CELLSTAXONOMY

PROKARYOTES / EUKARYOTESCELL STRUCTURES &

FUNCTIONSCELL PROCESSES & ENERGYCELL GROWTH & DIVISION

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow0jH2Eg8v4

Review

What are the eight characteristics of living things?

What are the four major macromolecules?

Answers

1. Made up of cells 2. Reproduce 3. Maintain Homeostasis 4. Metabolism 5. Evolution /Adapt 6. Respond to Stimuli 7. Grow and Develop 8. DNA

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

Diversity of Life Arises by evolutionary change

leading to the present biodiversity we see.

Divided into Three Domains: 1. Bacteria- single celled prokaryotes

(no nucleus) 2. Archaea- single celled prokaryotes

(no nucleus) 3. Eukarya- Plants and Animals,

complex organelles and multicellular

Three Domains & Six Major Kingdoms

DOMAINS KINGDOMS Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Eubacteria Archaea Animalia-

Animals Plantae- Plants Fungi- Fungus Protista- animal

like and plant like

Domain Eubacteria

True bacteria, mostly heterotrophic, live in all sorts of environments

Largest groups of organisms on Earth Only a small amount are disease causing Most have very important roles:

Photoautotrophs such as cyanobacteria Saprophytes- decomposers that break down

dead material. Symbionts- they have a relationship with other

organisms

Domain Archaea Most recent domain, 1970’s Live in extreme environments with high

temperatures and some produce methane. Vast difference in genetic and biochemical

make-up from other bacterium. Microscopically similar in looks so it is likely

that it has been around for a long time but we just missed it.

Live in extreme environments Hot springs, hydrothermal vents, extremely acidic

or alkaline water, anoxic mud swamps, petroleum deposits, and the digestive tracts of cows, termites, and marine life where they produce methane.

Salt Loving- Halobacterium

Has a pigment that makes it purple called bacteriorhodopsin, which also helps it synthesize ATP.

San Francisco

Bay

http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20577-hidden-ecologies-salt-ponds-and-entombed-marshes.html#.VB97I1eKVEM

Domain Eukarya Eukarytotes= have a nucleus, are

unicellular and multicellular 4 Kingdoms

1. Kingdom Protista: unicellular eukaryotes, multicellular algae (dinoflagellates, diatoms, etc)

2. Kingdom Plantae: have cells walls, cellulose, and obtain energy through photosynthesis.

3. Kingdom Fungi: Cell walls are made of chitin, obtain energy by secreting enzymes and absorb the products they release.

4. Kingdom Animalia- no cell walls, obtain energy by ingesting other organisms.

How are organisms in the kingdoms classified????

Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) He came up with a means of naming organisms

that was simple and universal. Problem- before this people were naming

organisms multiple names that were really long, and there wasn’t any consistency.

Taxonomy- science of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name.

Linnaeus came up with binomial nomenclature-> two word naming system Genus, species Always in italics Genus is capitalized and species lowercased Ex- Homo sapiens

Classification System

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Dear King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain!!!!

Prefixes Cyto= cell Iso= Equal Kary= Kernel Hyper= Above Endo= Within Hypo= Below Exo= Out of

How did we learn that there were different

cells, three Domains, etc?

Robert Hooke First to identify cells by

observing cork from the bark of an oak tree.

1665

Anton Van Leewenhoek Described living things and

observed them in greater detail.

Called them “animalcules” 1674

Matthias Schleiden Found that plants are made

of cells 1838

Theodore Schwann

All living things are made of cells 1839

Rudolf Virchow

Proposed that cells come from pre-existing cells

1855

Three Major principles of the cell theory

1. All organisms are made of cells 2.All existing cells come from pre-

existing cells 3. Cells are the basic unit of life.

Short Video with Notes

http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-wacky-history-of-cell-theory#watch

What is the relationship between structure and function of your

cells? The way they are

shaped directly relates to their job or function.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u54bRpbSOgs

Examples 1. Long, thin nerve cells transmit

sensory info from your brain to the rest of your body.

