Skeletal Muscle Mechanics About Disease.co. 7. Isotonic vs. isometric contraction.
I. General Information about the Skeletal System A. ______________________- study
description
Transcript of I. General Information about the Skeletal System A. ______________________- study
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I. General Information about the Skeletal System
A. ______________________- study of movement of the human body.
Kinesiology
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Human Skeleton(206 bones TOTAL)
•Skull (22 bones)•Hyoid (1 bone)•Auditory ossicles (6 bones)•Vertebral column (26 bones)•Thorax (25 bones)
= 80 bones total
AXIAL Skeleton
B. Division of the Skeletal System
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Human Skeleton(206 bones TOTAL)
•Clavicle (2 bones)•Scapula (2 bones)•Upper limbs (60 bones)•Pelvic Girdle (2 bones)•Lower limbs (60 bones)
= 126 bones
Appendicular Skeleton
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Blue = axial
Yellow = appendicular
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C. Bone and Surface Markings1. Depressions & Openings:
a. ___________________- opening for blood vessels, nerves and/or ligaments. example –
b. _____________________- shallow depression in or on the bone. example -
Foramen
Opening in pelvis bone
Fossa
Coronoid fossa of the humerus
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2. Processes that form jointsa. _________________- large rounded prominence that forms joints.example –
b. _________________- rounded project that is supported on a thinner “neck” and forms a joint.example -
condyle
Knobs on lower femur at knee
head
Top of the femur (“ball”)
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3. Processes that tendons, ligaments & other tissue connect to:
a. _____________________ - large, blunt projection only on the femur (not the “ball” part)
b. _____________________ - prominent border or ridge Example -
Trochanter
Crest
Illiac crest at top of hip bone
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c. ____________________- large, rounded projection, usually with a rough surface.Example –
d. __________________________________- a sharp, slender project.Example -
Turbocity
Deltoid turbocity of the humerus
Spine or Spinous process
The part of the vertebrae that you can palpate on someone’s back
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4. ______________________- to make contact with. (ex- me humerus articulates with the radius)
articulate
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D. General differences between male & female skeletons
1. Male bones are _______________ and_____________________ than female bones.
2. Male points of _____________________
are larger.
largerheavier
Muscle attachment
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II. Upper Appendage A. Definition of Upper Appendage:
_______
__________________________________
B. Pectoral Girdle – the _______________ &
________________ that anchors the limb
to the axial skeleton.
Pectoral Girdle + Upper Limb
claviclescapula
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1. ___________________ (collar bone)a. it is the ___________________ fractured bone due to one
outstretching their arms when s/he falls.
ClavicleMost commonly
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CLAVICLE
_________ end of the clavicle
_________ end of the clavicle
LATERAL
MEDIAL
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Scapular spine
Infraspinous process
2. ________________________ (shoulder blade)scapula
_________________Used for attachment to shoulder muscles.
_________________attaches to rotator cuff muscles.
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Supraspinous process_________________________________attaches to rotator cuff muscles.
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____________-Articulates with the __________. (This is where a “separated shoulder” occurs.)
ACROMION
CLAVICLE
__________________ Articulates with the head of the _________________ to form a ball & socket joint.
Glenoid Fossa
humerus
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______________________________Used for attachment to chest and arm muscles.
Coracoid process
____________________- faces towards the ribs.Subscapular fossa
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3. ____________________________- an injury where the joint between the lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion of the shoulder is affected (often happens with forceful trauma).
Separated shoulder
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HEAD Anatomical neck
C. ____________________- (upper arm bone)Humerus
_____________articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula.
__________________________Where the humerus narrows.
_________________________-Attachment point for deltoid muscle.
Deltoid Turberosity
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CAPITULUM
TROCHLEA
____________ (lateral side) Articulates with the radius
___________-(spool shaped) Articulates with the ulna.
_________________________- Articulates with the ulna when arm is bent.
CORONOID FOSSA
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Olecranon fossa_______________. Articulates with the olecranon process of the ulna.
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Ulna
ULNA
D. ____________________- (lower arm bone on the little finger side)
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Ulna – full view
Styloid Process_______________Articulates with the carpals of the wrist
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Ulna – enlarged proximal end; lateral view
_______________where the humerus fits
Trochlear notch_____________________“point” of elbow
Olecranon process
________________________-articulate with coronoid fossa of humerus
CORONOID PROCESS
_____________________Where the radius fits.
Radial Notch
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Radius
RADIUS
E. ____________________- (lower arm on the thumb side)
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_______________Articulates with the capitulum. (allows the hand to face “palms up”)
head
_______________ (commonly “fall”fracture by people over 50)
Styloid process
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1. ______________________________ - the head of the radius slides past or ruptures the ligament that forms a collar around the head of the radius (most common upper limb dislocation in children).
