A Survey of Transducer and Sonar Electroacoustic Test and Calibration Facilities in the U.S.A.

Ender Kuntsal

CTG/ITC 869 Ward Drive

Santa Barbara CA, 93111

Abstract- Underwater electroacoustic measurements are made

in test facilities which typically provide an environment that allows free-field (a homogenous isotropic medium free of boundaries) and/or far-field (where the pressure is a spherically diverging wave) conditions. Though some testing can be completed in the near-field (where the spherical wave is not sufficiently planar), this is a less common technique. Free-field facilities can be large-size natural sites such as lakes, ponds and quarries, allowing tests at low frequencies, and also smaller man-made indoor or outdoor tanks. A few facilities allow additional test capabilities, in addition to the classical electroacoustic tests, by introducing extreme hydrostatic pressure and temperature conditions. In addition to their internal projects, the government-owned test facilities offer services to companies such as CTG/ITC to test and calibrate their products. In this paper, transducer and sonar test facilities, and their capabilities are presented. There are other commercial or privately owned test facilities providing similar or other services but these are not covered in this paper.

I. INTRODUCTION

For electroacoustic measurements the test sites need to provide free and far-field conditions. In free-field, the disturbance of the sound field is only due to the transducer and its integral structure, the way it will be mounted and used. An ideal free-field is a boundless, uniform and isotropic medium and can be only approximated. Reflections from the surface, bottom, other structures in the area, such as piers, rigging, etc., temperature gradients, bubbles, marine life, etc. are the possible sources of error in most free-field facilities. Usually the depth of the test sites is the limiting dimension since it is usually smaller than its horizontal dimensions. The bottom,

made of silt, clay or muck could act as an absorber. The necessary water depth for a test depends on the type of transducer, the accuracy needed, the frequency range and the type of signal, whether continuous or pulsed. While measurements below 1 kHz require more than 50 ft depth, audio and ultrasonic frequency bands need 25-50 ft, and higher frequencies less than that. Temperature gradients are important at or near the location of the transducers since sound waves are refracted and this can cause measurement errors. Temperature gradients are larger near the surface and therefore at deeper waters, this might be negligible.

Far-field criterion is the separation distance between two

transducers that are being tested. For a transducer, the proximity criterion is the distance at which the near-field ends and spherically divergent far-field begins. Based on the frequency of measurement and the size and shape of the transducer under test, this distance varies. The far-field is

Figure 2. TRANSDEC Facility

Figure 3. NUWC: APTF Pressure Vessel Cross-Section Figure 1. TRANSDEC Facility

978-1-4244-4333-8/10/$25.00 ©2010 IEEE

Figure 4. ARL: UT Outdoor Test Tank

Figure 7. NUWC: Crane ATF2: Lid Access

defined using “the proximity criterion” and easily calculated for common transducer shapes. The proximity criterion is determined for both amplitude and phase. Test conditions and equations for calculating proximity distances are provided in various references [1], [2], [3], [4], [5].

In addition to the above, an ideal test site needs to be free of

boat or ship traffic noise, noise from machinery or highways, railroads even air travel paths and marine life. Like in the case of “free-field”, the noise-free medium is also ideal and usually additional care is need during tests.

Some facilities also provide real and simulated explosive

shock tests and have pressure vessels (tanks) to check the capability of transducers and sonars under controlled pressure and temperature conditions.

Most test facilities are capable of measuring the electrical

and acoustical parameters of transducers and/or sonars, such as, but not limited to:

• Transmitting voltage/current/power response • Free-field voltage sensitivity • Transmitting and receiving directivity patterns • Capacitance and dissipation factor,

impedance/admittance • Voltage/current/power/phase • Harmonic distortion of transmit and receive pulses • Ambient noise level/spectrum analysis • Linearity (output vs. voltage/current/power) • Bearing error for multimode hydrophones • Insulation resistance • Sum-difference (null balance) magnitude and

phase • Absolute reciprocity calibrations • Target strength measurements • Insertion loss measurements

Figure 6. NAVSEA: Seneca Lake: Systems Measurement Platform

Figure 5. NAVSEA: Dodge Pond Facility

II. FACILITIES

A database for the electroacoustic test and calibration facilities has been prepared and presented in Table I. As shown, there are bays, lakes, ponds, pools, tanks and vessel facilities providing various sonar and transducer measurement and calibration services. This table provides the summary of the most critical features and capabilities of these facilities and their points of contact. Most government-owned facilities provide services both for internal as well as external customers. In addition, most of these facilities are available for daily or hourly services can provide complete data sets and test reports.

