Holocene Reef Accretion, Southwest Molokai, Hawaii Mary Engels
description
Transcript of Holocene Reef Accretion, Southwest Molokai, Hawaii Mary Engels
Holocene Reef Accretion, Southwest Molokai, Hawaii
Mary Engels
Acknowledgements:
- Chip Fletcher, Craig Glenn, Jane Schoonmaker
- Chris Conger, John Rooney, Joe Reich
- Family
- Coastal Geology Group
- SOEST
- USGS, Mike Field, Curt Storlazzi and Eric Grossman
- Khaled Bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation
- Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative
Overview:
I. Introduction: Objectives and Strategy
II. Modern Ecosystem Investigations
i. Data collection: Methodology
ii. Data Analysis: Substrate and coral types
iii. Conclusions: Model of modern ecosystem zonation for SW Molokai
III. Drill Core Investigations
i. Data collection: Methodology
ii. Data Analysis: Facies identification and distribution
iii. Conclusions: Facies interpretation
IV. Synthesis
V. Conclusions
Objectives:
What is the spatial variability of the Molokai modern reef ecosystem?
What is the influence of Holocene sea level on the Molokai reef system?
Exploratory investigation of the geologic history of the Molokai
fringing reef system.
OVERVIEW OF THE SOUTHWEST SHORE OF MOLOKAI:
LONO HARBOR
HALE O LONO SITE:-High wave exposure-Sparse coral cover-Shore parallel ridge and runnel morphology
HIKAUHI SITE-Medium wave exposure-Abundant coral cover-Shore normal spur and groove morphology
HIKAUHI SITEHALE O LONO SITE
LAAU POINT
0 km
0 mi
1 km
1 mi
Strategy:
Principle of Uniformitarianism : “the present is the key to the past”
Application:
Modern reef ecosystem zonation provides a model for
understanding Holocene reef accretion.
Strategy:
Principle of Uniformitarianism : “the present is the key to the past”
Application:
Modern reef ecosystem zonation provides a model for
understanding Holocene reef accretion.
Survey and model modern ecosystem zonation (PRESENT)
Strategy:
Principle of Uniformitarianism : “the present is the key to the past”
Application:
Modern reef ecosystem zonation provides a model for
understanding Holocene reef accretion.
Survey and model modern ecosystem zonation (PRESENT)
Identification of lithofacies from drill cores (PAST)
Strategy:
Principle of Uniformitarianism : “the present is the key to the past”
Application:
Modern reef ecosystem zonation provides a model for
understanding Holocene reef accretion.
Survey and model modern ecosystem zonation (PRESENT)
Identification of lithofacies from drill cores (PAST)
Comparison of lithofacies and modern ecosystem model to determine
depositional environments (PRESENT + PAST)
Strategy:
Principle of Uniformitarianism : “the present is the key to the past”
Application:
Modern reef ecosystem zonation provides a model for
understanding Holocene reef accretion.
Survey and model modern ecosystem zonation (PRESENT)
Identification of lithofacies from drill cores (PAST)
Comparison of lithofacies and modern ecosystem model to determine
depositional environments (PRESENT + PAST)
Reconstruct paleoecosystem zonation from lithofacies distribution
(PRESENT+PAST = RECORD)
Strategy:
Strategy:
Strategy:
Strategy:
Strategy:
Overview:
I. Introduction: Objectives and Strategy
II. Modern Ecosystem Investigations
i. Data collection: Methodology
ii. Data Analysis: Substrate and coral types
iii. Conclusions: Model of modern ecosystem zonation for SW Molokai
III. Drill Core Investigations
i. Data collection: Methodology
ii. Data Analysis: Facies identification and distribution
iii. Conclusions: Facies interpretation
IV. Synthesis
V. Conclusion
Modern Ecosystem Investigations: Methodology
10 m benthic surveys-Line Intercept Technique.
Recorded every change in substrate type.
Coincident (or nearly so) with drill cores.
