ILRI Process and Partnership for Pro-Poor Policy Change Can ILRI hope to influence pro-poor policy...

ILRI Process and Partnership forPro-Poor Policy Change

Can ILRI hope to influence pro-poor policy change through research?

John Young, ODI, UKDannie Romney, ILRI, Kenya


Outline• The research-policy nexus: Current theory

and practice (John Young, ODI)

• Process and partnership for pro-poor policy change (Dannie Romney, ILRI)


Definitions• Research: “any systematic effort to increase the

stock of knowledge”

• Policy: a “purposive course of action followed by an actor or set of actors”

– Agendas / policy horizons

– Official statements documents

– Patterns of spending

– Implementation processes

– Activities on the ground


Policy Processes- Identify a policy problem

- Commission research

- Assess the results

- Select the best policy

- Establish the policy framework

- Implement the policy

- The problem is solved


Reality…• “The whole life of policy is a chaos of purposes

and accidents. It is not at all a matter of the rational implementation of the so-called decisions through selected strategies 1”

• “Most policy research on African agriculture is irrelevant to agricultural and overall economic policy in Africa2”

1 - Clay & Schaffer (1984), Room for Manoeuvre; An Exploration of Public Policy in Agricultural and Rural Development, Heineman Educational Books, London2 – Omamo (2003), Policy Research on African Agriculture: Trends, Gaps, and Challenges, International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR) Research Report No 21


Existing theory1. Linear model2. Percolation model, Weiss3. Tipping point model, Gladwell4. ‘Context, evidence, links’ framework, ODI5. Policy narratives, Roe6. Systems model (NSI)7. External forces, Lindquist8. ‘Room for manoeuvre’, Clay & Schaffer9. ‘Street level bureaucrats’, Lipsky10. Policy as social experiments, Rondinelli11. Policy Streams & Windows, Kingdon12. Disjointed incrementalism, Lindquist13. The ‘tipping point’, Gladwell14. Crisis model, Kuhn15. ‘Framework of possible thought’,

Chomsky16. Variables for Credibility, Beach17. The source is as important as content,

Gladwell

18. Linear model of communication, Shannon19. Interactive model, 20. Simple and surprising stories,

Communication Theory21. Provide solutions, Marketing Theory I22. Find the right packaging, Marketing II23. Elicit a response, Kottler24. Translation of technology, Volkow25. Epistemic communities26. Policy communities27. Advocacy coalitions etc, Pross28. Negotiation through networks, Sebattier29. Shadow networks, Klickert30. Chains of accountability, Fine31. Communication for social change,

Rockefeller32. Wheels and webs, Chapman & Fisher

www.odi.org.uk/rapid/lessons/theory


Existing theory – a short list• Policy narratives, Roe• Systems of Innovation Model, (NSI)• ‘Room for manoeuvre’, Clay & Schaffer• ‘Street level bureaucrats’, Lipsky• Policy as social experiments, Rondene• Policy streams and policy windows, Kingdon• Disjointed Incrementalism, Lindblom• Social Epidemics, Gladwell

• The RAPID Framework


An Analytical Framework

The political context – political and economic structures and processes, culture, institutional pressures, incremental vs radical change etc.

The evidence – credibility, the degree it challenges received wisdom, research approaches and methodology, simplicity of the message, how it is packaged etc

External Influences Socio-economic and cultural influences, donor policies etc

The links between policyand research communities – networks, relationships, power, competing discourses, trust, knowledge etc.


Case Studies• Sustainable Livelihoods: The

Evolution of DFID Policy

• The PRSP Initiative: Research in Multilateral Policy Change

• The adoption of Ethical Principles in Humanitarian Aid post Rwanda

• Animal Health Care in Kenya: Evidence fails to influence Policy


A Practical Framework

External Influences political context

evidencelinks

Politics and Policymaking

Media, Advocacy, Networking Research,

learning & thinking

Scientific information exchange & validation

Policy analysis, & research

Campaigning, Lobbying


What you need to know• The external environment: Who are the key actors?

