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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET) Volume 7, Issue 5, September-October 2016, pp. 18–27, Article ID: IJARET_07_05_003

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=7&IType=5

ISSN Print: 0976-6480 and ISSN Online: 0976-6499

© IAEME Publication

SMART CLOTHES

Akhil Nair, Nilay Chowdhury and Tanay Chowdhury

U.G Student, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication,

Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune - 07, India

ABSTRACT

Smart and interactive textiles are fibrous structures that are capable of sensing, actuating,

generating/storing power and/or communicating. Research and development towards wearable

textile-based personal systems allowing health monitoring, protection & safety has gained strong

interest during the last decade. Smart fabrics and interactive textile wearable systems regroup

activities along two different and complementary approaches i.e. "application pull" and

"technology push", which includes personal health management through integration, validation,

and use of smart clothing and other networked mobile devices as well as projects targeting the full

integration of sensors/actuators, energy sources, processing and communication within the clothes

to enable personal applications such as protection/safety, emergency and healthcare. Here in case

of smart textiles we are using the conductive fibers such as metal yarn. This includes the origin and

introduction of smart textile and integrated wearable electronics for sport wear, industrial

purpose, automotive & entertainment applications, healthcare & safety systems, military and

public sectors. One could think of smart clothing that makes us feel comfortable at all times, during

any activity and in any environmental conditions, a suit that protects and monitors, that warns in

case of danger and even helps to treat diseases and injuries. Some of the more important efforts

include applications that aid in patient health monitoring through sensor embedded garments that

track and record biometric data, helps to improve athletic performance both by analyzing sensor

data and adapting to changing conditions so as to improve performance over the time.

Key words: Automation, E-Textile, Interactive, Sensor, Smart.

Cite this article: Akhil Nair, Nilay Chowdhury and Tanay Chowdhury, Smart Clothes.

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 7(5), 2016, pp 18–27.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=7&IType=5

1. INTRODUCTION

Electronic Textiles (e-textiles) are fabrics that feature electronics and interconnections woven into them,

presenting physical flexibility and typical size that cannot be achieved with other existing electronic

manufacturing techniques. Components and interconnections are intrinsic to the fabric and thus are less

visible and not susceptible of becoming tangled or snagged by surrounding objects. E-textiles can also

more easily adapt to fast changes in the computational and sensing requirements of any specific

application, this one representing a useful feature for power management and context awareness. The

vision behind wearable computing foresees future electronic systems to be an integral part of our everyday

outfits. Such electronic devices have to meet special requirements concerning wear ability. Wearable

systems will be characterized by their ability to automatically recognize the activity and the behavioral

status of their own user as well as of the situation around her/him, and to use this information to adjust the

Smart Clothes


system’s configuration and functionality. Smart clothes and wearable technology is a relatively novel and

emerging area of interdisciplinary research within the fashion, textile, electronics and related industries.

The term ―Smart Textiles refers to a broad field of studies and products that extend the functionality and

usefulness of common fabrics. Smart Textiles are defined as textile products such as fibers and filaments,

yarns together with woven, knitted or non-woven structures, which can interact with the environment/user.

The convergence of textiles and electronics (e-textiles) can be relevant for the development of smart

materials that are capable of accomplishing a wide spectrum of functions, found in rigid and non-flexible

electronic products nowadays.

Sensors provide a nervous system to detect signals, thus in a passive smart material, the existence of

sensors is essential. The actuators act upon the detected signal either autonomously or from a central

control unit. together with the sensors, they are the essential element for active smart materials. Fabric-

based sensing has been a large field of research in the biomedical and safety communities. The fabric

sensors can be used for electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyography (EMG), and electroencephalography

(EEG) sensing. Fabrics incorporating thermocouples can be used for sensing temperature. Luminescent

elements integrated in fabrics could be used for bio-photonic sensing. Shape-sensitive fabrics can sense

movement, and can be combined with EMG sensing to derive muscle fitness. Carbon electrodes integrated

into fabrics can be used to detect specific environmental or biomedical features such as oxygen, salinity,

moisture, or contaminants. Active functionality could include power generation or storage, human

interface elements, radio frequency (RF) functionality, or assistive technology. All electronic devices

require power, and this is a significant design challenge for Smart Fabrics. Power generation can be

achieved through piezoelectric elements that harvest energy from motion or photovoltaic elements. Human

interfaces to active systems can be roughly grouped into two categories: input devices and annunciation or

display devices. Input devices can include capacitive patches that function as pushbuttons, or shape-

sensitive fabrics that can record motion or flexing, pressure, and stretching or compression. Annunciation

and display devices may include fabric speakers, electroluminescent yarns, or yarns that are processed to

contain arrays of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Fabrics can also include elements that provide

bio-feedback or simply vibrate. Fabric-based antennas are a relatively simple application of Smart Fabrics.

