Japan PUB WG, SAKE SAKE, Suimon Adventure for Knowledge Evolution Progress and Planning
Progress at the XFELs in Europe and Japan
Transcript of Progress at the XFELs in Europe and Japan
Progress at the XFELs in Europe and Japan
Hans-H. Braun, PSI
48th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on Future Light Sources March 1-5, 2010
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
Project StatusFirst
LasingTe- λmin
Driver technology(main linac)
Overall length
FLASH running 2005(2000 TTF)
1.2 GeV 50 ÅPulsed SC1.3 GHz
315 m
FERMI@ELETTRA construction 2010 1.8 GeV 30 ÅPulsed NC
3.0 GHz375 m
SCSS construction 2011 8 GeV 1 ÅPulsed NC
5.7 GHz750 m
European XFEL construction 2015 17.5 GeV 1 ÅPulsed SC1.3 GHz
3400 m
SPARXWaiting for
approval2015 ? 2.4 GeV 5 Å
Pulsed NC2.85 GHz
500 m
SwissFELWaiting for
approval2016 ? 5.8 GeV 1 Å
Pulsed NC5.7 GHz
715 m
NLSWaiting for
approval? 2.25 GeV 12 Å
C.W. SC1.3 GHz
660 m
XFELs overview
400 m Accelerator Tunnel
Undulator Hall
Experimental Hall(under construction)
Klystron Gallery
Machine Assembly Hall
XFEL/SPring-8Building construction completed March 2009
SCSS Test Accelerator Performance2006 First lasing at 49 nm2007 Full saturation at 60 nm2008 User operation stat
E-beamCharge: 0.3 nCEmittance: 0.7 π.mm.mrad(measured at undulator)
Four C-band accelerators1.8 m x 4 Emax = 37 MV/mEnergy = 250 MeV
In-Vacuum UndulatorsPeriod = 15 mm, K=1.3Two 4.5 m long.
500 kV Pulse electron gunCeB6 Thermionic cathodeBeam current 1 Amp.
238 MHz buncher
476 MHz booster
S-bandbuncher
C-bandaccelerator
In-vacuumundulator
Slide Courtesy of S. Di Mitri
FEL1
FEL2I/O mirrors & gas cells
PADReS
DIPROI
Photon Beam Lines
slits
experimental hall
undulator hall
Transfer Line
FEL1
FEL2
L1
X-band
BC1
L2 L3 L4
BC2
linac tunnel
PI
Laser Heater
FERMI Layout
Parameter FEL-1 FEL-2 HGHG Stages 1 2 (“fresh bunch” in 2nd stage) Fundamental Wavelength range [nm] 100 to 20 20 to 4 (1.3 at 3rd harm.) Output pulse length (rms) [fs] < 100 20 – 100 (< 10 future goal) Bandwidth (rms) [meV] 17 (at 40 nm) 100 (at 4.2 nm) Polarization Fully Variable Fully Variable Repetition rate [Hz] 50 50 Peak power [GW] 1 to >5 0.5 to 2 Harmonic peak power (% of fundamental) ~2 ~0.2 (at 4.2 nm) Photons per pulse 1014 (at 40 nm) 2x1012 (at 4.2 nm) Pulse-to-pulse stability ≤ 30 % ~40 % Pointing stability [µrad] < 20 < 20 Virtual waist size [µm] 250 (at 40 nm) 120 Divergence (rms, intensity) [µrad] 50 (at 40 nm) 10 (at 4.2 nm)
FERMI@ELETTRA Electron beam parameters
Parameter FEL - 1 FEL - 2 Units
Wavelength 100 - 20 20 - 3 nm
Electron beam Energy 1.2 1.7 GeV
Bunch Charge 0.8 1 nC
Peak Current 850 500 A
Bunch Length (FWHM) 400 600 fs
Norm. Emittance (slice) 0.8 - 1.2 1.0 - 2.0 mm mrad
Energy Spread (slice) 150 - 250 100 -200 keV
Repetition Rate 10 - 50 50 Hz
FERMI@ELETTRA FEL parameters
Parameter FEL-1 FEL-2
HGHG Stages 1 2 (“fresh bunch” in 2nd stage)
Fundamental Wavelength range [nm] 100 to 20 20 to 4 (1.3 at 3rd harm.)
Output pulse length (rms) [fs] < 100 20 – 100 (< 10 future goal)
Bandwidth (rms) [meV] 17 (at 40 nm) 100 (at 4.2 nm)
Polarization Fully Variable Fully Variable
Repetition rate [Hz] 50 50
Peak power [GW] 1 to >5 0.5 to 2
Harmonic peak power (% of fundamental) ~2 ~0.2 (at 4.2 nm)
Photons per pulse 1014 (at 40 nm) 2x1012 (at 4.2 nm)
Pulse-to-pulse stability ≤ 30 % ~40 %
Pointing stability [µrad] < 20 < 20
Virtual waist size [µm] 250 (at 40 nm) 120
Divergence (rms, intensity) [µrad] 50 (at 40 nm) 10 (at 4.2 nm)
Free Electron Laser ranging from 40 nm a 0.5 nm4 different Beamlines with dedicated experimental stationsPeak Brillance: 1027 sec.mrad².mm.0.1 % BW – 80-200 fs pulses Site : Università di Roma Tor VergataCostruction of the 500 m tunnel: 2010 - 2014
Applications:•Time-resolved X-ray techniques
•Coherent x-ray imaging •Spectromicroscopy
•Structural studies of biological systems, allowing crystallographic studies on biological macromolecules
www.sparx-fel.eu
S-band Gun
Velocity Bunching
Long Solenoids
Diagnostic and
Matching
Seeding
THz Source
150 MeV S-band
linac
12 mUndulators
λu = 2.8 cm
Kmax = 2.2
λr = 500 nm
15 mQuickTime™ and a
decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Aramis: 1-7 Å hard X-ray SASE FEL, In-vacuum , planar undulators with variable gap.
