stopford) 221,
232(n2)global (development of
commercial infrastructure) 106–23
global over-capacity 228Greek 38–40, 41, 42(n7–10)‘integral role in global
economy’ 21‘intermodal or multimodal
industry’ 267–8‘international character’ 268–9international competition (high
level) 267‘key industry’ versus ‘invisible
industry’ 8, 263–72market-collapse 228, 229mechanical efficiency 65modern revolution 73‘most central modern feature’ 84new build 100, 229, 231Norwegian 40, 105(n48–9)Norwegian (risks and rewards)
220–34post-war revolution 89–92, 95, 97,
99–101risk management 221, 232(n3)‘risky business’ (market cycle
‘prominent’) 267, 271(n 14)role in regional economic
development 21, 27(n29)‘romantic business’ (Stopford) 267,
271(n15)round-the-world trades 52, 55
scale economies 3–4, 64–87, 227,265–6
Scandinavian 41scheduled services 43, 57, 65
‘sector of origin’ (business groups) 252
size 66t, 67, 72staple economies 2–3, 28–42,
264–5statistical analysis 52
technical efficiency 65technological advances 5, 265–6ton-miles per day 65, 66ttotal entrances versus total
clearances (UK statistics) 47, 61(n23)
transatlantic 130, 132‘volumes not values’ mantra 57world fleet (1960s) 148world merchant fleet 70f, 72world trading activity (sail versus
steam) 56shipping business
characteristics 267‘forerunner of globalization’
267shipping companies 82, 90, 142,
144, 148, 152, 161–3, 164f, 170international mergers (1980s) 267,
271(n16)success or failure (determining
tasks) 221, 232shipping costs 76, 166, 224, 225,
231, 267division 80inflation 228pilot, mooring, and berth
charges 80in port 78, 80at sea 78see also transport costs
shipping efficiency 73, 74, 75t, 81see also transport efficiency
shipping entrepreneurs 4, 102–3chemicals 97–100, 105coking coal 96–7further research required 215see also entrepreneurs
shipping income/earnings 36t, 36lack of understanding (by
administrators) 269national (difficulty of
calculation) 269, 272(n20)
300 Index
shipping industry 4, 14, 120context and importance 270desire to be invisible 269–70microeconomics 6–8, 9–10(n12–17)
shipping institutions 2, 4–5Shipping Registers 21, 26(n28)shipping services 4, 35, 243, 252, 257t
see also transport servicesshipping technology 64–87shipping tonnage 49t, 55, 57,
62–3(n45)ships 267
average sizes (selected categories, 1930–2008) 70f
deadweight tonnage 86(n25)gas-turbine 71as ‘hardware’ 3–4individual 221medium-sized 82new registrations 46
sale and purchase market 224size versus speed 4speed 65–7, 71, 85(n6), 263
two-deck 73–4see also steamships
shipyards 206, 245Shneerson, D. 87(n34)Shou, C. 198(n22)Sideris, N. 256nSierra Leone 59Singapore 187tSino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Law
[1979/1990] 184, 191, 198(n9)skills 135–7, 141(n61), 190Slack, B. 185, 198(n13)slavery 30, 32–4smack era 207, 208, 211Smiles, S. 213Smith, A. 64, 85(n3)Smyrna 116So B. K. L. 197(n2)social science/s 11, 158, 176(n10)‘socialist market economy’ 183Sota, R. de la (1857–1936) 240,
261(n35)Sota & Aznar (limited partnership,
1881–) 240–1Sota & Aznar group 242, 257tsplit in two (Franco era) 242
Sota family 242assets expropriated by Franco
government 242South America 48, 49–50t, 54, 56,
59, 60(n11), 68South Korea 187t, 236, 259(n5)South Seas Company 115Spain 21, 26(n26), 59, 62(n38)
economic crisis (post-Franco) 243and Greece (business groups,
Cs19–20) 8, 235–62regional allocation
(imperfections) 59Spanish Civil War 242, 258nSpanish Shipowners’ Association 243spar and awning deck vessels 113specialization 7, 9(n14), 90, 102,
144, 145, 166, 201, 229–30, 238, 267, 271(n12)
shipping efficiency 73speculation 114, 224, 230spot market strategy 226–9, 231St John’s 20–1St John’s (Newfoundland): Memorial
University: Maritime HistoryArchive 14, 15, 16–17
stainless steel tanks 99stamp duty 110, 112staple economies 38–9, 40, 60(n9),
160, 265colonial growth 32f, 32
shipping and ~ 28–42staple theory 29, 31, 41(n1)Starkey, D. J. xii, 7, 16, 26(n26), 45,
61(n22), 200–19, 267state-owned enterprises 183, 193statistics 46–7, 52, 68–70n, 84–5(n3),
85(n16), 104(n15), 112, 169n, 233(n11)
problems of interpretation 47–9, 61(n23), 61–2(n27), 62(n38)
steam engines/steam power 3, 5, 30, 41, 202, 204, 207, 241
steamships 7, 37, 74t, 86(n31), 206, 216(n9), 224, 245, 246
advent 267‘archetypal shipping
innovation’ 265coal consumption (efficiency) 51
Index 301
early routes 60(n11)efficiency 52factor inputs and costs (inverse
variation with length of voyage) 51–2, 62(n32)
literature 43machinery and bunkers (versus
sailing ships) 65participation by number of
vessels per region of origin 50t, 50–1
percentage by tonnage (UK ports, 1855–1910) 48–9, 49t, 61–2(n27)
progress (C19) 3, 43–63tonnage (Hull, 1878–1913) 205world fleet (1900) 60(n3)
steel 30, 43, 52, 79, 100, 104(n32), 207, 241
container revolution 74–5steel four-mast bark 66tsteelworks: locational shift 96–7stevedore costs 80, 81stevedores 143–6, 152–5, 155(n5),
160–2, 170, 174, 179(n68)number and size (Antwerp versus
Rotterdam) 153see also vemen
Stevedoring Industry Commission(Australia) 167
Steward, T. 9(n12)stock exchanges 107–8, 122(n12)Stolt-Nielsen, J. 98–9, 105(n41–2)Stopford, M. 66n, 76n, 84(n2),
85(n11), 86(n21), 87(n35), 89, 98, 260(n23), 267, 271(n14–15)
Storarr, A. C. 216(n13)Strandenes, S. P. 232(n1)strikes 145, 160, 167, 176(n17),
178(n47)UK seamen (1966) 132working days lost (Australian
stevedoring, 1950–2010) 168, 169f
Sturmey, S. G. 11, 24(n2), 63(n45),125, 138–9, 226, 229, 234(n18)
subsidies 126, 128, 129, 131, 132Suddaby, R. 259(n4)Suez Canal 51, 52, 54, 56, 128
closures (1956–7, 1967–75) 67, 78, 227
Suez isthmus 60(n11), 63(n46)Suezmax tankers 78sugar 29, 30, 32f, 32, 33, 79supply and demand 32f, 32–3, 34f,
34–5, 221, 222fSvanaas (parcel tanker, 1949–) 98Sweden 59, 177(n32), 205, 226Sydney 184Sykes, Sir Tatton 212–13Synacomex (charter party form)
118syndicates (insurance) 109Syren and Shipping 207, 219(n68)gSyros 246
T2 tankers 66t, 67tacit knowledge 118, 119, 121Tam Ka-chai xii–xiii, 6, 180–99, 267Tangier 59tankers 72–3, 220, 243
size (average, 1930–2008) 70ftariffs 37, 42(n6), 92, 172, 189, 267
see also protectionismTarragona 118taxation 184, 189, 196, 270
concessions/exemptions 136, 189, 192
corporate 134technological and organizational
changes 94, 102chemicals transport 97–100coking coal transport 96–7
