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Below is alist of suggested tides of reprints. We can supply reprints of these or of any other articles which have appearedin Science during the past six years in minimum quantities of twenty-five copies. Allow six weeks for delivery of reprintsnot marked with an asterisk. (Numbers in parentheses indicate number of pages for each reprint.)

U 1) D. Alpert and D. L. Bitzer, "Advances in Computer-Based Education," 20 March 1970 (12)*2) R. C. Atkinson and H. A. Wilson, "Computer-Assisted Instruction," 4 Oct. 1968 (8)

ELi 3) J. H. U. Brown and J. F. Dickson 111, "Instrumentation and the Delivery of Health Services," 17 Oct. 1969 (8)- *4) A. J. Coale, "Man and His Environment," 9 Oct. 1970 (8)

*5) A. Crancer, Jr., et al., "Comparison of the Effects of Marihuana and Alcohol on Simulated Driving Performance," 16 Mayo 1969 (4)0 *6) B. D. Davis, "Prospects for Genetic Intervention in Man," 18 Dec. 1970 (8)CL. 7) B. D. Dinman, "'Non-Concept' of 'No-Threshold': Chemicals in the Environment," 4 Feb. 1972 (4)

*8) N. I. Dishotsky et al., "LSD and Genetic Damage," 30 April 1971 (2)9) L. L. Heston, "The Genetics of Schizophrenic and Schizoid Disease," 16 Jan. 1970 (8)

"

*10) C. Holden, "Community Health Centers: Growing Movement Seeks Identity, Storefront Therapy and More," 10 and 17Dec. 1971 (8)

(j *11) L. E. Hollister, "Marihuana in Man: Three Years Later," 2 April 1971 (8)O 12) L. R. Kass, "The New Biology: What Price Relieving Man's Estate?," 19 Nov. 1971 (12)q 13) L. Lasagna, "The Pharmaceutical Revolution: Its Impact on Science and Society," 5 Dec. 1969 (8)

14) W. McDermott et al., "Health Care Experiment at Many Farms," 7 Jan. 1972 (12)Q *15) L. Marx, "American Institutions and Ecological Ideals," 27 Nov. 1970 (8)

Z *16) N. E. Miller, "Learning of Visceral and Glandular Responses," 31 Jan. 1969 (12)17) R. W. Miller, "Delayed Radiation Effects in Atomic-Bomb Survivors," 31 Oct. 1969 (8)

< *18) R. S. Morison, "Science and Social Attitudes," 11 July 1969 (8)19) R. S. Morison, "Death: Process or Event?," and L. R. Kass, "Death as an Event: A Commentary on Robert Morison,"

>. 20 Aug. 1971 (12)(o *20) E. Rubin and C. S. Lieber, "Alcoholism, Alcohol and Drugs," 11 June 1971 (8)O *21) S. Scarr-Salapatek, "Race, Social Class, and IQ," 24 Dec. 1971 (12)-1 22) H. J. Schaefer, "Radiation Exposure in Air Travel," 27 Aug. 1971 (4)O 23) C. H. Southwick et al., "Primate Populations and Biomedical Research," 4 Dec. 1970 (4)-" 24) W. J. Staub and M. G. Blase, "Genetic Technology and Agricultural Development," 9 July 1971 (8)m *25) A. T. Weil et al., "Clinical and Psychological Effects of Marihuana in Man," 13 Dec. 1968 (12)

26) G. Zbinden, "Drug Safety: Experimental Programs," 9 May 1969 (4)

*27) A. J. Coale, "Man and His Environment," 9 Oct. 1970 (8)*28) B. L. Crowe, "The Tragedy of the Commons Revisited," 28 Nov. 1969 (8)*29) P. R. Ehrlich and J. P. Holdren, "Imipact of Population Growth," 26 March 1971 (8)30) A. W. Eipper, "Pollution Problems, Resource Policy, and the Scientist," 3 July 1970 (8)31) M. Eisenbud, "Environmental Protection in the City of New York," 13 Nov. 1970 (8)

