Content 

I. Progress of Urbanization in Japan I. Progress of Urbanization in Japan g pg p

II. Regional Growth Management in II. Regional Growth Management in M t lit AM t lit AMetropolitan Areas Metropolitan Areas 

III. Controlling Development and III. Controlling Development and g pg pResponse to Challenges Response to Challenges 

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I. Progress of Urbanization in JapanI. Progress of Urbanization in Japang pg p

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I-1. Progress of Urbanization in Japan A. Background And Prospects of Urban Development in Japan

•Urban development in Japan progressed by establishing new towns during the period of rapid economic growth and establishing hubs

Establishment of t

Establishment of core cities(1,000 persons) 

during the period of stable economic growth. • With the coming depopulating society, environmentally-friendly compact cities and eco-cities must be realized.

$40 000

$45,000

$50,000

120 000

150,000 new towns

$30 000

$35,000

$40,000

90 000

120,000

$20 000

$25,000

$30,000

60 000

90,000

Establishment of environmentally-friendly cities (compact cities and

$10 000

$15,000

$20,000

30 000

60,000

人口（千人）

eco-cities)

Population (1,000 persons)

$0

$5,000

$10,000

0

30,000 GDP（$/人)

Estimated value

GDP ($/ person)

$00 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

(Source): Population of each year as of October 1 (medium estimated value) from the Population census from the Statistics Bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication and the Population Projection from the National Institute of Population and Social Security

Research (estimated in December 2006) and the GDP per person is from data from the World Bank (real equivalent value) 3

I-1. Progress of Urbanization in Japan B. Transitions in Industrial Structures and Urban Growth in Japan

Industries improved and urbanization progressed during the rapid economic growth period (1960 to1970) Industries improved and urbanization progressed during the rapid economic growth period (1960 to1970)

80

(M persons) (ｋｍ2)

Urban district area*Secondary industry

Tertiary industry

Employed workforce by industry

60

80

10,000

Urban population

y y

Primary industry

area

*

40

65%

popu

latio

n

n di

stric

t a

20

5,000

30%

p

Urb

an

(year)01960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 (年)

0

5%

＊ Urban district area refers to the area of density inhabited district (DID)Population concentrated areas

4

Source: Census

I-1. Progress of Urbanization in Japan C. Traffic Congestions and Crowded Trains during Rapid Economic Growth Period

D i th hi h th i i d d d il b l t d d t th i

【Showa‐dori Avenue prior to expressways 

During the high growth economic period, roads and railways became severely congested due to the increase in population and vehicle ownership and to the concentration of the population to urban areas

【Crowded trains during the rapid economic 【Showa dori Avenue prior to expressways (latter half of 1960s) 】

【 g pgrowth period】

Source: “Easy to Understand Urban Transportation (1988)” Society for the

Reference material: Visual Taito City History 

Source:  Easy to Understand Urban Transportation (1988)  Society for the Study of Urban Transportation

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II. Regional Growth Management in          II. Regional Growth Management in          Metropolitan Areas Metropolitan Areas pp

6

II . Regional Growth Management in Metropolitan Areas A. Population Flux into Metropolitan Areas

Substantial population flux into three metropolitan areas expanded all threeSubstantial population flux into three metropolitan areas expanded all threeSubstantial population flux into three metropolitan areas expanded all three Substantial population flux into three metropolitan areas expanded all three cities during the rapid economic growth period cities during the rapid economic growth period

Transitions in population movements in the three metropolitan and rural areas (excess of inflow) Transitions in population movements in the three metropolitan and rural areas (excess of inflow) p p p ( )p p p ( )

40

(Excess of inflow: 10,000 persons) 

10

20

30377,000 persons

211,000 persons 

63 000

Tokyo Metropolitan Area 

Kansai Metropolitan Area117,000 persons 

-10

0

10 63,000 persons 

Nagoya Metropolitan Area －9,000 persons 

－5,000 persons 

-30

-20

Tokyo Metropolitan Area: Saitama Prefecture, Chiba 

Prefecture Tokyo Kanagawa PrefectureUrban Areas 

－104,000 persons 

-60

-50

-40Prefecture, Tokyo, Kanagawa Prefecture 

Nagoya Area: Gifu Prefecture, Aichi Prefecture Mie Prefecture 

Kansai Area: Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo Prefecture,  Nara Prefecture 

Rural Areas: Areas other than the three metropolitan areas 

-701955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Report on Internal Migration in Japan created by National and Regional Planning Bureau of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Peak of excessive outflow from rural areas (1961) 

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II. II. Regional Growth Management in Metropolitan Areas B: Metropolitan Development Plan

Established areas and zones where development controls were introduced

Suburban Development ZonesSaitama Prefecture

As a means of urban expansion from a regional perspective, areas and zones for urban development were planned with the introduction of development controls

Tokyo

50kmKanagawa Prefecture

Legend

Chiba Prefecture

Illustration of the Metropolitan Policy Area in the Secondary Metropolitan Basic Plan (1968)  8