technological progress 2, 37, 43, 52, 145, 158, 250, 266–7, 269
Antwerp versus Rotterdam 154‘classic driver of institutional
change’ 168‘unimpressive progress’ of steam
(Palmer) 45technology 3–4, 190, 195, 265telegraph 108, 111, 116, 122(n14–15)‘tenants-in-common’ 201–2Tenold, S. xiii, 1–10, 26(n26),
103(n3), 98, 99, 105, 197(n1), 220–34, 260(n23), 263–72
terminal costs 80–2, 82tterminals 230
302 Index
TEU (twenty-foot equivalent units) 66t, 71, 78, 172, 173f, 173–4, 178(n65), 186, 199(n39)
textiles 30, 120Thanopoulou, H. 260(n16)Thatcher, M. H. 127, 134–5‘the Society’ see Lloyd’s RegisterTheotokas, I. (‚John‘) x, 200,
216(n5)256n, 260(n16, n21)Thomas, R. P. 177(n30)Thomas’ book on stowage 120Thomas Wilson Son & Company
(1841) 205Thomas Wilson Sons & Co. (TWSC,
Hull) 207, 208, 214, 217(n28), 218(n51)
origins (1822–) 205–6, 217(n27)registered as company (1891) 206
Thornton, R. H. 44, 60(n8)Tianjin 185t, 188, 198(n14, n22)Tilbury 170timber 35, 40, 42(n4), 54, 62(n40),
73, 114, 118, 241time 119, 121, 153, 184, 196, 203,
220, 222, 237see also turnaround times
Titanic insurance policy 109ctobacco 29, 30, 33, 257tTomlinson, J. 139(n16)Tonnage Tax 137, 141(n72)Torquay 208Torres, E. 258n, 261(n35)tourism 242, 244, 246, 254–6t, 266Towards New Maritime Strategy (EC,
1996) 137, 141(n69)trade 4, 124, 244, 247–8, 250, 252,
253–5t, 257–8t, 265, 269expansion/growth 95, 100impeded by port-level labour
disputes 160, 176(n18)inter-continental and regional 2political impediments 125seagoing 2, 148
technological and institutional preconditions 95
volumes 59trade growth 267
hindrances 92‘main driver’ 1
trade liberalization 101trade networks (C20) 4, 88–105, 264
building 95–100, 105see also networks
trade routesinsurance risks 111length 55–6see also voyages
trade unions 137, 145, 149–50, 159, 161–5, 167–8, 172, 174, 177(n25)
trading companies (British) 7, 10(n16)Trafalgar House Investments
Ltd. 131training/apprenticeships 137, 173,
181tramp shipping 8, 68, 73, 86(n23),
90–3, 100, 105(n32), 216(n5), 241–2, 259(n2), 262(n51)
British (1869–1950) 91, 103(n9)freight rates 128low-cost 235
tramp steamship 52, 69tramp trip charter price index 91transaction cost approach 200transaction costs 5, 106, 110, 119,
159, 162, 177(n30), 196, 236–7Transatlantic trades 54transhipment 196transparency 144, 145, 153, 182,
195, 196‘transport component’ 265transport costs 29, 30, 35, 64, 84,
84(n1–2), 88, 91, 221, 222f, 230, 265
‘assumed to be zero’ (not yet the case) 269, 272(n22)
ocean shipping 90–1, 103(n6)‘warrant further scholarly
attention’ 94see also freight rates
transport efficiency 65see also shipping efficiency
transport sector 246transport services 220, 264
production and sale (core task) 221, 232
sale of 222voyage-by-voyage basis 226see also shipping services
Index 303
transport system 181trawl fisheries see HullTriple E series (Maersk Line) 72,
86(n22)triple expansion engine 52Tripoli 59trough yard credit 100trucks 65, 85(n3), 267trust 4, 106–7, 115, 121, 211Tsakos group 256ttug boats 243, 252Tull, M. xiii, 6, 26(n26), 158–79, 266Tunis 59Turkey 59turnaround times 142, 143, 145,