2. Short, blocky skin cells that cover and protect the body.

Nerve Cells

http://www.pinterest.com/pin/32088216071181270/

http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2013/130815/images/nj7462-367a-i1.0.jpg

White blood cell

engulfing a bacteria cell

and spewing out

the remnants

http://io9.com/photos-of-the-amazing-and-gruesome-world-under-a-micros-1291328130

Inside the chloroplast of

a plant cell

Eyelashes!

http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/

http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/

Bacteria on the tongue

Artery and

blood cells

http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/

http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/

Clump of sperm tails

in the testes

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/12812/enlarge

Staphylococcus bacteria in the trachea

Liver cell

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/310232/enlarge

Lung Cells

http://images.sciencesource.com/preview/14917208/SQ7335.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNP1EAYLhOs&feature=fvwrel

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ&feature=related

Cells are separated into two categories

1. Prokaryotic 2. Eukaryotic

Prokaryotes No nucleus or membrane bound organelles DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm and circular Single celled Cell Walls Evolved 3.5 bya Ex- Bacteria or Archaea

Divided into groups based on their need for oxygen: Obligate anaerobes- cannot survive in the

presence of oxygen. Obligate aerobe- needs oxygen to survive Facultative aerobe- can survive whether or not

oxygen is present.

Structure of a Prokaryote

www.biologyjunction.comFlagella

Ribosomes

Pili

DNA

Cell Wall

Cytoplasm

Cell membrane

Functions

Pili- help prokaryotes stick to the surfaces Flagellum- tail like structure used for movement. Plasmid- small piece of DNA that replicates

separately from the main chromosome. DNA- shaped in a loop or circle and is located in

the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm- jellylike substance that surrounds

molecules and organelles in a cell Cell wall- structural support Cell membrane- controls the movement of

substances in and out of the cell.

Benefits of Prokaryotes Provide nutrients to humans and animals,

especially in digestion. Bacteria have a symbiotic relationship called mutualism where both the host and bacteria benefit. The bacteria has a home and obtains food from the host while at the same time the bacteria helps the host by breaking down foods and helping them absorb nutrients and vitamins.

Important in the ecosystem- some produce oxygen while others help cycle carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus through the environment.

Bioremediation- using living things to break down pollutants. Some bacteria can digest oil= clean up oil spills.

Bacterial Diseases

Can attack the cells in tissues. Tuberculosis / TB, is caused by a bacteria that

invades the lungs and uses the tissues for nutrients

Can make poisons called toxins Blood carries it to other parts of the body. Food poisoning

E. coli bacteria on a lettuce leaf

http://io9.com/photos-of-the-amazing-and-gruesome-world-under-a-micros-1291328130

Antibiotics

Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial disease Chemicals that kill or slow the growth of bacteria Work by stopping the cell wall from developing,

animal cells don’t have cell walls, viruses also lack cell walls

When you take antibiotics it can kill the good bacteria= illness

Antibiotic Resistance: Overuse of the antibiotics has caused certain strains of bacteria to become resistant to medications, which allows the bacteria to survive and reproduce and pass the genetics on.

EukaryotesHas a nucleus with membrane

bound organellesNucleus store the genetic

material and is linearMulticellular or unicellularLarger, more complexPlants and animalsEvolved 1.5 mya

Both

* Microscopic in size* Composed of similar

building blocks* Cell Membrane* Cytoplasm * Have DNA* Loaded with ribosome's

Levels of organization Ranges from smallest to largest

Level Function ExampleCell

Organelle

Tiny organelles that each have specific

functions.

Mitochondria

Cell Basic unit of life. Plant or Animal Cell

Tissue A group of similar cells that work together.

Muscle Tissue

Organ Collection of tissues joined together

Lungs

Organ System

Collection of organs that work together for a

similar goal.

Respiratory System

Organism A living thing Human

Cell Differentiation

Defined- Process where a generic cell develops into a specific type of cell.

Example-> zygote -> embryoAllows germ cells, stem cells, and

somatic cells to develop and mature.

Why is it crucial?

Crucial for embryonic development, plays a role in the functioning of many organisms throughout their lives.