Existing urban areas

Suburban development zones

II. II. Regional Growth Management in Metropolitan Areas C. Regional Metropolitan Development Plan Regional development plan for the Tokyo metropolitan area for large city d l t d f t lli b l

g p p y p g ydevelopment and for controlling urban sprawl

An integrated and regional plan for the development of urban railways and new townsAn integrated and regional plan for the development of urban railways and new towns(From 1958 onwards)

Omiya

Urawa

Chiba NT Narita Rapid Rail Access

Tachikawa

Narita airportSeibu Yurakucho 

line

Toyo high‐speed

Hokuso lineHokuso line

Tachikawa

HachiojiTokyo

Chib

Kaihin NT

Shinjuku

Keiyo line

Toyo high speed line  

Tama Monorail

Chiba

Tama Den‐en ToshiHaneda airport

Keisei Chihara line

Odakyu Tama line

Kohoku NT

Keio Sagamihara line Tama NT

Kawasaki

Tokyu Den‐en‐toshi line

Yokohama Blue line

YokohamaLegend

OmiyaMajor Cities Planned Urban

RailwayTokyo

The main plan for the development of urban railways and new towns in the Tokyo metropolitan area 

New town (NT) 

Japan Railway (JR) LinesPrivate Railway Lines 9

II. II. Regional Growth Management in Metropolitan Areas D. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) 

We have pursued transit oriented development by integrating urban development with the p p y g g pdevelopment of urban railways

Expansion of the Tokyo metropolitan area and the development of New Towns 2000s 1960s

50km

30km

50km

30km

DID: Population concentration area

Development of Tama New Town

Development of the Minato Mirai 21 area in Yokohama

70km 70kmconcentration area

Urban railways

Development along Tsukuba Express Line 

railwayrailway

1010

II. II. Regional Growth Management in Metropolitan Areas E. Core Business City Development Basic concept of the Tachikawa Core Business City (Tachikawa City, Tokyo)

Planned concentration of commerce and business combined with various urban facilities such as culture, research and disaster prevention facilities in a integrated urban development that links the central business district (of Tachikawa City) with new towns via public transportation

Project Scale: About 272 haUrban Facilities/Functions and Urban Development Concentrated on a Key Transportation Node

Development of Concentrated Facilities Integrated with Urban Transportation

３km

Tachikawa30km

Central Tokyo

Tama Newtown

30km

Monorail  Tama Newtown

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III. Controlling Development and III. Controlling Development and Response to Challenges Response to Challenges 

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III. Controlling Development and Response to Challenges A-1. How to Control Urban Expansion

Development can

Without the area classification scheme, urban sprawlDevelopment can be done freely

With the area classification scheme, urban expansion and sprawl can be controlled along with the development of urban infrastructure

U b i i lUrbanization control area

Readjustment project

Urbanization area

Expand the urbanization area

Development not allowed 13

III.III. Controlling Development and Response to Challenges AA--2 Urban Planning System: Area Classification 2 Urban Planning System: Area Classification

Area Classification Scheme (1968)

Zoning   

Urban control areas

(1968)

Use area classification in development permission

tsystem

City Planning AreaCity Planning AreaAs an integrated city, zones need to be comprehensively implemented, developed, and maintained

Urbanization Areas

Urbanization Areas Zones which are already urbanized as well as zones which should be systematically urbanized with high priority within the ten years Regulates the zoning (land use), building use, density, design style and etc.

Urbanization Control Area

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Urbanization Control Area The zones where urbanization should be controlled in principle Public investment is not made for the urban infrastructure in principle

1970s 2000s

III. III. Controlling Development and Response to Challenges BB--1 Conflicts in Use of Urban Land 1 Conflicts in Use of Urban Land

1970s - 2000s -Abolish absolute height limits (31m or 20m) and total application of capacity ratio limits

Abolish the Law on the Adjustment of Business Activities of Large Scale Retail Stores (so called Large Scale Retail Storeand total application of capacity ratio limits

(Density regulations due to capacity ratio) More skyscrapers

More disputes on sunshine

Stores (so-called Large-Scale Retail Store Law) Increase of large scale shopping

N

Introduced sun shadow regulations

shopping centers in the suburbs

gRevised Building Standard Law (1976)

1990s -In principle prohibited the building of large scale stores over 10,000m2 in commercial, neighborhood commercial, and quasi i d t i l

ca.１９９０1990s -

Increase in land

industrial areas. Revised the Urban Planning Law and Building Standard Law (2006)

Commercial buildings

Decrease in land price

price Residential area

Commercial area

Total re ision of land oning s stem R id ti l

High rise condominiums , etc.