152, 153, 168, 170, 173, 174turret ships 113tweendeck spaces 74, 86(n26)two-deck steam liner 66t
Ukraine 39UL crude tanker 66tuncertainty 43, 106, 236, 243,
260(n26), 271(n14)underwriters 109–10
‘good leads’ 111underwriters’ associations 110, 112Underwriters’ Claim Office 111underwriting agents 109, 111underwriting brokers 109, 111unemployment 150, 151Unger, R. W. 9(n5), 263, 270(n4–5)Unilever 116Union Carbide 98Union of Greek Shipowners 246Union Steam Ship Company 162,
177(n28)United Kingdom ix-xii, xiv, 3, 6–7,
20, 21, 24(n2), 26(n26), 29, 35, 36t, 38, 40–1, 43–4, 67, 68, 103(n1), 166, 201, 248, 252, 260(n20)
British Atlantic economy (C18) 31–3
business organizations (legal framework) 214–15
economic performance (‘negative influence of business behaviour and culture’) 211, 218(n56)
entry into EEC (effect in NZ)162–3
industrial policy 127, 139(n16)ports 23regions 120shipping income 269, 272(n20)wholesale price index 92
United Kingdom: Board of Trade 113, 203–4, 216(n17),272(n20)
United Kingdom: Department of Transport 125n, 135, 136,139(n14)
United Kingdom: England 107–8, 122(n6–9), 241
United Kingdom: England northeast 113
United Kingdom: Foreign Office129
United Kingdom: HM Treasury 128,131–2, 137, 141(n72)
United Kingdom: Ministry of Transport 128
United Kingdom: Scotland 113United Kingdom: shipping industry
1950s, 1960s 127–8decline in employment
(1980–95) 133defence capability 137fiscal advantages 132government policy, later C20) 5,
124–41government policy (1980s,
1990s) 133–5, 140–1government support (impact,
1960s, 1970s) 132–3, 140industry-government distrust
129, 138internal policy review (1959–60)
128–9joint working party (1990) 136lack of government assistance
towards capital costs 125managerial failings 125manpower and training 133Marples Memorandum
(1962) 128–9, 133merchant marine (decline) 5,
124, 125t, 138(n2)
304 Index
United Kingdom: shipping industry –continuedmerchant marine (foreign
ownership, 1975) 133national interest argument 126,
133, 134, 135, 137, 138‘old-fashioned’ (1962) 129,
139(n23)policy determinants 138policy reversal (1988–) 135–8,
141see also British shipping
United Kingdom: Shipping AdvisoryCommittee (proposed) 129
United Nations 180UN Code of Conduct for Liner
Conferences 135UNCTAD 93, 125n, 135United States of America 34, 41, 59,
60(n3, n11), 67, 68, 78, 85(n7), 108, 117, 135, 181, 200, 209, 236, 241
coal exporters 96–7container ships 71decline of merchant marine (post-
1865) 37domestic market 38, 40GDP deflator 92merchant shipping 54, 62(n41–2)peripheral regions 2–3producer price index 92shipping and economic
development (to 1860s) 268war with UK (1812) 37wheat exchanges 116see also American Civil War
Upper Clyde Shipbuilders 127Urquijo Bank 242, 243Uruguay 59
Vagliano Bros 241(n48)Vaglianos group 253tValdaliso, J. M. xiii, 1–10, 26(n26),
197(n1), 235–62, 263–72Valparaiso 60(n11)value chain 102, 267
‘sliced up’ 265, 271(n10)Vanfraechem, S. xiv, 5–6, 142–57Vardinoyannis group 240, 255t
vemen (Rotterdam) 143, 145, 153see also waterside workers
Venetian Empire 38, 42(n8)vertical integration 102, 143–4, 146,
153, 167, 236–7, 238, 247Ville, S. P. ix, 61(n15, n20), 201,