Simple fabric antennas are merely conductive yarns of specific lengths that can be stitched or woven into

non-conducting fabrics.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

The rapid development in the fields of sensor and telecommunication technologies has created completely

new possibilities also for the textile and clothing field [2]. The integration of flexible electronic systems

into clothing has been studied in laboratories and in industry for years. A micro-sensor and electrodes are

built into the fabric at chest height. This enables them to capture the wearer’s heartbeat and track the

movements and stretching of the fabric at the same time. The micro-sensor processes the electric signals

generated by the heart's muscular movements, then transmits the data to a little box known as the Gateway,

which is worn between the shoulder blades, for example [5]. Myontec [8] is a company producing system

for the monitoring of the performance and capacity of the muscles. The company portfolio consists of a

system based in trousers and shirts integrated with sensors and different modules for the measurement and

handling of measured data. The objective of the Stella project [Stella] [9] is the development of stretchable

electronics for large area application for use in health care, wellness and functional clothes and for

integrated electronics in stretchable parts and products. Stretchable electronics includes the integration of

electronic components, energy supply, sensors and actuators or display and switches on a stretchable

substrate with stretchable conductors. Athos is based on expensive medical tech but designed for gym

bunnies. Its range of training clothes is woven with micro-EMG sensors that detect which of your muscles

are working and transfer this workout data to a smartphone via a Bluetooth core. Muscle effort, heart rate

and breathing are all tracked and the app provides insights to help you to exercise correctly and avoid

injury. The Hexoskin [10] smart shirt, made with Italian textiles, is able to track the wearer's heart rate,



breathing rate and volume, steps with cadence and calories and even sleep. It uses a small device that slips

into a pouch on the shirt. It connects via Bluetooth to iOS and Android devices.

3. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 1 Block diagram of Smart Clothes System4. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1. Microcontroller (Atmega 8)

A microcontroller has a CPU (microprocessor) in addition to fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and

timer all embedded on a single chip. The designer cannot add any external memory, I/O or timer to it. The

fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM and number of I/O ports in microcontrollers make them ideal for

many applications in which cost and space are critical.

Figure 2 Schematic of Arduino Uno Controller

Smart Clothes


Figure 3 Schematic of Arduino Nano Controller

3.2. Power Supply

Power supply consist of simple inbuilt regulator IC which converts the power supply from the battery and

converts it to stable 5V supply in the microcontroller.

3.3. Bluetooth Module (HC-05)

It is a class-2 Bluetooth module with Serial Port Profile, which can configure as either Master or slave. a

Drop-in replacement for wired serial connections, transparent usage. We can use it simply for a serial port

replacement to establish connection between MCU, PC to your embedded project.

Figure 4 Pin Layout of Bluetooth Module (HC-05)



3.4. Hall Sensor (3141)

These Hall-effect switches are monolithic integrated circuits with output of these devices (pin 3) switches

low when the magnetic field at the Hall element exceeds the operate point threshold (BOP). At this point,

the output voltage is Vout(SAT). When the magnetic field is reduced to below the release point threshold

(BRP), the device output goes high.

Figure 5 Working Principle of Hall Sensor

Hall sensor gives analog output means we get 1V to 3V output. As the analog pins of microcontroller

are concerned we have got less analog pins and because of analog output every time we need to check for

random numbers for that we have to set the threshold for deciding hall sensor detects magnet or not. So we

make this analog output digital by making this connection. When hall does not sense anything it will give

digital high output and when it detects magnet it will give digital low output hence we get digital output

and now we can use any digital pin for sensing further we can add more hall sensors to make electronic

patch bigger.

4. SOFTWARE DESIGN

4.1. Arduino

4.1.1. Environment (IDE)

• Internationalization of the IDE and translation into multiple languages (selected in preferences dialog).

• Preference for skipping verification during upload (for increased speed).

• Speeded up compilation by only compiling changed files. (Except for the first compilation after selecting a

new board, when all files are compiled.)

Smart Clothes


4.1.2. Language (API)

• Support for the Arduino Leonardo and Mega board.

• Leonardo-specific Mouse and Keyboardb libraries.

• INPUT_PULLUP argument to pinMode() function. The INPUT mode now explicitly disables the pullup

resistors.

• Ability to generate repeated starts in the Wire library (in master mode). Extra boolean parameters to

endtransmission() and requestFrom() control whether or not to send a stop (or a repeated start instead)

• Ethernet.maintain() function for renewing DHCP leases.

• ReadString() and read StringUntil() functions to Stream, Serial, etc.