*32) M. I. Goldman, "The Convergence on Environmental Disruption," 2 Oct. 1970 (8)*33) G. Hardin, "The Tragedy of the Commons," 13 Dec. 1968 (8)

1m 34) F. K. Hare, "How Should We Treat Environment?," 23 Jan. 1970 (4)Z 35) H. L. Harrison et al., "Systems Studies of DDT Transport," 30 Oct. 1970 (8)ita 36) J. Higginson, "International Research: Its Role in Environmental Biology," 27 Nov. 1970 (8)

37) D. B. Houston, "Ecosystems of National Parks," 14 May 1971 (4)38) J. H. Hubschman, "Lake Erie: Pollution Abatement, Then What?," 12 Feb. 1971 (8)

t *39) L. B. Lave and E. P. Seskin, "Air Pollution and Human Health," 21 Aug. 1970 (12)0 40) F. B. Lotspeich, "Water Pollution in Alaska: Present and Future," 5 Dec. 1969 (8)St *41) L. W. Moncrief, "The Cultural Basis for Our Environmental Crisis," 30 Oct. 1970 (8)-f *42) E. P. Odum, "The Strategy of Ecosystem Development," 18 April 1969 (12)>. *43) G. H. Orians and B. W. Pfeiffer, "Ecological Effects of the War in Vietnam," 1 May 1970 (12)

t 44) L. A. Orleans and R. P. Suttmeier, "The Mao Ethic and Environmental Quality," 11 Dec. 1970 (4)Xii 45) C. S. Russell and H. H. Landsberg, "International Environmental Problems-A Taxonomy," 25 June 1971 (8)

*46) R. Shinnar, "System Approach for Reducing Car Pollution," 24 March 1972 (4)47) R. M. Solow, "The Economist's Approach to Pollution and Its Control," 6 Aug. 1971 (8) ^

48) A. Spilhaus, "Ecolibrium," 18 Feb. 1972 (8) -

*49) F. H. Tschirley, "Defoliation in Vietnam," 21 Feb. 1969 (8)50) L. White, Jr., "The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis," 10 March 1967 (8)51) M. G. Wolman, "The Nation's Rivers," 26 Nov. 1971 (16)52) G. M. Woodwell et al., "DDT in the Biosphere: Where Does It Go?," 10 Dec. 1971 (8)53) G. M. Woodwell, "Effects of Pollution on the Structure and Physiology of Ecosystems," 24 April 1970 (8)

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Name. Amount Enclo"dAddress

City State 7ip1054 SCIENCE, VOL. 177

4-.L

>. 54) M. S. Baram, "Social Control of Science and Technology," 7 May 1971 (4)55) L. M. Branscomb, "Taming Technology," 12 March 1971 (8)56) J. Brooks, "Can Science Survive in the Modern Age?," 1 Oct. 1971 (12)

O 57) J. D. Carroll, "Participatory Technology," 19 Feb. 1971 (8)*58) J. D. Carroll, "Science and the City: The Question of Authority," 28 Feb. 1969 (12)

O 59) L. A. DuBridge, "Science Serves Society," 6 June 1969 (4)t 60) A. Etzioni, "Agency for Technological Development for Domestic Programs," 4 April 1969 (8)

61) A. Etzioni and R. Remp, "Technological 'Shortcuts' to Social Change," 7 Jan. 1972 (8)62) R. Gilpin, "Technological Strategies and National Purpose," 31 July 1970 (8)63) H. E. Hoelscher, "Technology and Social Change," 3 Oct. 1969 (8)

- 64) K. D. Kryter, "Sonic Booms from Supersonic Transport," 24 Jan. 1969 (9)65) L. Mandelbaum, "Apollo: How the United States Decided to Go to the Moon," 14 Feb. 1969 (6)

Cz 66) E. Mansfield, "Contribution of R&D to Economic Growth in the United States," 4 Feb. 1972 (8)Z 67) J. P. Martino, "Science and Society in Equilibrium," 22 Aug. 1969 (4)

