Increased SpeedIncreased Speed

Average Speed - 20 to 25 mph (1835)Average Speed - 20 to 25 mph (1835)Great Western RailwayGreat Western Railway

35 to 40 mph, 7’ Gauge35 to 40 mph, 7’ GaugeLarge WheelsLarge Wheels

Stephenson - 7.8’ to 10’ Diameter Driving WheelStephenson - 7.8’ to 10’ Diameter Driving WheelLarger BoilersLarger Boilers

1829 Rocket - 6’1829 Rocket - 6’1832 Bury - 8’1832 Bury - 8’1845 Long Boiler - 12’1845 Long Boiler - 12’

North StarNorth Star Stephenson (1830s)Stephenson (1830s) CylinderCylinder

16” Diameter, 16” Stroke16” Diameter, 16” Stroke

7’ Wheels7’ Wheels 21 tons21 tons Heating SurfaceHeating Surface

711 sq. ft.711 sq. ft.

PulledPulled80 tons At 30.5 mph80 tons At 30.5 mph45 tons At 38.5 mph45 tons At 38.5 mph

Fifty Built (1840-1845)Fifty Built (1840-1845)

Built For Paris-Orleans Line, 1843Built For Paris-Orleans Line, 1843

French Copy Of Stephenson’sFrench Copy Of Stephenson’s

Taylor (1837)Taylor (1837) Built For Paris-Saint-Built For Paris-Saint-

Germain LineGermain Line

CramptonCrampton Conceived By Thomas Crampton In EnglandConceived By Thomas Crampton In England Built By Derosne & Cail In France (1849)Built By Derosne & Cail In France (1849) Larger Driving Wheels Behind Boiler - Lower BoilerLarger Driving Wheels Behind Boiler - Lower Boiler Cylinder (15” Diameter, 22” Stroke)Cylinder (15” Diameter, 22” Stroke) Boiler Pressure (10 psi)Boiler Pressure (10 psi) 20 Years 20 Years

25 hp Of Seguin To 400 hp Of Crampton25 hp Of Seguin To 400 hp Of Crampton

EngerthEngerth

Wilheim Engerth (1853)Wilheim Engerth (1853) 3% Grade3% Grade 10 Wheels10 Wheels AustriaAustria

3215’ Semmering Pass3215’ Semmering Pass

FranceFrance

La Gauloise, Built By Cave La Gauloise, Built By Cave For The Paris-Versailles For The Paris-Versailles

Line, 1840Line, 1840

Built By BuddicomBuilt By BuddicomFor The Paris-Rouen For The Paris-Rouen

Line, 1844Line, 1844

Passenger CoachesPassenger Coaches 1830s - Adaptation of Stagecoaches1830s - Adaptation of Stagecoaches 1840s - First Specially Designed1840s - First Specially Designed

Leaf Springs & Wood FrameLeaf Springs & Wood Frame

1850s1850sReinforced Metal FrameReinforced Metal FrameComfort Was AddressedComfort Was Addressed

1860s - Interior Lighting1860s - Interior LightingOil Lamps, Oil Lamps, Kerosene Lamps, Kerosene Lamps, Compressed GasCompressed Gas

BrakesBrakesWooden Rails Offered ResistanceWooden Rails Offered ResistanceTightening Brakeshoes On Felly Or BandTightening Brakeshoes On Felly Or BandOnly Locomotive (Mid 1840s)Only Locomotive (Mid 1840s)Selected Cars Had Brakepeople (1850s)Selected Cars Had Brakepeople (1850s)Vacuum BrakeVacuum BrakeMore Weight & SpeedMore Weight & Speed

All Cars Had BrakepeopleAll Cars Had BrakepeopleDelay Time From Hand SignalsDelay Time From Hand Signals

George Westinghouse (1869)George Westinghouse (1869)Compressed AirCompressed Air

Brakes (Continued)Brakes (Continued)

Before 1849Before 1849

Westinghouse On Locomotive, 1879Westinghouse On Locomotive, 1879

Westinghouse On Coaches, 1879Westinghouse On Coaches, 1879

SignalingSignaling

Manually (1837)Manually (1837)Handheld Red flag Or Lantern With Red LightsHandheld Red flag Or Lantern With Red Lights

Telegraph On London-Blackwell Line (1840)Telegraph On London-Blackwell Line (1840)Red Discs To Show Track Status (1843)Red Discs To Show Track Status (1843)Vignier (1844)Vignier (1844)

Push/Pull Interlocking SystemPush/Pull Interlocking System

Signaling (Continued)Signaling (Continued)

Vignier Interlocking SystemVignier Interlocking System

Switch Control Lever With ASwitch Control Lever With AVignier Interlocking SystemVignier Interlocking System

Pneumatic RailroadsPneumatic Railroads

Danish Engineer Medhurst (1810)Danish Engineer Medhurst (1810)Suggested Pneumatic SystemSuggested Pneumatic System

Around 1840Around 1840Pumping Stations Were TriedPumping Stations Were Tried

First Pneumatic Railroad (1844)First Pneumatic Railroad (1844)Ireland, 1.75 milesIreland, 1.75 miles

2’ Diameter Piston Moved Along Tube Sealed 2’ Diameter Piston Moved Along Tube Sealed With a Leather TongueWith a Leather Tongue

Pneumatic Railroads (Continued)Pneumatic Railroads (Continued)

English Atmospheric SystemEnglish Atmospheric System

Lead Wagon Of Lead Wagon Of English AtmosphericEnglish Atmospheric

SystemSystem

Development of RailroadsDevelopment of Railroads

CostCostGreat BritainGreat BritainFranceFranceUnited StatesUnited States

Average Cost (1852)Average Cost (1852)

Great Britain 570,000France 390,000Belgium 270,000Germany 201,000United States 96,500

Per Kilometer In FrancsPer Kilometer In Francs

Great BritainGreat BritainLiverpool-Manchester LineLiverpool-Manchester Line

Year Passengers Tonnage

1831 445,047 108,180

1832 356,956 159,450

1833 386,492 194,704

FranceFrance

Year Miles

1828 10

1840 264

1850 1788

France (1837)France (1837)

France (1846)France (1846)

France (1851)France (1851)

France (1856)France (1856)

United StatesUnited States

Year Miles1830 231840 2,8181850 9,0001860 30,600