I. General Information about the Skeletal System

A. ______________________- study of movement of the human body.

Kinesiology

Human Skeleton(206 bones TOTAL)

•Skull (22 bones)•Hyoid (1 bone)•Auditory ossicles (6 bones)•Vertebral column (26 bones)•Thorax (25 bones)

= 80 bones total

AXIAL Skeleton

B. Division of the Skeletal System

Human Skeleton(206 bones TOTAL)

•Clavicle (2 bones)•Scapula (2 bones)•Upper limbs (60 bones)•Pelvic Girdle (2 bones)•Lower limbs (60 bones)

= 126 bones

Appendicular Skeleton

Blue = axial

Yellow = appendicular

C. Bone and Surface Markings1. Depressions & Openings:

a. ___________________- opening for blood vessels, nerves and/or ligaments. example –

b. _____________________- shallow depression in or on the bone. example -

Foramen

Opening in pelvis bone

Fossa

Coronoid fossa of the humerus

2. Processes that form jointsa. _________________- large rounded prominence that forms joints.example –

b. _________________- rounded project that is supported on a thinner “neck” and forms a joint.example -

condyle

Knobs on lower femur at knee

head

Top of the femur (“ball”)

3. Processes that tendons, ligaments & other tissue connect to:

a. _____________________ - large, blunt projection only on the femur (not the “ball” part)

b. _____________________ - prominent border or ridge Example -

Trochanter

Crest

Illiac crest at top of hip bone

c. ____________________- large, rounded projection, usually with a rough surface.Example –

d. __________________________________- a sharp, slender project.Example -

Turbocity

Deltoid turbocity of the humerus

Spine or Spinous process

The part of the vertebrae that you can palpate on someone’s back

4. ______________________- to make contact with. (ex- me humerus articulates with the radius)

articulate

D. General differences between male & female skeletons

1. Male bones are _______________ and_____________________ than female bones.

2. Male points of _____________________

are larger.

largerheavier

Muscle attachment

II. Upper Appendage A. Definition of Upper Appendage:

_______

__________________________________

B. Pectoral Girdle – the _______________ &

________________ that anchors the limb

to the axial skeleton.

Pectoral Girdle + Upper Limb

claviclescapula

1. ___________________ (collar bone)a. it is the ___________________ fractured bone due to one

outstretching their arms when s/he falls.

ClavicleMost commonly

CLAVICLE

_________ end of the clavicle

_________ end of the clavicle

LATERAL

MEDIAL

Scapular spine

Infraspinous process

2. ________________________ (shoulder blade)scapula

_________________Used for attachment to shoulder muscles.

_________________attaches to rotator cuff muscles.

Supraspinous process_________________________________attaches to rotator cuff muscles.

____________-Articulates with the __________. (This is where a “separated shoulder” occurs.)

ACROMION

CLAVICLE

__________________ Articulates with the head of the _________________ to form a ball & socket joint.

Glenoid Fossa

humerus

______________________________Used for attachment to chest and arm muscles.

Coracoid process

____________________- faces towards the ribs.Subscapular fossa

3. ____________________________- an injury where the joint between the lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion of the shoulder is affected (often happens with forceful trauma).

Separated shoulder

HEAD Anatomical neck

C. ____________________- (upper arm bone)Humerus

_____________articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula.

__________________________Where the humerus narrows.

_________________________-Attachment point for deltoid muscle.

Deltoid Turberosity

CAPITULUM

TROCHLEA

____________ (lateral side) Articulates with the radius

___________-(spool shaped) Articulates with the ulna.

_________________________- Articulates with the ulna when arm is bent.

CORONOID FOSSA

Olecranon fossa_______________. Articulates with the olecranon process of the ulna.

Ulna

ULNA

D. ____________________- (lower arm bone on the little finger side)

Ulna – full view

Styloid Process_______________Articulates with the carpals of the wrist

Ulna – enlarged proximal end; lateral view

_______________where the humerus fits

Trochlear notch_____________________“point” of elbow

Olecranon process

________________________-articulate with coronoid fossa of humerus

CORONOID PROCESS

_____________________Where the radius fits.

Radial Notch

Radius

RADIUS

E. ____________________- (lower arm on the thumb side)

_______________Articulates with the capitulum. (allows the hand to face “palms up”)

head

_______________ (commonly “fall”fracture by people over 50)

Styloid process

1. ______________________________ - the head of the radius slides past or ruptures the ligament that forms a collar around the head of the radius (most common upper limb dislocation in children).