216(n8)Vinos de los Herederos del Marques de
Riscal 243Virginia and Maryland coffee house
(London) 107, 114see also Baltic Mercantile Exchange
Visvikis, I. D. 221, 232(n3)voyages
duration 51–2, 54, 62(n32)patterns (sail versus steam) 59,
63(n48)see also distance
Vries, D. de 178(n47)
W.H. Cockerline & Co. (Hull) 205wages 34f, 35, 38, 40, 42(n11), 143,
145, 149–50, 269‘basic’ (Australia, 1907–) 171‘rates of pay’ 22, 26–7(n32–4)see also labour costs
Waltham 37Walton, G. M. 35, 36t, 42(n5), 268,
271(n18)Wang, J. J. 185, 198(n13)Wang, K. 198(n13)warehouses/warehousing 23,
27(n39), 78, 143–6, 148, 152–4, 155(n4)
Waterfront Conference (NZ,1967) 163
Waterfront Control Commission (NZ) 160
Waterfront Dispute (NZ, 1951) 160,176(n22)
Waterfront Industry Act (NZ,1953) 161, 176(n19)
Waterfront Industry Commission (WIC, NZ) 160, 165, 161, 162, 175
abolished (1989) 166abolition process 163–6
Waterfront Industry Reform Act (NZ,1989) 166
Index 305
waterfront reform (Australia) 173–4government objectives (1998) 173
Waterfront Workers’ Federation (Australia) 168–9
Waters, H. J. 186, 198(n18)‘waterside work’ 160, 176(n19)waterside workers/watersiders 161,
163, 175see also casual labour
Waterside Workers’ Federation (Australia, 1902–89) 167, 168, 169
Waterside Workers’ Federation (WWF, NZ, 1967–) 163–4, 166
Waterside Workers’ Union (WWU, NZ) 160, 176(n22)
wave-making resistance 65, 85(n27)Wealth of Nations (Smith, 1776) 64weather deck 74n, 74Weinhauer, K. 178(n47)West, B. 209West Indies 33, 35, 36t, 37, 60(n11)‘Western America‘ 49–50t, 50, 51,
52, 55, 56, 62(n44)constituent countries 59
Westfal-Larsen 233(n17)wheat 85(n7)
dealing location 117freight costs 92No 3 Manitoba benchmark 116
White, C. 178(n60)White Australia Policy (1901) 171Wiener, M. J. 218(n56)Williams, D. M. xiv, 2, 3, 11–28,
43–63, 265Williamson, J. G. 9(n4), 91, 93,
103(n9)Wilson, A. 205–6, 208–9, 211, 212
estate (1909) 209, 218(n42)Wilson, C. H. (d 1907) 205–6, 207,
208–9, 211, 212Wilson, C. H. A. 206Wilson, C. H. W. 206, 207, 209Wilson, D. 205Wilson, E. E. 207Wilson, E. K. 206Wilson, F. J. H. 207, 208Wilson, G. G. (MP) 206, 207
Wilson, J. F. 203, 210, 215, 216(n13–14), 218(n48, n50, n63)
Wilson, T. (d 1869) 205, 211see also Thomas Wilson Sons & Co.
Wilson, W. 209Wilsons of Hull 205–6, 217(n27)With-Andersen, H. see Andersen, W. H.wood 223wooden ships of line 74Woodhouse, H. J. S. 207Woodman, R. 125, 138(n3), 139(n9)Woodward, N. C. W. 139(n16)wool 120, 248working conditions 168World Bank 185, 188, 197(n4),
198(n12)World Bank Port Reform Toolkit
(second edition, 2007) 192, 199(n27)
world’s key industry (Fayle) 1, 9(n2)World’s Key Industry (volume title)y
book purpose 1–2introduction 1–10‘key industry’ versus ‘invisible
industry’ 8, 263–72World Trade OrganizationPRC entry (2002) 196–7
wrecks 223–4, 233(n10–11), 229, 231
Xiamen 185t
Yafeh, Y. 10(n17), 235–6, 259(n3,n5–6), 260(n11)
Yangtze River Delta 185Yannoulatos group 254tYantian 185, 186, 188Yantian International Container
Terminals (1992–) 193Ybarra group 240, 257t, 261(n28)yigangyanggan (self-sustaining system,
PRC) 189York: Warter Priory 212
zaibatsu 236Zhejiang Province 193Zheng, Y. 189, 195, 199(n33),
199(n26)