Cell Organelles

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rABKB5aS2Zg&feature=related

Cell Membrane Description- Thin covering, protects cells,

made up of two layers- hydrophobic fatty acid tails and hydrophilic glycerol / phosphate heads

Function- Controls the passage into and out of the cell, semi-permeable= some things come in and some things go out.

Cytoplasm Description- Jellylike substance

throughout the cell Function- Cushions organelles,

transports proteins, nucleic acids, minerals, and ions

Cytoskeleton Description- Network of

proteins that is constantly changing to meet the needs of a cell.

Function- Protects, structural support and shape

Three Main Fibers:

1. Microtubules= long hollow tubes. Give cells its shape and acts as “tracks” for organelle movement.

2. Intermediate filaments- give a cell its strength

3. Microfilaments- tiny threads that allow the cell to move and divide. Help the muscle contract and relax.

Cell Wall Description- Plants

only, made up of cellulose, rigid, tough

Function- Protects, supports, and shapes the cell.

Process- Turgor Pressure

Vacuole Description- Fluid

filled sacs Function- Full of

water, nutrients, and waste that is on its way out.

Process- Storage

Central Vacuole

Description- Large fluid filled sac in plants only

Function- Used for storage of materials needed by the cell such as water, food, enzymes, and inorganic molecules.

Process- Storage

Chloroplast Description- Plants only, green

structure with chlorophyll Function- Carry out

photosynthesis by capturing and converting solar energy.

Process- Photosynthesis

Vesicle Description-Small sacs that divide some

materials from the cytoplasm Function- transport materials from place to place

in a cell through the cytoplasm Process- Exocytosis and Endocytosis

Chromatin

Description- In the nucleus, made of DNA and protein, contains genes

Function- To package DNA into a smaller volume so that it can fit into a cell.

Process- Cell Division

Nucleus Description- Dense,

ball shaped structure, contains DNA, Storehouse of the DNA

Function- Protein synthesis occurs here, control center of the cell

Process-Processes DNA and Protein Synthesis

Nucleolus Description- Dense region in the middle of

the nucleus, dark ball Function- Ribosome's are made here Process- Protein Synthesis

Nuclear Membrane/ Envelope

Description- Double membrane around the nucleus

Function- Protects the nucleus and has pores around it for molecules to pass in and out

Nuclear Pore Description- little holes around the

membrane of the nucleus Function- Allows things to move in and out

of the nucleus.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Description- No ribosomes, Lots of folds, inner membrane= lumen

Functions- Makes proteins and lipids, controls calcium levels in muscles, breaks down drugs and alcohol

Process- Detoxification, Synthesis of Carbs and Lipids

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Description- Covered in ribosomes and attached to the nucleus

Function- Produces, transports enzymes and proteins throughout the cell.

Process- Processing Proteins

Ribosomes Description- tiny little balls

throughout the cell. Function- Makes proteins

and RNA, tiny balls that link amino acids together to form proteins, site of protein synthesis

Process- Protein Synthesis

Centrosome Description- Small region of cytoplasm that

produces microtubules, contains centrioles. Function- During mitosis this divides and the

two parts move to opposite sides of the cell. Process- Cell Division

Golgi Apparatus Description- Small bags with tubes connecting them and

contains enzymes Function- Processes, sorts, packages, and delivers proteins

and carbohydrates into vesicles for export out of the cell. Process- Processes Proteins

Mitochondria Description- kidney bean shaped organelle Function- Supplies energy to the cell, converts

food into energy (glucose into ATP), have their own ribosomes and DNA

Process- Cellular Respiration

Centriole Description- small cylinders Function- Helps divide DNA during cell division Process- Mitosis / Meiosis

Lysosomes Description- Small, round structures that contain

enzymes Function- Contains digestive enzymes, nutrients

and old cells are broken down and digested, and defend a cell from invading bacteria and viruses.

Process- Digestion, Phagocytosis

Flagella and Cilia

Description- flagella = tail-like, cilia= hair-like

Function- Help the cell move Process- Movement

Videos

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LP7xAr2FDFU&feature=related

http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm