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IMPLIMENTATION OF RESEARCH PLAN, TOOL, AND DATA

COLLECTIONPresented by

ANEEZ. K1st year msc nursing

According to earnest desireBasic researchApplied researchExploratory researchDescriptive researchDiagnostic researchEvaluative researchAction research.

According to methods of study research may be classified as:

Qualitative researchQuantitative research

RESEARCH PROPOSALSResearch proposals are documents

describing what researchers propose to study, prepared before a project has commenced. Proposals serve to communicate the research problem, its significance, and planned procedures for solving the problem to an interested party.

PROPOSAL CONTENTFront MatterThe Problem and Its SignificanceBackground of the ProblemObjectivesMethodThe Work PlanBudget

GUIDELINES FOR PROPOSAL PREPARATION

Review of a Successful Proposal

Input From Key PeopleAdherence to InstructionsAttending to Evaluation

CriteriaProposal CritiqueOther tips

DATAData are the pieces of

information.

Data are the observable and measurable facts that provide information about the phenomenon under study.

Data collection

Data collection means gathering information to address those critical research questions that have been identified earlier in the research process.

purposes To identify variable or facts. To measure variable or

phenomena of interest. To describe behavior To obtain empirical evidence. To plan, organize, analyze,

interpret and report the information

TECHNIQUES /METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

Research method refers to the way in which the investigator collects data by observation, questioning or other measurements.

The various steps used for gathering and analyzing data in a research investigation are known as methods of data collection.

DATA COLLECTION

PRIMARY DATASECONDARY DATA

RESEARCH TOOL

DEFINITION It is the instrument used for data

collection in a research. It is a device used to measure the concept of interest in a research study, to gather data, e.g. questionnaire, interview schedule.

INTERVIEWverbal communication between the researcher and the subject during which information is provided to the researcher. Interviews have been described as” conversation with a purpose" (Dexter, 1970; Kahn and Connel, Lg37) A method of data collection in which the interviewer asks questions to a respondent which can be either face-to-face or telephonically

TYPES OF INTERVIEWStructured interview (directive

interview)Unstructured interview (Non- directive

interview)Semi - structured interviewFocused group interviewTelephonic interview In-depth interviewclinical interviewComputer- assisted personal

interviewing (CEPT)

QUESTIONNAIRESet of questions that may or may not

provide with response alternative which are to be answered by the subjects.

A questionnaire is a printed self-report form designed to elicit information that can be obtained through written responses from the subjects.

Types of Questions Open-ended questions E.g. State your opinion about the need

for involvement of nurses in research?"

Close-ended questions E.g.: "Do you have abdominal Pain?" (a)yes (b)no

Guidelines for preparing a Good Questionnaire

Prepared in accordance with the study objectives.

Specific instructions should be given to the respondents

Concise' brief and precise'. According to the respondent's knowledge'. Clear. Simple. Avoid open-ended questions Avoid controversial questions Logical sequence General to specific'.

COMPOSITE SCALES OR ATTITUDE SCALES

A scale is-a device designed to assign a numeric score to people to place them on a continuum with respect to the attributes being measured.

LIKERT SCALE A Likert scale Consists of a series of

statements of possible responses. It consists of several declarative items which express a topic primarily.

Characteristics of Likert scale

Psychological measurement tool. Illustration of clear judgment about

the degree of agreement or disagreement

Neutral statements without the bias of researcher.

Composed of alternative positive and negative statements so that response bias can be eliminated.

OBSERVATION

Observation is a technique for collecting all the data or acquiring information through occurrences that can be observed through senses with or without mechanical device.

Types of Observation

Structured observationUnstructured observationParticipant observationNon-participant observationDirect observation Indirect observationControlled observation Uncontrolled observations

RATING SCALES Rating scale refers to a scale with a set of

opinions which describe varying degrees of the dimensions of an attitude being observed.

BIOPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS Purposes of Biophysiological

methodsTo analyze the basic physiological

processes relevant to nursing care.study the physiological outcomes

of nursing care.It can be used to evaluate a new

intervention in comparison with standard methods of care.

In-Vivo Biophysiological Methods

StimulusParticipant Sensory equipmentRecording equipmentSignal conditioning

In-Vitro Biophysiological MethodsRadiological measurements:

Evaluation of body tissues by use of X-rays, CT scan, MRI, PET, etc.

Biochemical measurements: Measuring biochemical attributes such as

serum electrolytes, blood sugar levels, LFT RFT, etc.

Microbiological measurements: These include evaluation of bacterial counts , culture and sensitivity tests of urine, blood, etc.

Cytological measurements: detailed examination of cytological attributes e.g. Fine needle aspiration of breast tissue, tissue biopsy.

 PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES

Individuals are asked to respond to vague and unstructured situations such as sketches, words, pictures or drawings.

Types of projective tests are Rorschach ink blot test, word association, sentence completion, construction techniques, etc.

Q-sorts

It is a technique of comparative rating that preserves the subjective point of view of individuals.

Its aim is to inquire into the subjectivity of human mind.

PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTSPrinciples of psychological

testing

StandardizationObjectivity Test Norms ReliabilityValidity

Types of psychological testsIQ/achievement testsPublic safety employment

testsAttitude testsNeuropsychological testsInfant and Preschool

Assessment

Personality testsSexological testsDirect observation testsInterest testsAptitude testsBiographical Information

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SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE METHOD Nature, scope and object of

enquiryAvailability of fundsTime factorPrecision required

DATA COLLECTION PROCESSSupervise data collectionApproach the selected

households Inform participants and obtain

consentTrack participation

Conduct the interviewsTake the measurementsRecord the data collectedSchedule next visits

BIBLIOGRAPHY Dr. R. Bincy nursing research building evidence for practice . viva

publications 2013 page no;189-221 Sharma S K. Nursing Research and Statistics. 1e. Haryana: Elsevier

Publications; 2011. Page no: 176 

Burns N. Grove S.K. Understanding nursing research- Building an evidence based practice. 4e. U.P: Elsevier Publications; 2007. Page no: 391-396

Polit D. F. Beck C. T. Nursing research- Generalizing and assessing evidence for nursing practice. 8e. New Delhi: Wolters Kluwer (p) Ltd; 2008.Page no: 374-387

Nirmala V. Edison J. S. Suni M. S. Research Methodology in Nursing. 1e. Haryana: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd; 2011. Page no: 114-128

H. Odum, an Introduction to Social Research, p. 229.

Burgess, Research Methods in Sociology, p. 26 in Georges Gurvitch and W.E. Moore (Eds.) Twentieth Century Sociology.

Pauline V. Young, Scientific Social Surveys and Research, p. 247.

Robert M.W. Travers, an Introduction to Educational Research, p. 82–84.

C. William Emory, Business Research Methods, p. 415–416.