*68) R. S. Morison, "Science and Social Attitudes," 11 July 1969 (8)69) K. S. Pitzer, "Science and Society: Some Policy Changes Are Needed," 16 April 1971 (4)

*70) J. Platt, "What We Must Do," 28 Nov. 1969 (8)71) L. Rosen, "Relevance of Particle Accelerators to National Goals," 6 Aug. 1971 (8)72) J. A. Shannon, "Science and Social Purpose," 21 Feb. 1969 (5)73) C. Starr, "Social Benefit versus Technological Risk," 19 Sept. 1969 (8)74) J. A. Wagar, "Growth versus the Quality of Life," 5 June 1970 (8)

*75) B. Berelson, "Beyond Family Planning," 7 Feb. 1969 (12)76) J. Blake, "Abortion and Public Opinion: The 1960-1970 Decade," 12 Feb. 1971 (12)

O *77) J. Blake, "Population Policy for Americans: Is the Government Being Misled?," 2 May 1969 (8)78) L. Bumpass and C. F. Westoff, "The 'Perfect Contraceptive' Population," 18 Sept. 1970 (8)79) D. Callahan, "Ethics and Population Limitation," 4 Feb. 1972 (12)

*80) C. Djerassi, "Birth Control after 1984," 4 Sept. 1970 (12)u1 *81) C. Djerassi, "Prognosis for the Development of New Chemical Birth Control Agents," 24 Oct. 1969 (8)82) S. Enke, "Birth Control for Economic Development," 16 May 1969 (8)

i 6 83) F. S. Jaffe, "Toward the Reduction of Unwanted Pregnancy," 8 Oct. 1971 (10)(o 84) L. W. Kangas, "Integrated Incentives for Fertility Control," 25 Sept. 1970 (8)Q.. 85) N. McArthur, "The Demography of Primitive Populations," 20 Feb. 1970 (8)

*86) J. J. Spengler, "Population Problem: In Search of a Solution," 5 Dec. 1969 (8)

*87) P. H. Abelson, "Death from Heroin," 12 June 1970 (1)88) M. Cabanac, "Physiological Role of Pleasure," 17 Sept. 1971 (8)

*89) F. E. Cheek et al., "Deceptions in the Illicit Drug Market," 27 Feb. 1970 (1)*90) C. A. Doxiadis, "Ekistics, the Science of Human Settlements," 23 Oct. 1970 (12)*91) C. A. Doxiadis, "Man's Movement and His City," 18 Oct. 1968 (12)*92) H. F. Eichenwald and P. C. Fry, "Nutrition and Learning," 14 Feb. 1969 (8)*93) L. Eisenberg, "The Human Nature of Human Nature," 14 April 1972 (8)

O *94) L. Eisenberg, "Student Unrest: Sources and Consequences," 27 March 1970 (8)- 95) R. Fischer, "A Cartography of the Ecstatic and Meditative States," 26 Nov. 1971 (8)O 96) U. G. Foa, "Interpersonal and Economic Resources," 29 Jan. 1971 (8)r. *97) M. J. Gilula and D. N. Daniels, "Violence and Man's Struggle to Adapt," 25 April 1969 (12)

98) J. L. Horn and P. D. Knott, "Activist Youth of the 1960's: Summary and Prognosis," 12 March 1971 (12)U 99) J. Kagan, "Attention and Psychological Change in the Young Child," 20 Nov. 1970 (12)>- *100) E. H. Land, "Addiction as a Necessity and Opportunity," 15 Jan. 1971 (4)V *101) L. Lemberger et al., "Marihuana: Studies on the Disposition and Metabolism of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Man," 18Dec. 1970 (4)

*102) H. L. Lennard et al., "Hazards Implicit in Prescribing Psychoactive Drugs," 31 July 1970 (4)103) E. H. Lenneberg, "On Explaining Language," 9 May 1969 (8)

*104) S. Milgram, "The Experience of Living in Cities," 13 March 1970 (8)105) H. L. Rheingold and C. 0. Eckerman, "The Infant Separates Himself from His Mother," 3 April 1970 (8)

*106) R. E. Schultes, "Hallucinogens of Plant Origin," 17 Jan. 1969 (12)

AAAS Reprints, Dept. RA, 1515 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, D.C. 20005Circle number according to listing above. Indicate number of copies on line.