Dislocation of the radial head

8 bones in the wrist F. Carpals - _______________________________

______________________- when the nerves of this tunnel are compressed and cause numbness, tingling & weakening in the hand.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

_______________2 rows of bones that forms a tunnel for nerves & tendons to pass through.

CARPALS

5 bones that make up the palm of the hand

METACARPALS

G. Metacarpals - ___________________________

______________________

- Each metacarpal has a base (proximal), body & a head (distal).-It is the _____________ of the metacarpal that makes _________________ when you clench your fist.

head

knuckles

14 bones of the fingers & thumb

Proximal Phalanges

H. Phalanges - ____________________________

Middle Phalanges

Distal Phalange

Pollex – no middle phalange

I. Pollex - ____________________________Specialized phalange that makes up the thumb

IV. _________________________- both hip bonesA. Three functions of the pelvic girdle:

1. _________________ the vertebral column2. _____________________________ of the pelvis (bladder, reproductive

organs, rectum).

3. __________________________ to the axial skeleton.

Pelvic Girdle

supports

Protects the organs

Attaches lower limbs

B. Features of the Pelvic Girdle

______________- the two “hip” bones that are made up of the: ______________________________________ which fuse together by age 23.

Coxal

Illium, ischium & pubis

_________________- joint that joins the two coxal bones.Pubic Symphasis

_________________- divides the pelvis into an upper & lower portion.

Pelvic Brim

_________________- joint on the posterior side where the 2 coxal bones join the sacrum.

Sacroilliac joint

_________________everything above the pelvic brim. It is actually considered to be part of the ______________ & only contains the bladder when it is _________ and uterus during _____________.

False Pelvis

abdomen

full

pregnancy

_________________below the pelvic brim which surrounds the pelvic cavity

True Pelvis

_______________ upper opening of the true pelvis.

Pelvic Inlet

_______________ lower opening of the true pelvis.Pelvic Outlet

Anterior View

C. ________________ - largest part of the coxal boneIllium

Illiac crest

Lateral View of Coxal Bone

_________________________ - where the sciatic nerve (longest nerve in body) passes through.

Greater sciatic notch

Anterior View

D. ________________ - lower, posterior part of coxal bone.Ischium

Anterior View

E. ________________ - lower, anterior part of the coxal bone.Pubis

F. Features created by the joining of the bones of the coxal. (lateral view)

____________- socket for the head of the femur formed by the joining of all 3 coxal bones.

Acetabulum

__________________- largest foramen of the skeleton where nerves and vessels pass (formed by joining of ischium & pubis.

Obturator Foramen

G. Structural differences between a male and female pelvis

1. ____________________- of the female

is larger and the _________________ is

oriented so that a baby can fit through.

2. The angle made by the two ischium bones is a larger _______ shape in

females, and narrower _________ shape

in males.

Pelvic InletPelvic outlet

UV

V. __________________ (the leg)A. _________________(thigh bone) – the STRONGEST bone in the body

Lower LimbFemur

__________________- “ball” of the femur which articulates with the acetabulum.

Head ______________________- projection on side of femur where muscles attach(also landmark for injections in the thigh).

Greater Trochanter

__________________- articulates with the patella (“knee cap”).

Patellar Surface

__________________- towards the inside of the leg. Articulates with the tibia.

Medial Condyle

______________________- Towards the outside of the leg. Articulates with the tibia.

Lateral Condyle

B. ___________________ (“knee cap”) – normally tracks(moves) up & down in a __________ between the femoral condyles.

Patellagroove

1. ___________________________- “runner’s knee” occurs when the patella tracks _________________ and causes pain. (due to running on the same side of

the road that is naturally sloped).

Patellofemoral Stress Syndrome

laterally

C. _________________(shin bone)Tibia

________________________-Articulates with the lateral condyle of the femur.

Lateral condyle ______________________-Articulates with the medial condyle of the femur.

Medialcondyle

_____________________-Forms the prominence you feel on the medial ankle bone.

Medial Malleolus

1. ______________- pain along the tibia

that results from inflammation of the tibia’s ___________________ (usually

caused by over-exertion of the calf muscles)

Shin splints

periosteum

D. ___________________- smaller bone next to the tibia in the lower leg.

Fibula

___________________-Forms the prominence you feel on the lateral part of the ankle surface.

Lateral malleolus

E. The FOOT & its functions 1. ______________- 7 ankle bones of the foot

___________________-•It is the only tarsal that articulates with the tibia & fibula. •It initially bears the _________ of the entire body when walking.

Tarsals

Talus

weight

___________-Between the talus and cuniforms

Navicular

___________-3 bones between the navicular & metatarsals.

cuniforms

___________-Between the calcaneous and metatarsals

Cuboid

___________________-(heel bone) It is the largest & strongest tarsal. _________ the weight is transferred to it from the __________ when walking.

Calcaneous

Half

Talus

2. _______________________- 5 bones that are similar to the metacarpals that make up the “sole” of the foot. a. like the metacarpals, each have a __________ base, a body, and a ___________ head.

metatarsals

proximaldistal

3. __________________- 14 bones similar to the fingers in the hand.

phalanges

Proximal phalanges

Middle Phalange (only 4)

Distal Phalanges

4. ___________________- specialized phalange that lacks a ______________ phalange.