Total revision of land zoning systemRevised Urban Planning Law and Building Standard Law (1992)

Residential area

Commercial area Mixed use area

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III. III. Controlling Development and Response to Challenges B-2 Urban Planning System and Use Areas

Dedicated low rise residential area

Type 1

Type 2

Regulations within the used area Building usage Land coverage Height (regulations in oblique lines) area yp

Dedicated mid-rise residential

Type 1

area Type 2

Residential area

Type 1 T 2

Quasi-residential area Neighborhood

area Type 2

Neighborhood commercial area Commercial area

Quasi-industrial area

Industrial area

Dedicated industrial area 16

III. III. Controlling Development and Response to Challenges CC--1 Incentive to Advanced Usage of Land 1 Incentive to Advanced Usage of Land

1985 2000s1985sRevision of regulations on utilization of private vitalization

2000s -Zoning of exceptional floor space ratio Revised Urban Planning Law and B ildi St d d LBasic Ideas

Promote excellent projects that contribute to the city environment such as public Restrictions

Increase floor space ratio

Building Standard Law

environment such as public facilities and public space

Restrictions on oblique lines

2002 s

Marunouchi, Tokyo

Public space

2002 s -Special Measures Concerning Urban Renaissance U t f b l d i tUrgent areas for urban renewal: designate as cabinet ordinance Special area in urban renewal: Abolish regulations on land use within the zone and

k it ibl t b ild hi hl lib l b ildimake it possible to build highly liberal buildings by introducing regulations suited to that zone

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III. Controlling Development and Response to Challenges C-2 Reinforce International Competitiveness in Cities 

～Status Quo and Issues～

Survey results show that Tokyo is highly evaluated in the number of universities and corporations that come within the global top 500 as well as the punctuality of public transportation, however, the access to an international airport and the tax load in the business environment  is inadequate  compared to other Asian cities. 

Status Quo and Issues

⇒We must strongly promote private urban development projects and must reinforce the international competitiveness in cities.

◆ Index on Global Predominance in Tokyo  ◆ Index of Tokyo in Lower Standings 

ニューヨーク １位

東京 ２位

ヒューストン ３位

病院数

フランクフルト １位

トロント ２位

東京 ３位

政治・社会環境

Tokyo 1st

London 2nd

Paris 2nd

Number of Top 500 Universities

Tokyo 1st

Paris 2nd

London 3rd

Number of Top 500 Global Companies

Tokyo 1st

Singapore 6th

Punctual Public TransportationHong Kong 10th

Singapore 15th

th

Access to International Airport

Dubai 1st

Singapore 2nd

Hong Kong 3rd

Tax Load

シンガポール ８位

上海 12位

北京 13位

香港 14位

シンガポール 10位

香港 12位

ソウル 15位

上海 19位

Hong Kong 5th

Seoul 5th

Beijing 7th

Singapore 11th

Beijing 4th

Seoul 6th

Hong Kong 10th

Shanghai 14th

Hong Kong 7th

Shanghai 14th

Seoul 17th

Beijing 25th

Shanghai 27th

Tokyo 31th

S l 32nd

Hong Kong 3 d

Seoul 4th

Tokyo 15th

Beijing 19th

【Mori Memorial Foundation 】【PwC】

Punctuality of public transportation in the city

【PwC】Share of the number of top 500 universities in the world in each city

The number of top 500 global headquarters in each city

ソウル 14位

各都市にある病院の総数

北京 20位

他国との政府の関係性、国内の安定性等

Total amount of compulsory surcharge of tax, etc. 

The distance and time from the city center to the international airport

【Mori Memorial Foundation 】 【PwC】Shanghai 11th Singapore 17th Beijing 23rd Seoul 32nd Shanghai 19th

New Growth Strategies (Cabinet Decision in June 2010)

Total Ranking of Cities in the World 2009 Mori Memorial FoundationCities of Opportunity 2009 PRICE WATER HOUSE COOPERS

It is vital to concentrate investments in the required infrastructures, the growth foothold, focused on airports, ports, and roads in the metropolitan areas where outstanding investment results can be seen. To become a more attractive city, aim at becoming the hub of interactions between people and goods in Asia and in the world by strategically organizing the city base.

18

Headquarters for Urban Renaissance (Director General: Minister of Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications)

III. III. Controlling Development and Response to Challenges C-3 Urban Renaissance System

q ( y )

Basic Policy for Urban Renaissance

U b R i f d i t ti iti Regenerate all cities in Japan by linking with

Urgent urban renaissance areas (area policies) (Designated by cabinet ordinance: 63 areas at 7 783 ha)

Urban Renaissance focused on private activities Regenerate all cities in Japan by linking with Established public facilities and private measures

Urban Renaissance Plan (Designated by cabinet ordinance: 63 areas at 7,783 ha)

Special urban plansCertified by the

Minister

Assigned cities, towns, and villages: Established in 947 cities,

towns, and villages and 2,243areas. Currently it is being

enforced in 553 cities, towns, and villages and 857 areas

Special areas for urban renaissance

(57 areas excluded from regulations)

Special urban plans Private urban

renaissance plan

(Certified 63 plans)

Financially support town planning with subsidies

Use grants for improving social infrastructure

Proposals for urban plans

Prompt approval of urban renaissance businesses

Special tax treatment

Financial support Certified by the

Budget for 2013: 0.9 trillion yen

renaissance businesses

Private urban renaissance business plans

(Certified 31 plans)

pp yMinister

Selection and Concentration

Financial support 19

Special Urgent Urban Renaissance Area (Revised FY2011)

Special Urgent Urban Renaissance Area (11 areas at 3,396 ha)