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0,11pount enclosed e..Address

City State 7ip22 SEPTEMBER 1972 1055

Rudolf Partsch wanted to repeal Murphy's Law. Thus,the world's easiest-to-operate Electron Microscope.

'What I want," said Rudolf Partsch of Carl Zeiss, Inc.to the designers in Oberkochen, West Germany, "is a totallyreliable, extremely easy-to-operate, compact electron micro-scope with good resolution (7A) in the 0-60,000x range. AndI want it at a low price." He wanted an electron microscope forresearchers and teachers interested in electron microscopicstudies, not electron microscopes-an instrument designedfor everyday use.

The Zeiss EM9S-2 with fully automatic camera sys-tem, foolproof airlock, and fingertip controls is what he got.And it looks as though Mr. Partsch really had a keen insightinto the needs of a large section of the American scientificcommunity . . . judging both by the reception this instrumenthas had, and by the numerous attempts to copy it. The copiesnever catch up, because Partsch keeps in regular contact withusers, to find out what kind of modifications can be made to

keep abreast of research's ever-changing requirements. Whenhe finds one, he gets it incorporated post haste into the de-sign. And, what's more, makes it available for incorporationinto previously sold instruments. Because ease-of-modificationis a feature inherent in the original uncomplicated design, aZeiss Electron Microscope never gets old.

For the whole story, contact Partsch. He'll send youcomplete specifications and the illustrated brochure "How toOperate the World's Easiest-to-Operate Electron Microscope."

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Circle No. 71 on Readers' Service Card

risk infants who are known to havepositive signs of motor dysfunction.Stimulating the walking and placing re-flexes of some infants with cerebralpalsy might improve their eventualmobility development, although this isonly conjecture.

EDWARD EARL GOTTSDepartment of Educational Psychology,University of Indiana,Bloomington 47401

References

1. N. Bayley, Manuial for the Bay'ley Scales ofItnfant Development (Psychological Corporation,New York, 1969).

2. H. K. Silver, in Cuirrent Pediatric Diagnosisand Treatment, C. H. Kempe, H. K. Silver,D. O'Brien, Eds. (Lange, Los Altos, California,1970), pp. 8-37.

3. E. A. Suchman and A. L. Scherzer, CurrentResearch in Childhood Accidents (Associationfor the Aid of Crippled Children, New York,1960).

4. C. G. Schiffer and E. P. Hunt, Illness AmongChildren (Government Printing Office, Wash-ington, D.C., 1963).

5. H. V. Meredith, in Advances in Child Develop-ment and Behavior, L. P. Lipsitt and C. C.Spiker, Eds. (Academic Press, New York,1965), vol. 2, pp. 221-256.

6. S. M. Garn, in Review of Child DevelopmentResearch, L. W. Hoffman and M. L. Hoffman,Eds. (Russell Sage Foundation, New York,1966), vol. 2, pp. 529-561.

7. U. Haynes, A Development Approach to Case-finding (Government Printing Office, Washing-ton, D.C., 1967).

Illingworth correctly notes that ex-tending the infant's head backwardproduces walking movements at andbeyond age 8 weeks. We controlled theposture of the head in both trainingand testing sessions; the infant's headwas tilted slightly forward or held erectvoluntarily, but never deliberatelyextended backward. Moreover, we ex-

plored this procedure with three 8-week-old control infants and found itdifficult to elicit more than three or

four steps in a 1-minute session. Infantsin the active-exercise group elicited as

many as 43 steps in the same period.Gotts admonishes that it is the motor

scale, not the mental scale, of infant de-velopment that is predicated on the as-

sumption of an invariant motor se-quence, but he overlooks the relationbetween the scales; they are not inde-pendent. Bayley herself reports ". . . asubstantial positive correlation, usuallyof the order of .50 to .60, betweenthe Mental and Motor Scales, inapproximately the first twelve monthsof life . . ." (1). "Reaches fordangling ring at 3.1 months" is ex-plicitly listed as a motor-related mentalitem, for example. The direction of therelation is also clear. Bayley explains

exercise, but those cases that were fol-lowed reveal better-than-average motorperformance. We emphasized that there

SCIENCE, VOL. 177

employment of the various basic mentalprocesses" (1). The assumption of aninvariant motor sequence, therefore,also underlies a substantial portion ofthe mental scale.