What is their agenda? How do they influence the political context?

• The political context: Is there political interest in change? Is there room for manoeuvre? How do they perceive the problem?

• The evidence: Is it there? Is it relevant? Is it practically useful? Are the concepts familiar or new? Does it need re-packaging?

• Links: Who are the key individuals? Are there existing networks to use? How best to transfer the information? The media? Campaigns?


What researchers need to doWhat researchers need to know

What researchers need to do

How to do it

Political Context:

Evidence

Links

• Who are the policymakers?• Is there demand for ideas?• What is the policy process?

• What is the current theory?• What are the narratives?• How divergent is it?

• Who are the stakeholders?• What networks exist?• Who are the connectors,

mavens and salesmen?

• Get to know the policymakers.• Identify friends and foes.• Prepare for policy

opportunities. • Look out for policy windows.

• Work with them – seek commissions

• Strategic opportunism – prepare for known events + resources for others

• Establish credibility• Provide practical solutions• Establish legitimacy.• Present clear options• Use familiar narratives.

• Build a reputation• Action-research• Pilot projects to generate

legitimacy• Good communication

• Get to know the others• Work through existing

networks.• Build coalitions.• Build new policy networks.

• Build partnerships.• Identify key networkers,

mavens and salesmen.• Use informal contacts


Policy entrepreneurs

Storytellers

Engineers

Networkers

Fixers


Practical ToolsOverarching Tools

- The RAPID Framework - Using the Framework - The Entrepreneurship

Questionnaire

Context Assessment Tools- Stakeholder Analysis - Forcefield Analysis - Writeshops - Policy Mapping - Political Context Mapping Communication Tools

- Communications Strategy- SWOT analysis - Message Design - Making use of the media Research Tools

- Case Studies - Episode Studies - Surveys - Bibliometric Analysis- Focus Group Discussion

Policy Influence Tools- Influence Mapping & Power Mapping - Lobbying and Advocacy - Campaigning: A Simple Guide - Competency self-assessment


Practical Application

• Within ODI• Workshops for researchers, policy makers

and activists.• Advice to a DFID forest/ground water

research project in India:– Less research– More communication– Developing champions in regional and national

government – Local, Regional & National advocacy campaign


Further Information / Resources• ODI Working Papers

• Bridging Research and Policy Book

• Meeting series Monograph

• Tools for Policy Impact

• RAPID Briefing Paper

• www.odi.org.uk/rapid


Yes, but:• It this its role?• “Global Public Good” Research vs Policy Advocacy• Probably needs to do both:

How?• Understand the political context• Get the evidence & package it well• Strategic networking / lobbying / campaigning• Collaboration….

Can ILRI do it?

ILRI

International Livestock Research Institute

The New DfID funded Project

Process and partnership for pro-poor policy change

ILRI


• Project Leaders: ODI / ILRI

• Key collaborators: ECAPAPA

• Case study collaborators in Kenya: – MoLFD / KARI– Range of NGOs & other SDP partners

Why would I be interested?ILRI


• Not all research is expected or intended to lead to policy change, but there may be;– Specific cases where research is expected to;

• provide evidence for policy change• identify potential policies (or impact of)• influence the policy making process

(advocacy)– Cases where speculative research becomes

relevant because of changes in circumstance

The project …ILRI


• Ideas for methods and approaches

• Lessons learnt from earlier activities

• Identification of appropriate communication tools

What will we be doing?ILRI


• Three case studies in three DIFFERENT countries

– A project considered to have influenced policy change

– A stream of research addressing a particular policy area

– A clear policy change;• New policy statement• New law• Irrefutable change in way something is done

What will we be doing?ILRI


• Three case studies– SDP and impact on changed view of

informal milk trade– ????– ????

ILRI


• Discussion:– Can ILRI hope to influence pro-poor policy

through research?– Any good case studies?

ILRI Process and Partnership for Pro-Poor Policy Change Can ILRI hope to influence pro-poor policy...

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