Halluxmiddle

5. The four ___________ of the arches foot:a. _________________ leverage when walkingb. _________________ shock (by “giving when weight is applied & “springing back” afterwards).c. ____________________ body weight over parts of the foot.d. ____________________ the weight of the

body.Acronym help: ______________ (think…..the “PADS” of your feet)

functionsP.rovidesA.bsorbs

D.istributes

S.upports

P. A. D. S.

6. Three arches of the foot

________________-Runs horizontally across the foot. Formed by the navicular, cuniforms, & bases of metatarsals.

Transverse arch

_________________________-Runs front to back of foot by the inside of the foot.

Medial Longitudinal Arch

______________________-Runs front to back of foot by the outside of the foot.

Lateral Longitudinal Arch

7. __________________- abnormally low height of the medial longitudinal arch.

Flat footed

VI. Joints of the Skeletal SystemA. __________________- point of contact between ___________, between

________________________ or between ____________________.

Jointbones

Cartilage & bonesTeeth & bones

B. Divisions of Medical Studies of Joints1. ______________________- the study of joints.2. ______________________- study

of joint disease and related

conditions

Arthology

Rheumatology

C. Movement of Joints1. Range of motion:

a. in general, the _______________ the distance between the

articulating bone, more _________________

the range of motion for that joint.Ex -

shorter

restricted

• Skull bones- very close together no range of motion• femur & tibia are farther apart large range of motion

2. Three Factors that determine joint flexibility:a. ____________________ of the ligaments that bind the bones together.b. _____________________of articulating bones.c. _____________________tension of associated muscles and tendons.

ACRONYM HELP: What’s your favorite math class at DPHS? __________________

F.lexibility

S.hape

T.ension

F. S. T.

JOINTS

Fibrous-Bones are held together by__________connective tissue.

-Lack a ________________ cavity

-Three Types _____________ _____________ _____________

fibrous

synovial

suturesyndesmosisgomphosis

D. Classes of Joints

JOINTS

Synovial-____________ a synovial cavity

-Most ___________

-Six Types ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________

contains

movable

planarcondyloidhingesaddlepivot

Ball & socket

JOINTS

Cartilaginous-Bones are held together by ______________.

-Also _________ a synovial cavity.

-Two Types ______________ ______________

cartilage

lacks

synchondrissymphasis

SUTURE

-They are ________________-Found where__________ unite

immovableSkull bones

1. FIBROUS JOINTS

SYNDESMOSIS(sin-dez-MŌ-sis)

-They are ________________-Found in_____________________

Slightly movableTibia/fibula connection & sacrum/coxal connection

GOMPHOSIS(gom-FŌ-sis)

-They are ________________-Found only in_________________

immovableTooth sockets

PLANAR

-Found in _________________ _________________

_________________

Wrist & anklesBtwn clavicle & sternumBtwn clavicle & scapula

2. SYNOVIAL JOINTS

CONDYLOID(KON-di-loyd)

- Found in ________________Wrist and ankles

SADDLE

- Found in ________________Thumb only

HINGE

- Found in __________________Knee, elbow, ankle, & fingers

PIVOT

- Found in __________________Elbow & head to say “no”

BALL-&-SOCKET

- Found in __________________Shoulder & hip joints

a. ____________________- allows the joint to move freely. Synovial cavity

b. specific joint structures of the knee:

_________________________________________-Ligament that extends posteriorly & laterally from the tibia to the fibula.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

___________________________-Found on the outside of the knee. Meniscus allow for a____________ fit between two different shaped bones.

Lateral Meniscus

tighter

___________________________-Found on the inside of the knee.

Medial Meniscus

c. Common injuries of the knee:1. _____________________- when the anterior cruciate ligament is stretched

or torn (70% of all serious knee injuries).

ACL injury

2. _______________________________ - when the lateral or medial meniscus is damaged. (If the damaged cartilage is not removed, it may lead to arthritis)

Torn Cartilage of the knee

SYNCHONDROSIS(sin-kon-DRŌ-sis)

-They are ________________-Found in _____________ of elongating bones & between the ____________ & ____________

immovableGrowth plates

Rib cage sternum

3. CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS

SYMPHASIS(sim-fi-sis)

-They are ________________-Found between the __________ bones and between ____________

Slightly movablepubis

vertebrae

E. Common Joint Diseases & Complications1. _______________________- an autoimmune disease in which the

immune system of the body attacks its own cartilage & joint linings. It is characterized by _______________ of the synovial cavity.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

swelling

2. _________________________- degenerative joint disease characterized by deterioration of ________________ cartilage. (the “wear & tear” arthritis)

Osteoarthritis

articular

3. ________________- forcible wrenching or twisting of the ________________ of a joint.

Sprainligaments

4. _____________________- stretched or partially torn _________________. (often occurs when a muscle contracts suddenly & powerfully)

Strainmuscle