III. CONCLUSION

Measurement and calibration of sonars and transducers are critical during their development and later during production. Some of these tests are very rigorous and require large and unique test facilities with special services.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author would like to thank the facility managers who have provided the information. Without their involvement, the attached database would have not been possible. The author would also like to thank Matt Staska for the help provided in producing this paper.

REFERENCES [1] Robert J. Bobber, Underwater Electroacoustic Measurements, Naval

Research Laboratory, July 1970. [2] Leo L. Beranek, Acoustic Measurements, John Wiley and Sons, 1949. [3] E. G. Richardson, Technical Aspects of Sound, vol. 2. Elsevier

Publishing Company, 1957. [4] Robert Urick, Principles of Underwater Sound, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill

Book Company, 1983. [5] American National Standard, Procedures for Calibration of Underwater

Electroacoustic Transducers. ANSI S1.20-1988 (ASA 75-1988), 23 February 2003.

Figure 10. APL: UW Acoustic Test Facility

Figure 8. ARL: UT Lake Travis Test Station

Figure 9. ARL: UT Lake Travis: Large Transducer Deployment

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), A

PL-U

W

dock

side:

3kH

z to

2M

hz

away

: 1kH

z to

2M

hz

dock

side:

4.6

met

ers

Lake

Was

hing

ton:

60

met

ers

20 m

eter

s 7°

C in

Janu

ary

to 1

7°C

in A

ugus

t

Faci

lity

Nam

e M

axim

um

Wei

ght

Max

imum

Siz

e of

T

est S

peci

men

In

stru

men

tatio

n Po

wer

C

omm

erci

al (L

ine)

Pow

er

Not

es

TRA

NSD

EC, S

PAW

AR

Pac

ific

2 to

ns

dete

rmin

ed b

y si

ze o

f w

ell,

6 ft

x 10

ft

20 k

VA

: 100

Hz

to 1

00 k

Hz;

5

kVA

: 100

Hz

to 1

00 k

Hz;

m

isc p

ower

am

plifi

ers

440

V a

t 100

A, 3

Ph,

60

Hz;

22

0 V

at 1

00 A

, 3 P

h, 6

0 H

z;

115

V a

t 50

A, 1

Ph,

60

Hz

6 m

illio

n ga

llons

of f

resh

wat

er

Lake

Tra

vis T

est S

tatio

n;

App

lied

Res

earc

h La

bora

torie

s: T

he

Uni

vers

ity o

f Tex

as a

t Aus

tin

indo

or: 2

tons

, ou

tdoo

r: 10

to

ns

7 ft

x 8

ft w

ell f

or in

door

co

lum

ns,

17 ft

x >

20 ft

fo

r out

door

10 k

VA

: 200

Hz

to 1

20 k

Hz;

20

0 V

A: 2

kH

z to

500

kH

z 44

0/20

8/12

0 V

AC

, 3Ph

, 60

Hz

avai

labl

e Po

lar a

nd re

ctan

gula

r dire

ctiv

ity p

atte

rns,

targ

et st

reng

th m

easu

rem

ents

in fr

ee-f

ield

, pr

oud,

and

bur

ied

cond

ition

s In

door

Tes

t Tan

ks;

App

lied

Res

earc

h La

bora

torie

s: T

he

Uni

vers

ity o

f Tex

as a

t Aus

tin

2 to

ns

8 ft

x 8

ft w

ell

2 kV

A: 4

0 H

z to

120

kH

z 44

0/20

8/12

0 V

AC

, 3Ph

, 60

Hz

avai

labl

e Po

lar a

nd re

ctan

gula

r dire

ctiv

ity p

atte

rns,

targ

et st

reng

th m

easu

rem

ents

in fr

ee-f

ield

, pr

oud,

and

bur

ied

cond

ition

s O

utdo

or T

est T

ank;

A

pplie

d R

esea

rch

Labo

rato

ries:

The

U

nive

rsity

of T

exas

at A

ustin

15

tons

18

0 de

g. se

ctor

of t

ank

is cl

ear f

or d

eplo

ymen

t V

arie

ty a

vaila

ble.

No

dedi

cate

d in

stru

men

tatio

n.