The earlier walking established inour active-exercise group (mean of 10months), although statistically signifi-cant, was within the range of normaldevelopment-about 9 to 18 months(2). Yet, Gotts expresses concern aboutthe relation of early walking to acci-dental injury. We share his concernabout childhood accidents but findmuch of his argument irrelevant to re-search on newborn walking. It is un-reasonably fear-provoking and inaccu-rate to imply that walking in newbornsis related to the .. . more than 30 per-cent of children under 5 years" who-'are injured annually. ..." For exam-ple, he fails to differentiate the categoryof "falls" from that of "accidents" ingeneral, which includes mortalitiescaused by motor vehicles (the most fre-quent agent nationally for children ageI to 4), burns, drowning, poisons, andsuffocation-the most frequent cause ofdeath under age 1 (3). All falls are notthe result of walking; this category alsoincludes falls that occur when infantsare crawling on stairs, porches, and fur-niture. Gotts overlooks one relevantstudy that specifically examined therole of early motor acquisition in acci-dent- and nonaccident-prone childrenand found ". . . no gross differences. . .' between the groups (3). Accidentsoccur most often when children are un-supervised (4), and it seems more likelythat the prevention of accidents willcome with safer environments andcloser supervision than from avoidingearly walking.We explicitly instructed parents to

never force their infants to walk, on thebelief that forcing any number of re-sponses (eating or toilet training, forexample) may be harmful. Infants arewell equipped to express their displeas-ure, so it is noteworthy that, for themajority of experimental infants, stand-ing and walking reliably inhibited,rather than caused, distress.We tried to remove questions about

infant walking from the realm of con-jecture and include them in the domainof scientific inquiry. Not only is there noconvincing evidence from our researchor from other observations that dele-terious consequences result from early

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grasp, and rooting reflexes disappearnormally. Despite the evidence thatwalking in the active group at 8 weeksis a learned instrumental response, Gotts

THE CUNICAL SIGNIFICANCE OFTH E ESSENTIAL BIOLOGICALMETALS by I. J. T. Davies, TheUniv. Hospital of Wales. Foreword byRobert Mahler. '72, 140 pp. (5 1/2 x8 1/2), $9.75

CELLULAR PHARMACOLOGY:The Effects of Drugs on Living Verte-brate Cells In Vitro by Mary Dawson,The Univ. of Strathclyde, Glasgow,Scotland. '72, 336 pp., 32 il., $18.00

PROBLEM SOLVING, SYSTEMSANALYSIS, AND MEDICINE byRalph Raymond Grams, Univ. ofMinnesota Medical School, Minne-apolis. '72, 244 pp. (6 3/4 x 9 3/4),106 il., 18 tables, $19.75 With Com-panion Volume . .. SYSTEMS-ANALYSIS WORKBOOK: Coordi-nated with the Textbook ProblemSolving, Systems Analysis, and Medi-cine. '7 2, 72 pp. (6 3/4 x 9 3/4), 8 il., 6tables, $4.75 paper

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MERCURY, MERCURIALS ANDMERCAPTANS edited by Morton W.Miller and Thomas W. Ciarkson, bothof The Univ. of Rochester, NewYork. (33 Contributors) '72, about420 pp., 116 il., 57 tables

