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Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero

Hardware◦ the physical, tangible parts of a computer◦ keyboard, monitor, disks, wires, chips, etc.

Software◦ programs and data◦ a program is a series of instructions

A computer requires both hardware and software

Each is essentially useless without the other

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Computer architecture

All computers, meet the same structure

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CentralProcessing

Unit

Monitor

Keyboard

CPU Process the data.

MainMemory

It stores the Information

Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero

The smaller data handling computers is the bit.Information units

1byte (B) = 8 bits e.g.(00110001)

1kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes1megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB1gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB1terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB

In some way, all information is digitized - broken down into pieces and represented as numbers

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Computer architecture

Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero

For example, every character is stored as a number, including spaces, digits, and punctuation.

Corresponding upper and lower case letters are separate characters.

For exemple the word hello is stored

h → 10410 = 011010002

e → 10110 = 011001012

l → 10810 = 011011002

l → 10810 = 011011002

o→ 11110 = 011011112

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9/23/2009Computer architecture - Part1

D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 6

CentralProcessing

Unit

MainMemory

Chip that executes program commands

Intel Pentium 4Sun ultraSPARC IIIPrimary storage

area for programs and

data that are in active use

Synonymous with RAM

Computer architecture

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Information is movedbetween main memoryand secondary memoryas needed

CentralProcessing

Unit

MainMemory

Floppy Disk

Hard Disk

Secondary memorydevices providelong-term storage

Hard disksFloppy disksZIP disksWritable CDsWritable DVDsTapes

Computer architecture

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CentralProcessing

Unit

MainMemory

Floppy Disk

Hard Disk

Monitor

Keyboard

I/O devices facilitateuser interaction

Monitor screenKeyboardMouseJoystickBar code scannerTouch screen

Computer architecture

System bus: Communicates, the above components.

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CentralProcessing

Unit

MainMemory

Inpunt/Output Devices

Bus

Bus modelCharacteristic: Data bus: transmits information Address bus: transmits address Control bus: indicates the operation, that is needed

doing

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CentralProcessing

Unit

MainMemory

Inpunt/Output Devices

SYSTEM BUS

The inside of PC

Storage units. Power supply. Expansion cards. RAM memory. Main board.

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Microprocesador. executes program commands.

Chipset (control, input/output devices).

BIOS It is a ROM memory, which contains the boot program.

Connecting elements. Memory modules, expansion card, ports, drives….

Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero

A CPU is on a chip called a microprocessor

It continuously follows the fetch-decode-execute cycle:

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fetch

Retrieve an instruction from main memory

decode

Determine what theinstruction is

execute

Carry out theinstruction

Microprocessor system

Computer architecture - PartII D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero

The CPU contains:

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Arithmetic / Logic Unit

Registers

Control Unit

Small storage areas

Performs calculations and makes decisions

Coordinates processing steps

Computer architecture - PartII D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero

Microprocessor system

The speed of a CPU is controlled by the system clock

The system clock generates an electronic pulse at regular intervals

The pulses coordinate the activities of the CPU

The speed is usually measured in gigahertz (GHz)

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Microprocessor system

Main characteristics

clock frequency. data size. number of transistors. power or energy consumed. operations per second. memory that can process.

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Gordon Moore said in 1992, that the number of computers would double every two years

microprocessors evolution

RAM - Random Access Memory (direct access). Loads data and programs

ROM –BIOS - Read-Only Memory (storage start program

◦ The terms RAM and main memory are basically interchangeable

RAM-CMOS stores information about computer configuration.

Cache memory, is faster, store data and instructions for immediate use

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PARTIES OF THE MAIN MEMORY.

Main memory is volatile - stored information is lost if the electric power is removed.

Main memory and disks are direct access devices - information can be reached directly

The terms direct access and random access often are used interchangeably

Both RAM and ROM are random (direct) access devices!

RAM probably should be called Read-Write Memory

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Meaning Pronunciation

Computer architecture - PartII D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero

Consider the following specification for a personal computer:

◦ 2.8 GHz Pentium 4 Processor◦ 512 MB RAM◦ 80 GB Hard Disk◦ 48x CD-RW / DVD-ROM Combo Drive ◦ 17” Video Display with 1280 x 1024 resolution◦ 56 Kb/s Modem

What does it all mean?

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