Dislocation of the radial head
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8 bones in the wrist F. Carpals - _______________________________
______________________- when the nerves of this tunnel are compressed and cause numbness, tingling & weakening in the hand.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
_______________2 rows of bones that forms a tunnel for nerves & tendons to pass through.
CARPALS
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5 bones that make up the palm of the hand
METACARPALS
G. Metacarpals - ___________________________
______________________
- Each metacarpal has a base (proximal), body & a head (distal).-It is the _____________ of the metacarpal that makes _________________ when you clench your fist.
head
knuckles
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14 bones of the fingers & thumb
Proximal Phalanges
H. Phalanges - ____________________________
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Middle Phalanges
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Distal Phalange
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Pollex – no middle phalange
I. Pollex - ____________________________Specialized phalange that makes up the thumb
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IV. _________________________- both hip bonesA. Three functions of the pelvic girdle:
1. _________________ the vertebral column2. _____________________________ of the pelvis (bladder, reproductive
organs, rectum).
3. __________________________ to the axial skeleton.
Pelvic Girdle
supports
Protects the organs
Attaches lower limbs
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B. Features of the Pelvic Girdle
______________- the two “hip” bones that are made up of the: ______________________________________ which fuse together by age 23.
Coxal
Illium, ischium & pubis
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_________________- joint that joins the two coxal bones.Pubic Symphasis
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_________________- divides the pelvis into an upper & lower portion.
Pelvic Brim
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_________________- joint on the posterior side where the 2 coxal bones join the sacrum.
Sacroilliac joint
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_________________everything above the pelvic brim. It is actually considered to be part of the ______________ & only contains the bladder when it is _________ and uterus during _____________.
False Pelvis
abdomen
full
pregnancy
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_________________below the pelvic brim which surrounds the pelvic cavity
True Pelvis
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_______________ upper opening of the true pelvis.
Pelvic Inlet
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_______________ lower opening of the true pelvis.Pelvic Outlet
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Anterior View
C. ________________ - largest part of the coxal boneIllium
Illiac crest
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Lateral View of Coxal Bone
_________________________ - where the sciatic nerve (longest nerve in body) passes through.
Greater sciatic notch
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Anterior View
D. ________________ - lower, posterior part of coxal bone.Ischium
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Anterior View
E. ________________ - lower, anterior part of the coxal bone.Pubis
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F. Features created by the joining of the bones of the coxal. (lateral view)
____________- socket for the head of the femur formed by the joining of all 3 coxal bones.
Acetabulum
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__________________- largest foramen of the skeleton where nerves and vessels pass (formed by joining of ischium & pubis.
Obturator Foramen
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G. Structural differences between a male and female pelvis
1. ____________________- of the female
is larger and the _________________ is
oriented so that a baby can fit through.
2. The angle made by the two ischium bones is a larger _______ shape in
females, and narrower _________ shape
in males.
Pelvic InletPelvic outlet
UV
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V. __________________ (the leg)A. _________________(thigh bone) – the STRONGEST bone in the body
Lower LimbFemur
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__________________- “ball” of the femur which articulates with the acetabulum.
Head ______________________- projection on side of femur where muscles attach(also landmark for injections in the thigh).
Greater Trochanter
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__________________- articulates with the patella (“knee cap”).
Patellar Surface
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__________________- towards the inside of the leg. Articulates with the tibia.
Medial Condyle
______________________- Towards the outside of the leg. Articulates with the tibia.
Lateral Condyle
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B. ___________________ (“knee cap”) – normally tracks(moves) up & down in a __________ between the femoral condyles.
Patellagroove
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1. ___________________________- “runner’s knee” occurs when the patella tracks _________________ and causes pain. (due to running on the same side of
the road that is naturally sloped).
Patellofemoral Stress Syndrome
laterally
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C. _________________(shin bone)Tibia
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________________________-Articulates with the lateral condyle of the femur.
Lateral condyle ______________________-Articulates with the medial condyle of the femur.
Medialcondyle
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_____________________-Forms the prominence you feel on the medial ankle bone.
Medial Malleolus
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1. ______________- pain along the tibia
that results from inflammation of the tibia’s ___________________ (usually
caused by over-exertion of the calf muscles)
Shin splints
periosteum
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D. ___________________- smaller bone next to the tibia in the lower leg.
Fibula
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___________________-Forms the prominence you feel on the lateral part of the ankle surface.
Lateral malleolus
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E. The FOOT & its functions 1. ______________- 7 ankle bones of the foot
___________________-•It is the only tarsal that articulates with the tibia & fibula. •It initially bears the _________ of the entire body when walking.
Tarsals
Talus
weight
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___________-Between the talus and cuniforms
Navicular
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___________-3 bones between the navicular & metatarsals.
cuniforms
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___________-Between the calcaneous and metatarsals
Cuboid
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___________________-(heel bone) It is the largest & strongest tarsal. _________ the weight is transferred to it from the __________ when walking.
Calcaneous
Half
Talus
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2. _______________________- 5 bones that are similar to the metacarpals that make up the “sole” of the foot. a. like the metacarpals, each have a __________ base, a body, and a ___________ head.
metatarsals
proximaldistal
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3. __________________- 14 bones similar to the fingers in the hand.
phalanges
Proximal phalanges
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Middle Phalange (only 4)
Distal Phalanges
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4. ___________________- specialized phalange that lacks a ______________ phalange.