HUMAN STERILIZATION: A Con-ference Sponsored by InternationalInstitute for the Study of HumanReproduction, College of Physiciansand Surgeons of Columbia Univer-sity, and Center for Population Re-search, National Institute of ChildIlealth and Human Developmentedited by Ralph M. Richart andDenis J. Prager Forewords by PhilipA. Corfman and Raymond L. VandeWiele. (33 Contributors) '72, 424pp., 140 il., 55 tables, $21.00

TOLERANCE, AUTOIMMUNITYAND AGING compiled and edited byM. Michael Sigel, Univ. of MiamiSchool of Medicine, and Robert A.Good. Introduction by Morris Rock-stein. (9 Contributors) '72, 196 pp.,76 il., 49 tables, $18.75

evidence that this was true. I repeatmy request in your columns. Dozensof small liberal arts colleges-the Wes-leyans, Oberlins, Kenyons-managed to

SCIENCE, VOL. 177Circle No. 67 on Readers' Service Card

are many uncontrolled factors in fol-low-up observations, and the followingcases do not demonstrate a causal re-lation.Our initial pilot baby, who received

active exercise of the walking reflexand opportunities for motor activity be-yond the first 8 weeks, walked alone at71/2 months of age. He is now 6 yearsold and in excellent physical andintellectual condition. He has alwaysshowed good coordination-maneuver-ing a marble with a hockey stick at 14months and riding a two-wheel bicyclewith training wheels at 31/2 years ofage, for example. He combined asmany as three words at 11 months andlearned to read and write at 4 years ofage. His thorough medical examina-tions have confirmed his sound physicaland intellectual devepment.Enough attention has not been given

to McGraw's (5) pioneering researchon Jimmy and Johnny, which includedactive exercise of the walking responseduring the newborn period and exten-sive training thereafter. She reportedthat Johnny performed more steppingactions as an infant than'Jimmy or anyof the other controls (5). Johnny didnot walk sooner but showed .greater agility and control . . ." as aninfant (5, p. 86) and ". . . superiormotor coordination . . ." at 6 years ofage (6). X-rays of Johnny's legs showedthat his skeletal growth at 32 monthswas normal (5). The boys were followedin the laboratory for 10 years, and nodeleterious effects associated with earlyexercise were uncovered.We have discovered some parents

who on their own initiative have per-mitted their babies to walk and standduring the newborn period. One suchparent reports that her three well-built babies walked alone at 7, 9, and11 months. She described them as ex-ceptionally independent infants, delib-erate in their actions, intelligent, andrarely pesty. The children are now intheir twenties and in sound health.

In general, Gotts's arguments aremore conjectural than substantial, morealarming than accurate. For instance,.he notes that children who exhibit re-flexes ". . . past the time of their nor-mal disappearance often have associateddevelopmental complications. . . ." Ourpreliminary observations of active-exer-cise infants indicate that the Moro,

assumes that exercise preserves thewalking reflex. It is unlikely that thenewborn was equipped with reflexessimply to be tested in a neurological ex-amination, although they serve thatpurpose well. It is possible that theMoro, grasping, walking, placing, androoting reflexes are vestiges of ourpast and may have assisted the infantin survival-perhaps by helping him at-tain proximity to his mother (7).

Finally, we want to emphasize that itis not our desire to encourage all par-ents to walk their newborns, but to en-courage more research on newbornwalking.

PHILIP R. ZELAZODepartment of Social Relations,Harvard University,Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138

NANCY ANN ZELAZOSaint John of God Hospital,Brookline, Massachusetts 02146

SARA KOLBDepartment of Nursing,Pima College,Tutcson, Arizona 85709

Referenees1. N. Bayley, Manual for the Bayley Scales ot

Infant Development (Psychological Corporation,New York, 1969), p. 3.

2. M. E. Breckenridge and E. L. Vincent, ChildDevelopment (Saunders, Philadelphia, ed. 5,1965).

3. E. A. Suchman and A. L. Scherzer, CurrentResearch in Childhood Accidents (Associationfor the Aid of Crippled Children, New York,1960).