19 surveys from Hikauhi, 27 surveys from Hale O Lono
HIKAUHIHALE O LONO
0 km
0 mi
1 km
1 mi
Modern Ecosystem Investigations: Data Analysis
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
% of 100
> 10 m
5 to 10 m
< 5 m
> 10 m
5 to 10 m
< 5 m
Hal
e O
Lon
o
H
ikau
hi
Substrate types
Fossil reef (FR) - bare
Fossil Reef w/ sand
FR w/ encrusting coralline algae (CA)
Coral - living
Dead coral - bare
Dead coral w/ encrusting CA
Rubble
Sand
Zoanthid
Modern Ecosystem Investigations: Data Analysis
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
% normalized to 100
>10m
5m to 10m
< 5m
>10m
5m to 10m
< 5m
Hal
e O
Lon
o
Hik
auhi
Coral types
Encrusting M. flabellata
Encrusting M. patula
Encrusting M. verrucosa
Encrusting P. lobata
Finger branching P. compressa
Massive P. lobata
Pavona varians
Platy P. lobata
Stout Branching P. meandrina
Modern Ecosystem Investigations: Results
Modern Ecosystem Investigations: Results
Modified from Storlazzi et al. (in press)
Study Sites
Modern Ecosystem Investigations: Results
Modified from Storlazzi et al. (in press)
Study Sites
Modern Ecosystem Investigations: Results
Modified from Storlazzi et al. (in press)
Modern Ecosystem Investigations: Conclusions
Modern Ecosystem Investigations: Conclusions
Overview:
I. Introduction: Objectives and Strategy
II. Modern Ecosystem Investigations
i. Data collection: Methodology
ii. Data Analysis: Substrate and coral types
iii. Conclusions: Model of modern ecosystem zonation for SW Molokai
III. Drill Core Investigations
i. Data collection: Methodology
ii. Data Analysis: Facies identification and distribution
iii. Conclusions: Facies interpretation
IV. Synthesis
V. Conclusions
Shore normal transects
Water depth 4 m to 21 m
Where possible cores started on live
coral.
14 cores from Hikauhi
10 cores from Hale O Lono.
Cores sub-sampled for radiocarbon
dating, X-ray diffraction analysis and
thin section analysis
Drill Core Investigations: Data Collection: Methodology
157d 16’ 0” 157d 15’ 0”
21d 4’ 30”
157d 16’ 0” 157d 15’ 0”
21d 5’ 30”21d
5’ 3
0 ”21
d 4’
30”
• 5.5 m
• 8.5 m• 14.0 m
• 17.7 m• 21.0 m
Drill Core Investigations: Data Collection
Hale O Lono Hikauhi
157d 10’ 45”
157d 10’ 45”
157d 9’ 45”
157d 9’ 45”
21d 5’ 30”
21d
5’ 3
0 ”21
d 4’
45” 21d 4’ 45”
4.0 m5.5 m
9.1 m
14.3 m
19.8 m
9.8 m
6.1 m
10.7 m
18.3 m12.8 m
0 km
0 mi
0.5 km
0.5 mi
0 km
0 mi
0.5 km
0.5 mi
Drill Core Investigations: Data Analysis
Lithofacies (facies)
A: Encrusting coral-algal bindstone
B: Mixed skeletal rubble
C: Massive coral framestone
D: Unconsolidated floatstone
E: Branching coral framestone
Drill Core Investigations: Data Analysis
Drill Core Investigations: Data Analysis
A: Encrusting coral-algal bindstone High-Energy
B: Mixed skeletal rubble High-Energy
Drill Core Investigations: Data Analysis
A: Encrusting coral-algal bindstone High-Energy
B: Mixed skeletal rubble High-Energy
C: Massive coral framestone Mid-Energy
Drill Core Investigations: Data Analysis
A: Encrusting coral-algal bindstone High-Energy
B: Mixed skeletal rubble High-Energy
C: Massive coral framestone Mid-Energy
D: Unconsolidated floatstone Mid-Energy
Drill Core Investigations: Data Analysis
E: Branching coral framestone Low-Energy
A: Encrusting coral-algal bindstone High-Energy
B: Mixed skeletal rubble High-Energy
C: Massive coral framestone Mid-Energy
D: Unconsolidated floatstone Mid-Energy
Drill Core Investigations: Data Analysis
Drill Core Investigations: Data Analysis
910 cal yr BP
Drill Core Investigations: Data Analysis
Drill Core Investigations: Data Analysis
4,812 cal yr BP
Drill Core Investigations: Conclusions
Decreasing age of reef toward shore
Distinct facies change between ~8,100 cal yr BP and ~7,900 cal yr BP
Youngest recorded age ~4,800 cal yr BP
Sequence is exposed, not buried under continued accretion
Drill Core Investigations: Conclusions
Decreasing age of reef toward shore
Distinct facies change between ~8,100 cal yr BP and ~7,900 cal yr BP
Youngest recorded age ~4,800 cal yr BP
Sequence is exposed, not buried under continued accretion
Drill Core Investigations: Conclusions
Possible causes:
Decreasing age of reef toward shore (long term, 8,000 years),