•

Figure 6 GUI of Arduino Software

4.2. Android Studio

Android Studio is the official IDE for Android app development, based on IntelliJ IDEA. On top of

IntelliJ's powerful code editor and developer tools, Android Studio offers even more features that enhance

your productivity when building Android apps, such as

• A flexible Gradle-based build system

• Build variants and multiple APK file generation

• Code templates to help you build common app features

• A rich layout editor with support for drag and drop theme editing

• Lint tools to catch performance, usability, version compatibility, and other problems

• Code shrinking with ProGuard and resource shrinking with Gradle

• Built-in support for Google Cloud Platform, making it easy to integrate Google Cloud Messaging and App

Engine



5. FLOWCHART

6. PCB DESIGN

Figure 7 PCB Layout of Transmitter

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Figure 8 PCB Layout of Receiver

7. WORKING PRINCIPLE

• The present technology that we have implemented demonstrates the gesture recognition using hall sensor

(3141) to recognize various hand movement which is obtained via feedback for a grid of hall sensors.

• A Hall Effect sensor is a transducer that varies its output voltage in response to a magnetic field. Hall Effect

sensors are used for proximity switching, positioning, speed detection, and current sensing applications.

• In its simplest form, the sensor operates as an analog transducer, directly returning a voltage.

• These Hall-effect switches are monolithic integrated circuits with output of these devices (pin 3) switches

low when the magnetic field at the Hall element exceeds the operate point threshold (BOP).

• At this point, the output voltage is Vout(SAT). When the magnetic field is reduced to below the release

point threshold (BRP), the device output goes high.

The setup consists of an array of hall sensors that is used to monitor the hand movements. Using a

well-defined algorithm all the hall sensors are sequentially read in a predetermined manner defined by the

algorithm and further decryption of the data takes place.

Figure 9 Electric Lamp- Switched Off (Night Mode Shot)



Figure 10 Electric Lamp- Switched On (Night Mode Shot)

• As seen in the above picture, a patch of cloth is embedded with hall sensors and other sensors equipped with

a 9volt power supply.

• By performing gesture on this cloth the LED bulb can be turned on or off with the swipes on the cloth

patch.

• Hence a successful application of controlling a single device using smart cloth patch is performed.

8. CONCLUSION

Electronic textiles, or smart textiles, describe the convergence of electronics and textiles into fabrics which

are able to sense, compute, communicate and actuate. As many different electronic systems can be

connected to any clothing, a wearable system becomes more versatile, and the user can change its look

depending on environmental changes and individual preference. The vision of wearable computing

describes future electronic systems as an integral part of our everyday clothing serving as intelligent

personal assistants. Therefore, such wearable sensors must maintain their sensing capabilities under the

demands of normal wear, which can impose severe mechanical deformation of the underlying

garment/substrate.

REFERENCE

[1] Marculescu, D. "E-textiles: Toward Computational Clothing." IEEE Pervasive Computing 2.1 (2003),

pp. 89-95. Print.

[2] Janietz, S.; Gruber, B.; Schattauer, S.; Schulze, K.; “Integration of OLEDs in Textiles”. Adv. Sci.

Technol. 2012, 80, pp. 14–21

[3] Wei, Y.; Torah, R.; Yang, K.; Beeby, S.; Tudor, J. “Screen printed capacitive free-standing cantilever

beams used as a motion detector for wearable sensors”, Proc. Eurosensors XXVI, September 9-12, 2012,

pp. 165 – 169

[4] L.Van Langenhove, “Smart textile for medicine and health care: material system and application”,

Woodhead Publishing Limited Cambridge, England

Smart Clothes


[5] “Smart Fabrics and Interactive Textile Enabli'ng Wearable Personal Applications”: R&D State of the

Art and Future Challenges. Lymberis, R. Paradiso.

[6] Schwarz A., Langenhove L. V., and Deguillemont D., "A roadmap on smart textiles," Textile Progress,

42, pp. 99-180, 2010.

[7] Axisa, F., Schmitt, P., Gehin, C., Delhomme, G., McAdams, E., & Dittmar, A. (2005). “Flexible

technologies and smart clothing for citizen medicine, home healthcare, and disease prevention”.

Information Technology in Biomedicine, IEEE Transactions on, 9 (3), pp. 325-336. doi:

10.1109/TITB85450.

[8] Dakuri Arjun, Ayodya Kavitha and J.Hiranmayee, Textile Materials Used For UV Protection.

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), 4(7), 2013,pp.

53–59.

[9] Myontec URL: http://www.myontec.com/en/

[10] Parthraj R. Puranik, Rajnikant R. Parmar and Pritesh P. Rana, TNonwoven Acoustic Textiles – A

Review. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), 5(3),

2014,pp. 81–88.

[11] Stella project- Stretchable circuits URL:http://www.stretchable-circuits.com/projects/healthcare/stella

[12] Hexoskin URL: http://www.hexoskin.com/

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