4. J. L. Goddard, Children 6, 83 (1959).5. M. McGraw, Growth: A Study of Johnny and

Jimmy (Appleton-Century, New York, 1935).6. , Child Dev. 10, 1 (1939).7. J. Bowlby, Attachment and Loss (Basic Books,New York, 1969), vol. 1.

Graduate Education

Much credit is due Norman Hacker-man (Editorial, 4 Feb., p. 475) fortackling some untested dogmas inAmerican academia. It is high timethat a serious examination was made ofalternative models for graduate edu-cation.

Throughout the past two decades,while additions of graduate programsin the most unlikely places were madewith the solemn intonation that gradu-ate work and (even mediocre) researchwere needed to retain or produce thebest undergraduate teachers, I askeddeans and presidents for any study or

il

rI

University Park 16802

References

1. F. E. Terman. J btig. Ed. 59, 51(0 (1969).

Cirice No. 64 on Reoders' Service Card

provide excellent undergraduate educa-tion without attempting to involve thefaculty in formal (funded) researchactivities.

Far from being synergistic, the com-bination of undergraduate and graduateprograms in the same institution aregenerally destructive to both. The high-est values sought, the parameters forsuccess, and the reward structures thatwould optimize the two subsystems arein many cases, incompatible, especiallyin smaller institutions. ObviouLsly thereare persons who are good at both. andthese exceptions (like Pauling) are citedto prove that the faculty member ishelped in his undergradulate teaching byhis research activity.

It is time to go beyond Hackerman'scall for the study of alternatives to ex-

periments with alternatives. Some 4years ago, as one of (Pennsylvania)Governor Shafer's science advisers, Isuggested that he use part of the largesums going into expanding higher ed-ucation for the development of all kindsof radically new patterns of education.A detailed model was constructed ofsemi-autonomous "Graduate Collegesof Interdisciplinary (and mission-ori-ented) Studies." SuLch colleges, affiliatedwith a major university, would coupleresearch with graduate teaching andpublic service only. The ethos, goals,and reward structure would be directedto the best possible graduate (and post-doctoral) training. Operating on thephilosophical basis that it is equallyblessed to teach a graduate as an under-graduate student, we might have a cleantext of the costs and quality of graduateeducation in a system designed for it

alone.The alleged high cost of graduate

education results from accountingdevices to average costs. Terman (1)has provided data on this point.Given operations of a critical-mass size,selected areas of science, appliedscience and engineering (including allsocial science fields), and a reasonablystable federal research picture, zerothorder figures show credit-hour costsnear average undergraduate costs(chiefly due to the research subsidy).The tragedy of American graduateeducation is the total lack of institu-tional and structural innovation.

RUSTUM RoYMaterials Research Laboratory,Pennsylvania Stalte University,

recoverpurified gelzonesWith conventional gel electrophoresis

apparatus, recovery of undiluted samplecomponents or qua ntitation of themwithout denaturation is difficult or im--possible. By combining the separatingpower of sieving gels with the zonestorage and retrieval convenience ofdensity gradients, the ISCOELECTROSTACT M separatorgreatly improves zone recovery.

TYPICAL SCAN OF GELZONES COLLECTED INDENSITY GRADIENT

sample: 7.5 microgramsYeast-RNA

5s fraction -4s fraction n__ __

The ELECTROSTAC separator posi-tions a polyacrylamide gel ahove a su-crose density gradient column. Sepa-rated zones migrate from the lower sur-face of the gel downward into the den-sity gradient, maintaining their isola-tion and relative positions. The zone isthen recovered by removing theELECTROSTAC separator and pumpingthe gradient upward through a UV ab-sorbance monitor, and thento a fraction collector. Ifscanning shows separation '

to be incomplete, the gelcan be replaced for -further electrophoresisbefore fractionation. Thesucrose can be dialyzed out"'to leave a purified fraction.The ELECTROSTAC separatorpermits a multiple approachto separation by allowing theuse of wide ranges of gelcharacteristics and buffers,and has been demonstrated'to be particularly welladapted to the preparationof gel- separable fractions ofnucleic acids. For completedetails send for literatureand our currentcatalog. -

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