Halluxmiddle
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5. The four ___________ of the arches foot:a. _________________ leverage when walkingb. _________________ shock (by “giving when weight is applied & “springing back” afterwards).c. ____________________ body weight over parts of the foot.d. ____________________ the weight of the
body.Acronym help: ______________ (think…..the “PADS” of your feet)
functionsP.rovidesA.bsorbs
D.istributes
S.upports
P. A. D. S.
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6. Three arches of the foot
________________-Runs horizontally across the foot. Formed by the navicular, cuniforms, & bases of metatarsals.
Transverse arch
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_________________________-Runs front to back of foot by the inside of the foot.
Medial Longitudinal Arch
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______________________-Runs front to back of foot by the outside of the foot.
Lateral Longitudinal Arch
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7. __________________- abnormally low height of the medial longitudinal arch.
Flat footed
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VI. Joints of the Skeletal SystemA. __________________- point of contact between ___________, between
________________________ or between ____________________.
Jointbones
Cartilage & bonesTeeth & bones
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B. Divisions of Medical Studies of Joints1. ______________________- the study of joints.2. ______________________- study
of joint disease and related
conditions
Arthology
Rheumatology
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C. Movement of Joints1. Range of motion:
a. in general, the _______________ the distance between the
articulating bone, more _________________
the range of motion for that joint.Ex -
shorter
restricted
• Skull bones- very close together no range of motion• femur & tibia are farther apart large range of motion
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2. Three Factors that determine joint flexibility:a. ____________________ of the ligaments that bind the bones together.b. _____________________of articulating bones.c. _____________________tension of associated muscles and tendons.
ACRONYM HELP: What’s your favorite math class at DPHS? __________________
F.lexibility
S.hape
T.ension
F. S. T.
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JOINTS
Fibrous-Bones are held together by__________connective tissue.
-Lack a ________________ cavity
-Three Types _____________ _____________ _____________
fibrous
synovial
suturesyndesmosisgomphosis
D. Classes of Joints
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JOINTS
Synovial-____________ a synovial cavity
-Most ___________
-Six Types ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________
contains
movable
planarcondyloidhingesaddlepivot
Ball & socket
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JOINTS
Cartilaginous-Bones are held together by ______________.
-Also _________ a synovial cavity.
-Two Types ______________ ______________
cartilage
lacks
synchondrissymphasis
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SUTURE
-They are ________________-Found where__________ unite
immovableSkull bones
1. FIBROUS JOINTS
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SYNDESMOSIS(sin-dez-MŌ-sis)
-They are ________________-Found in_____________________
Slightly movableTibia/fibula connection & sacrum/coxal connection
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GOMPHOSIS(gom-FŌ-sis)
-They are ________________-Found only in_________________
immovableTooth sockets
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PLANAR
-Found in _________________ _________________
_________________
Wrist & anklesBtwn clavicle & sternumBtwn clavicle & scapula
2. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
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CONDYLOID(KON-di-loyd)
- Found in ________________Wrist and ankles
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SADDLE
- Found in ________________Thumb only
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HINGE
- Found in __________________Knee, elbow, ankle, & fingers
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PIVOT
- Found in __________________Elbow & head to say “no”
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BALL-&-SOCKET
- Found in __________________Shoulder & hip joints
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a. ____________________- allows the joint to move freely. Synovial cavity
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b. specific joint structures of the knee:
_________________________________________-Ligament that extends posteriorly & laterally from the tibia to the fibula.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
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___________________________-Found on the outside of the knee. Meniscus allow for a____________ fit between two different shaped bones.
Lateral Meniscus
tighter
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___________________________-Found on the inside of the knee.
Medial Meniscus
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c. Common injuries of the knee:1. _____________________- when the anterior cruciate ligament is stretched
or torn (70% of all serious knee injuries).
ACL injury
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2. _______________________________ - when the lateral or medial meniscus is damaged. (If the damaged cartilage is not removed, it may lead to arthritis)
Torn Cartilage of the knee
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SYNCHONDROSIS(sin-kon-DRŌ-sis)
-They are ________________-Found in _____________ of elongating bones & between the ____________ & ____________
immovableGrowth plates
Rib cage sternum
3. CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS
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SYMPHASIS(sim-fi-sis)
-They are ________________-Found between the __________ bones and between ____________
Slightly movablepubis
vertebrae
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E. Common Joint Diseases & Complications1. _______________________- an autoimmune disease in which the
immune system of the body attacks its own cartilage & joint linings. It is characterized by _______________ of the synovial cavity.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
swelling
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2. _________________________- degenerative joint disease characterized by deterioration of ________________ cartilage. (the “wear & tear” arthritis)
Osteoarthritis
articular
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3. ________________- forcible wrenching or twisting of the ________________ of a joint.
Sprainligaments
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4. _____________________- stretched or partially torn _________________. (often occurs when a muscle contracts suddenly & powerfully)
Strainmuscle