-Local relative sea-level rise (Hawaiian Islands): island
subsidence, localized oceanic thermal expansion
-Eustatic sea-level rise (Global): Glacial melting, thermal
warming, basin volume changes
Distinct facies change (short term, 200 years change ~8,100 cal yr BP):
-Rapid local relative sea-level rise (Hawaiian Islands):
island subsidence, localized oceanic thermal expansion
-Rapid eustatic sea-level rise (Global): Catastrophic Rise
Event III, 8.2 ka event
Drill Core Investigations: Conclusions
Drill Core Investigations: Conclusions
Rapid sea-level rise
Drill Core Investigations: Conclusions
Rapid sea-level rise
Drill Core Investigations: Conclusions
Rapid sea-level rise
Drill Core Investigations: Conclusions
Rapid sea-level rise
Drill Core Investigations: Conclusions
Decreasing age of reef toward shore
Distinct facies change between ~8,100 cal yr BP and ~7,900 cal yr BP
Youngest recorded age ~4,800 cal yr BP
Sequence is exposed, not buried under continued accretion
Drill Core Investigations: Conclusions
Possible causes:
Youngest age recorded, ~4,800 cal yr BP
-Change in environmental conditions: change in El Nino,
Southern Oscillation (ENSO) patterns, changes in wave
shadowing (increasingly vertical topography), Penguin Bank
Sequence is exposed, not buried under continued accretion
-Erosion
-Changes in wave shadowing
Drill Core Investigations: Conclusions
Modern Shoreline
-10 m shoreline
-20 m shoreline
Overview:
I. Introduction: Objectives and Strategy
II. Modern Ecosystem Investigations
i. Data collection: Methodology
ii. Data Analysis: Substrate and coral types
iii. Conclusions: Model of modern ecosystem zonation for SW Molokai
III. Drill Core Investigations
i. Data collection: Methodology
ii. Data Analysis: Facies identification and distribution
iii. Conclusions: Facies interpretation
IV. Synthesis
V. Conclusions
Synthesis
Spatial variability of the Molokai modern reef ecosystem?
Increasing wave energy, by depth changes and exposure to North
Pacific swell, = decreased coral cover and a shift from delicate coral
morphologies to robust coral morphologies
Synthesis
Influence of Holocene sea level on the SW Molokai reef system?
-Early Holocene sea-level rise caused a landward migration of
reef accretion centers.
-Rapid sea-level rise between ~8,100 cal yr BP and ~7,900 cal yr
BP changed depositional environments at Hale O Lono.
-Stabilization of late Holocene sea level forced lateral progradation
of reefs at Hikauhi
Spatial variability of the Molokai modern reef ecosystem?
Increasing wave energy, by depth changes and exposure to North
Pacific swell, = decreased coral cover and a shift from delicate coral
morphologies to robust coral morphologies
Overview:
I. Introduction: Objectives and Strategy
II. Modern Ecosystem Investigations
i. Data collection: Methodology
ii. Data Analysis: Substrate and coral types
iii. Conclusions: Model of modern ecosystem zonation for SW Molokai
III. Drill Core Investigations
i. Data collection: Methodology
ii. Data Analysis: Facies identification and distribution
iii. Conclusions: Facies interpretation
IV. Synthesis
V. Conclusions
Drill Core Investigations:
Late Holocene accretion at Hikauhi has consisted of lateral progradation of the reef structure.
In the early Holocene at Hale O Lono, the reef back-stepped under rising sea levels which likely resulted from a combination of both local and global influences.
The distinct facies change at Hale O Lono between ~8,100 cal yr BP and ~7,900 cal yr BP is likely the result of rapid global sea-level rise, perhaps associated with CREIII or the 8.2 ka
event.
Reef accretion at Hale O Lono terminated at ~4,800 cal yr BP due to changes in environmentalconditions, possibly related to a reduction in wave shadowing by Laau Point or ENSO changes.
The transgressive sequence at Hale O Lono remains exposed, possibly due to a decrease in wave shadowing by Laau Point
Conclusions:
Modern Ecosystem Investigations:
On a small scale (by site), substrate and coral types change with depth.
On a large scale (western end of Molokai), substrate and coral types change with proximity to Laau Point, the refraction point for North Pacific swell.
Mahalo!