440/

208/

120

VA

C, 3

Ph, 6

0 H

z av

aila

ble

760,

000

gallo

ns o

f fre

sh w

ater

. Dou

glas

fir

boun

darie

s. O

verh

ead

cran

e fo

r han

dlin

g

Dod

ge P

ond,

NA

VSE

A

up to

5 to

ns

10' x

10'

1

to 1

400

V o

r 0.0

01 to

80

A;

10 k

VA

: 100

Hz

to 2

kH

z; 2

kV

A: 2

0 to

50

0 kH

z, 2

0% D

uty

Cyc

le

480

VA

C, 2

08 V

AC

, 120

VA

C, 6

0 H

z;

208

VA

C, 1

15 V

AC

no

boa

t tra

ffic;

am

bien

t noi

se b

elow

sea-

stat

e-ze

ro

Sene

ca L

ake,

NA

VSE

A

10 a

nd 1

5 to

n hy

drau

lic

cran

es, 2

00 to

n D

erric

k cr

ane

equi

pmen

t up

to

220

ton

can

be lo

wer

ed

to 4

00 ft

; les

s tha

n 10

0 to

n to

500

ft a

nd ro

tate

d

1 M

W: 1

00 H

z to

6 k

Hz;

15

kW: 2

00 H

z to

20

kH

z; 6

0 kW

: DC

to 6

0 kH

z; 2

0 kW

: 20

Hz

to 5

kH

z; 4

kW

: 40

Hz

to 1

50 k

Hz;

1

kW: 1

0 to

500

kH

z.

480

VA

C, 2

08 V

AC

, 120

VA

C, 6

0 H

z;

208

VA

C, 1

15 V

AC

, 40

0 H

z Th

e fa

cilit

y ha

s its

ow

n el

ectri

cal p

ower

su

bsta

tion.

APT

F (A

cous

tic P

ress

ure

Tank

Fa

cilit

y), U

SRD

, NU

WC

-New

port

2.7

tons

tw

o po

rt op

enin

gs o

f 0.

85 a

nd 1

.85

met

ers

75 W

: up

to 1

MH

z; 1

kV

A: u

p to

150

kH

z;

50 k

VA

: up

to 5

5 kH

z 11

5 V

AC

, 60

Hz,

208

VA

C,

480

VA

C, 3

Ph

Wal

ls ar

e co

vere

d w

ith a

bsor

bing

wed

ges.

PC

vide

o w

ith u

nder

wat

er c

amer

a.

Low

Fre

quen

cy (L

F) T

est F

acili

ty,

USR

D, N

UW

C-N

ewpo

rt N

/A

N/A

N

/A

N/A

Ach

ieva

ble

Sour

ce L

evel

s,

Syst

em J

: 170

dB

@ 1

0 H

z to

4 k

Hz;

Sy

stem

K: 1

55 d

B @

1 H

z, 1

70 d

B @

1 k

Hz;

Sy

stem

L: 1

68 d

B @

10

to 1

750

Hz

USR

D, N

UW

C-L

eesb

urg

subm

erge

d 1.

3 to

ns, o

verh

ead:

2.

7 to

ns

N/A

up

to 1

00 H

z: 7

5 V

A, d

ecre

asin

g to

40

VA

at

200

kH

z; 1

00 H

z to

80

kHz:

800

VA

co

ntin

uous

, 2 k

VA

pul

sed

480

VA

C, 3

Ph,

60

A;

208

VA

C, 3

Ph,

50

A; 1

20 V

AC

, 15

kV

A (3

kV

A is

olat

ed);

All

60 H

z

Prim

e fa

cilit

y fo

r cal

ibra

tion

of to

wed

arr

ays.

Am

bien

t noi

se le

vel i

s 10

dB b

elow

sea-

stat

e-ze

ro y

ear r

ound

. O

TF (O

pen

Tank

Fac

ility

), U

SRD

, N

UW

C

0.45

tons

N

/A

up to

5 k

VA

N

/A

100

dB d

ynam

ic ra

nge.

Cap

able

of a

cous

tical

, m

echa

nica

l and

ele

ctric

al m

easu

rem

ents

.

ATF

2 (A

nech

oic

Test

Fac

ility

), N

SWC

0.

455

tons

on

posit

ioni

ng, 5

to

ns o

ther

wis

e

acce

ss p

ort:

42 in

ches

75 V

A: D

C to

500

kH

z;

5 kV

A: 1

to 5

0 kH

z;

30 k

VA

: 1 to

70

kHz

480

VA

C, 3

Ph,

200

A; 2

40 V

AC

, 3 P

h,

30 A

; 230

VA

C, 1

Ph,

100

A;

115

VA

C, 1

Ph,

100

A; A

ll 60

Hz;

D

C to

300

VA

C, 6

0 A

at 4

00 H

z

N/A

ATF

1 (A

nech

oic

Test

Fac

ility

), N

SWC

0.