Athos: 7-70 Å soft X-ray FEL for SASE & Seeded operation . APPLE II undulators with variable gap and full polarization control.
D’Artagnan: FEL for wavelengths above Athos, seeded with an HHG source. Besides covering the longer wavelength range, the FEL is used as the initial stage of a High Gain Harmonic Generation (HGHG) with Athos as the final radiator.
SwissFEL
704 m
e- Parameters
Nominal Operation Mode
Upgrade Operation Mode
Long Pulses
Short Pulses
Ultra-Short Pulses
Charge per Bunch (pC) 200 10 10
Beam energy for 1 Å (GeV) 5.8 5.8 5.8
Core Slice Emittance (mm.mrad) 0.43 0.18 0.25
Projected Emittance (mm.mrad) 0.65 0.25 0.45
Slice Energy Spread (keV, rms ) 350 250 1000
Relative Energy Spread (%) 0.006 0.004 0.02
Peak Current at Undulator (kA) 2.7 0.7 7
Bunch Length (fs, rms) 30 6 0.6
Bunch Compression Factor 125 240 2400
Repetition Rate (Hz) 100 100 100
Number of Bunches / Pulse 2 2 2
Bunch Spacing (ns) 50 50 50
SwissFEL electron beam parameters
Photon
Nominal Operation Mode
Upgrade Operation
Mode
Long Pulses
Short Pulses
Ultra-Short Pulses
Undulator Period (mm) 15 15 15
Undulator Parameter 1.2 1.2 1.2
Laser Wavelength (Å) 1 1 1
Maximum Saturation Length (m) 50 50 50
Saturation Pulse Energy (µJ) 60 3 6
Effective Saturation Power (GW) 2 0.6 11
Photon Pulse Length at 1 Å (fs, rms) 13 2.1 0.3
Number of Photon at 1 Å (×109) 31 1.7 3.2
Bandwidth (%) 0.03 0.04 0.05
Peak Brightness(# photons.mm-2.mrad-2.s-1/0.1% bandwidth) 3.1032 1.1032 1,3.1033
Average Brightness (# photons.mm-2.mrad-2.s-1/0.1% bandwidth) 1.1021 5,7.1018 7,5.1018
SwissFEL photon beam parameters(Aramis for 1 Å)
Project TypeGun
technologyLaser type
Cathode material
FLASH RF gunPulsed NC
1.3 GHzNd:YLF
4th harmonicCs2Te
SCSSThermionic
Diode with SHBPulsed 500kV
with SHBn.a. CeB6
FERMI@ELETTRA RF gunPulsed NC
3.0 GHzTi:Sa
3rd harmonicCu
European XFEL RF gunPulsed NC
1.3 GHzYb:YAG
4th harmonicCs2Te
SPARC X RF gunPulsed NC2.85 GHz
Ti:Sa3rd harmonic
Cu
SwissFEL RF gunPulsed NC
3.0 GHzTi:Sa
3rd harmonicCu
NLS RF gunC.W. SC1.3 GHz
? Cs2Te
Injectors
From PITZ, SSCS and LCLS injector data one could infer:No matter what you choose as injector, if you work hard enough you get
ε ≈ 1 μm qB½ (with qB in nC )
Open injector R&D issues
• how to get the same ε/qB½ for c.w. operation
• how to improve one order of magnitude in ε/qB½
102
103
104
105
106
100
101
FLASH
FERMI
Eu XFEL
SPARX
SwissFEL
NLS 1kHz
LCLS SCSS
average e- beam power [W]
phot
on e
nerg
y [k
eV]
SCSS 50 bunches
NLS 1MHz
Photon energy vs. electron beam power
coldlinac
warmlinac
Cost comparison linac technologiesorWhy doesn’t everybody take s.c. & c.w.
Technology Linac investment cost w/o building
Typical gradient Electric consumption
Pulsed n.c. with SLED 10 M€/GeV 20 MV/m (S-band)
30 MV/m (C-band)0.5 MW/GeV
Pulsed superconducting 20 M€/GeV 24 MV/m 0.5 MW/GeV
c.w. superconducting ? 30 M€/GeV ? 18 MV/m 5 MW/GeV
Beware! This is not exact science !
Cost vs. gradient for S-band with 45 MW klystron, S-band with 80MW klystron
and C-band with 50 MW klystron
Advantage of C-band is in real-estate needs and electricity consumption
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 600
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Gradient MV/m
Cos
t
S45 totalS80 totalC50 totalS45 invest.S80 invest.C50 invest.S45 10y elec.S80 10y elec.C50 10y elec