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Ideologies of subsidised public works Roundtable "Subsidised jobs in Europe - ideology, legislation...
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Transcript of Ideologies of subsidised public works Roundtable "Subsidised jobs in Europe - ideology, legislation...
Ideologies of subsidisedpublic works
Roundtable "Subsidised jobs in Europe - ideology, legislation and practice"
Tallinn City and UBC Commission on Business Cooperation
Mihails Hazans
University of Latvia
and Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA, Bonn)
Why public works in the crisis time? The background
A sharp increase in the number of jobless people, many of whom are in an urgent need for income support or will need such a support in the near term
(the scale of the problem is of course country-specific and depends on both the depth of the crisis and social protection system)
Most of these people in need are ‘new unemployed’ rather than ‘professional welfare recipients’
Most of the unemployed come from manual or low-skilled non-manual jobs
The number of available or expected in the near term job vacancies is very small compared to the number of unemployed
The asymmetric information issue: Who are the most needy?
Shouldn’t simply extending UB be the answer? Legal obstacles/procedures (slow) A long-term solution for a short-term
problem? Could be a part of the answer (depending on
duration and generosity of existing UB) But can’t cover all those in need
Labor market policies in good times and in the crisis period To understand the ideology of subsidised
public works, it is useful to compare it with the policies prevailing before the crisis
The general trend in Europe before the crisis: activation policies. What are the main ideas and which of them are relevant during the crisis, when the job vacancies are scarse?
Activation policies: Are main ideas relevant in the
crisis? For people of working age, doing
something useful – especially working – is much better than sitting on a public benefit
This is desirable: For better social cohesion From the solidarity perspective For sustainability of welfare states and
public budgets From the individual perspective:
Current psychological comfort Future labour market perspectives
Yes
Yes Yes
1/2
Yes Yes
Are objectives of activation policies
of immediate relevance in the crisis?
Higher employment through the mobilisation of latent labour supply
Moving people from benefits to employment Public works =‘quasi-employment’ Public works do not solve the unemployment problem
and the labour market problems ...but may help to prevent
discouragement, exit to inactivity exit to to the shadow sector emigration
By preventing inactivity, might ease the transition to employment when jobs become available
...but only if phased out timely! Improving life satisfaction and well-being of the
unemployed (who are, in general, more unhappy, less healthy and socially more isolated than employed people)
Combating poverty
No
1/2
Yes
Yes
Yes
The two sides of activation
DEMANDING Lowering benefits Reduction of max
duration Stricter eligibility
criteria Sanctions Individual activity
requirements: Integration contracts Monitoring job search
effort Mandatory
participation in ALMP schemes (workfare)
ENABLING Job search assistance Training Start-up grants Subsidised employment (two kinds!) Mobility grants In-work benefits Social services
Public works in the crisis setting (1) One of many labour market policy instruments But the one which is especially relevant in the crisis
time Main objective: to provide immediate support to the
jobless people in acute need Job creation is NOT an objective of this program Creating value added is NOT an objective Why? Because one can only create value added if
there is a demand for extra goods or services. Labour demand is derived demand. It is lack of demand for extra goods or services which caused the raise in unemployment.
Public works in the crisis setting (2) The design should help to deal with the asymmetric
information problem, i.e. to help identifying those in the most serious need of income support
Hence: The work is not supposed to be ‘pleasant’ but rather
demanding; Full-time requirement Effort monitoring (NB: restricts the scope of relevant
jobs) Termination for non-compliance Limited duration (6 months?)Are there some problems with these conditions? Yes – I will come back to it
Public works in the crisis setting (3) The work should be socially useful Those ‘employed’ in public works should not compete with
‘normal’ employees Hence:
the jobs are supposed to be ‘brand new’ (or at least noone has been fired from these jobs during some reasonably long period before public works start)
Public works should not prevent these or other unemployed to be ‘normally’ hired (maybe in future) for the same kind of job.
Public works prevent participants from active job search, hence timely phasing out is VERY important
Public works in the crisis setting (4)
To achieve this crucial condition, as well as to prevent market distortion (possible use of free labour by some market participants) only non-profit organisations, local governments or their agencies are allowed to use ‘public workers’
Pay to public works participants should be substantially higher than alternative social assistance benefit (e.g. GMI), but lower than minimal wage.
Public works: The Challenges (1) Public (and expert!) misperceptions
Why spend money on something not so necessary? Shouldn’t we better create new ‘real’ jobs or subsidise employers to prevent new lay-offs?
<Timing! + Automatic stabilizer> “I have seen these guys on the street (or in the
park)...It is crazy to pay public money for such a work” <Don’t forget, these are unemployed...And many
unemployed receive UB when not working at all...Yes, you just can’t identify them on the street!>
Public works: The Challenges (2)
Cases of crowding out normal employment <Just fight them! Car accidents are not a reason to ban cars>
Discrimination based on age, education, and health status
<be creative in designing public works... <complement them with other measures more
suitable for other categories, e.g. training with scholarships>
Thank you for your attention!