7 to

ns

acce

ss p

ort:

33

inch

es

75 V

A: D

C to

500

kH

z;

5 kV

A: 1

to 5

0 kH

z;

30 k

VA

: 1 to

70

kHz

480

VA

C, 3

Ph,

200

A; 2

40 V

AC

, 3 P

h,

30 A

; 230

VA

C, 1

Ph,

100

A;

115

VA

C, 1

Ph,

100

A; A

ll 60

Hz;

D

C to

300

VA

C, 6

0 A

at 4

00 H

z

N/A

LF C

alib

rato

r, N

SWC

N

/A

4.9

inch

dia

met

er,

9 in

ch le

ngth

N

/A

N/A

U

sed

for s

tand

ing

plan

e w

ave

to c

alib

rate

pr

essu

re, p

ress

ure

grad

ient

and

vel

ocity

se

nsiti

ve h

ydro

phon

es

Lake

Pen

d O

reill

e A

cous

tic

Cal

ibra

tions

15

tons

6

met

ers x

30

met

ers,

dete

rmin

ed b

y w

idth

of

wel

l

up to

13

kVA

: bur

st; 5

.2 k

VA

: con

tinuo

us;

num

erou

s am

plifi

ers f

or d

iffer

ent t

ypes

of

trans

duce

rs

440

V, 3

Ph;

220

V, 3

Ph;

20

8 V

, 1 P

h; 1

15 V

Ver

y qu

iet a

mbi

ent,

seve

ral o

ther

test

faci

litie

s on

the

lake

. http

://w

ww

.nav

sea.

navy

.mil

/nsw

c/ca

rder

ock/

pub/

who

/dep

artm

ents

/ss.a

spx

ATF

(Aco

ustic

Tes

t Fac

ility

), N

UW

C

N/A

N

/A

10 to

40

kHz:

15

kVA

, 1

to 1

00 k

Hz:

6 k

VA

N

/A

Am

bien

t Noi

se L

evel

: 60

dB/

µPa

at 1

kH

z TA

TF (T

rans

duce

r Aut

omat

ed T

est

Faci

lity)

, NU

WC

60

00 lb

s ap

prox

. 15

feet

x 5

feet

10

to 4

0 kH

z: 1

5 kV

A,

1 to

100

kH

z: 6

kV

A

120

V, 2

08 V

, 277

V, 4

80 V

, 3 P

h R

edw

ood

tank

s. Sp

ecifi

cally

equ

ippe

d fo

r te

stin

g to

rped

o so

nar a

rray

s.

AR

L Pe

nn S

tate

Aco

ustic

Tes

t Fac

ility

2

tons

(cra

ne

limita

tion)

5

feet

x 1

5 fe

et st

anda

rd

(larg

er s

izes

pos

sible

) In

stru

men

ts In

c. p

ower

am

plifi

ers:

L6

(2);

L10

(2);

M8

(2)

Tran

sfor

mer

Isol

ated

120

V;

208

V (s

ingl

e an

d th

ree

phas

e)

N/A

AR

L Pe

nn S

tate

Hig

h Pr

essu

re T

est

Faci

lity

10 to

ns (c

rane

lim

itatio

n)

50 in

ch d

iam

eter

In

stru

men

ts In

c. p

ower

am

plifi

ers:

L6

(2);

L10

(2);

M8

(2)

Tran

sfor

mer

Isol

ated

120

V;

208

V (s

ingl

e an

d th

ree

phas

e)

N/A

ATF

(Aco

ustic

Tes

t Fac

ility

), A

PL-U

W

200

lbs

varia

ble

wel

l ope

ning

s 7

feet

x 2

4 fe

et (a

ll se

ctio

ns re

mov

ed)

Inst

rum

ents

Inc.

: L10

(Pul

sed

3300

VA

, 20

kHz

to 1

0 M

Hz)

, L6

(Pul

sed

2000

VA

, 3 to

20

0kH

z), L

2 (P

ulse

d 65

0 V

A 4

00 H

z to

15

0 kH

z); E

NI 2

40L

(40

VA

, 1 M

Hz)

; A

mpl

ifier

Res

earc

h 70

0A1

(700

VA

, 10

kHz

to 2

MH

z)

115

V a

t 20

A, 1

Ph,

60

Hz,

22

0 V

at 5

0 A

, 1 P

h, 6

0 H

z

Man

y ot

her r

esou

rces

, dav

its, o

verh

ead

2 to

n ho

ist, u

nder

way

ves

sel w

ith

quar

ters

/gal

ley,

bow

thru

ster

, spu

d an

chor

s, et

c.