hnjfo' kl/jt{g

1fgdfnf

hnjfo' kl/jt{g

1fgdfnf

Standards for use of the UK aid logo June 2012

k|sfzs;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{g cWoog ;+:yf -cfO;]6_–g]kfn

kf]=a=g+= #(&!, r08f]n, sf7df8f}+, g]kfnkmf]g g+=M $$$)*%$, $$@^&@*, $$!&!)& Od]nM iset@ntc.net.np; j]j;fO6M www.isetnepal.org.np

PS;gP8 cGt/f{li6«o g]kfnkf]=a=g+= ^@%&, cK;/f dfu{, nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn

kmf]g g+=M $))@!&&, $))@!&@ Od]nM mail.nepal@actionaid.org; j]j;fO6M www.actionaid.org/nepal

hnjfo' kl/jt{g / ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt u}/Joj;flos k|of]hgsf nflu o; k':tssf c+zx? ;|f]t v'nfP/ k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f ug{ ;lsg]5 .

cfO;]6–g]kfn To;/L k|sflzt÷pTkflbt ;fdu|Lsf] b'O{k|lt k|fKt ug]{ ck]Iff /fV5 .

© ;jf{lwsf/ ;'/lIft @)!^, cfO;]6–g]kfn / PS;gP8 g]kfn

;Gbe{–;fdu|LM cho bLlIft, zf]efs'df/L ofbj, cfz'tf]if z'Snf / s~rgdl0f bLlIft -;g\ @)!^_M hnjfo' kl/jt{g 1fgdfnf, ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{g cWoog ;+:yf -cfO;]6_–g]kfn /

PS;gP8 g]kfn, sf7df8f}+ .

n]vsM cho bLlIft, zf]efs'df/L ofbj, cfz'tf]if z'Snf / s~rgdl0f bLlIft

ISBNM 978-9937-8519-6-1

l8hfOgM l8lh:Sofg lk|=–k|];

ljifo;"rL

xl/tu[x Uof; / ljZjJofkL tfkqmd j[l4

df};d / hnjfo' kl/jt{g

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;"rs / k|efj

cg's"ng / Go"gLs/0f

g]kfnsf] cg'ej

/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o k|of;

cufl8sf] af6f]k[i7 $*

k[i7 !!

k[i7 !(

k[i7 @&

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k[i7 $#

k[i7 #

xfd|f] eGg"

cfk"m hGd]sf], s]6fs]6Ldf v]n]sf], k9]sf] / x's]{sf] ufpF7fpF ;a}nfO{ Kof/f] nfU5 . xfdLdWo] s]xL Tot} a;f]af; u5f}+{ . c¿ zx/lt/ a:g] u5f}{+Ù s]xLn] a;fOF ;/]sf 5f}F, ToxLF /dfPsf 5f}F . aflx/lt/ a;] klg xfdL cfgf] yftynf]l;t ufFl;Psf x'G5f}F . yftynf]sf ?v–la?jf, vf]nfgfnf, kf]v/L, af/L, kfgLsf] d'xfg, kFw]/f, v]t, vlnxfg, au}Frf, jghËn, r'r'/f ;lDem/xG5f}F . a]nfavt yftynf] kms{G5f}F . kms{+bf xfdL cfgf ufpF7fpFdf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿, ;fdflhs Joj:yf / Jojxf/, hLjg:t/ / hLjgofkgsf ;fwgx¿df kl/jt{g ePsf] kfpF5f}F . dfgj ;dfh ;w}F kl/jt{gsf] qmddf 5, km]/abn eO/x]sf] 5 . eO/x]sf kl/jt{gaf/] xfdL ;a}sf] rf;f] /xG5 . log} rf;f]x¿n] xfdLnfO{ kl/jt{gk|lt ;r]t / cEo:t /xg l;sfpF5g\ .

g]kfn b|'t kl/jt{gsf] qmddf 5Ù w]/}lt/ 3/a:tL a9]sf 5g\, af6f]3f6f] k'u]sf] 5, uf8Lx¿ rNg yfn]sf 5g\ . w]/}n] df]afOn kmf]g k|of]u u5{g\, b]z–ljb]zsf] ;"rgf xfdL tTsfn} kfpF5f}F . km];a'sh:tf ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] k|of]u a9\g'sf ;fy} 3/3/df 6]lnlehg k'u]sf] 5 . xfdL cfgf xslxtaf/] klxn]eGbf ;r]t ePsf 5f}F . ;fy}, xfdLn] gsf/fTds kl/jt{g klg x'Fb} u/]sf] b]v]sf / cg'ej u/]sf 5f}F . kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ ;'s]sf 5g\, k|b"lift klg ePsf 5g\, kmf]xf]/d}nf a9]sf] 5, kmflnPsf Knfli6ssf vf]n / af]tnx¿ htftt} b]lvG5g\ . v]taf/L afFemf] x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . v]taf/Ldf cTolws ljiffbL k|of]u ul/G5, jfo' k|b"if0f lgs} a9]sf] 5 .

xfdLn] ef]u]sf / cg'ej u/]sf kl/jt{gx¿sf] Pp6f nfdf] ;"rL aGg ;S5 . a9\bf] hg;ª\Vofsf] rfk, zx/Ls/0f / k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] bf]xgsf ;fy} xfd|f] cfg} hLjgz}nLdf cfPsf kl/jt{gx¿sf ;"rs o:tf] ;"rLdf k5{g\ . o:tf] Pp6f kl/jt{g hnjfo'df eO/x]sf] 5 . of] qmd cfheGbf ;f9] b'O{ ;o jif{ hlt cl3 ;'? ePsf] xf] . ;g\ !&&) df a]nfotdf klxnf] cf}Bf]lus qmflGt ;'? ePkl5 ha jfo'd08ndf ePsf Uof;x¿sf] dfqf a9\g yfNof] / To;n] jfo'd08nsf] tfkqmd a9fpFb} hnjfo'df c;/ kfg{ yfNof] . k[YjLnfO{ jfo'd08nn] 9fs]sf] 5, h;df /x]sf Uof;x¿n] k[YjLnfO{ tftf] /fv]sf 5g\ . of] Uof; gePsf] eP k[YjL lxpFsf] 8Nnf] x'g] lyof] . k[YjLdf dfG5] / hLjhGt'sf] pTklQ ePotf jfo'd08nsf] tfkqmd cf};t !$ l8u|L ;]lN;o; lyof], oBlk s'g} a]nf Tof]eGbf s]xL dfly / s]xL tn uPsf] klg lyof] .

To;a]nf ;'? ePsf] jfo'd08n tftf] x'g] qmdsf] c;/ s]xL bzsotf b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . e"d08ndf lxhf] ePsf / cfh x'Fb} u/]sf lqmofsnfk hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . of] s'g} lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qsf] geO{ k"/} ljZjn] ef]lu/x]sf] ;d:of xf] . ;d:of e"d08nLo eP klg hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efjx¿ :yfgLo :t/df k5{g\ . xfd|} ufpF–zx/df tfkqmd j[l4, cgfj[li6, v08j[li6 / v8]/Lsf] qmldstf, jiff{ x'g] lbgx¿df sdL, xfF8L3f]K6] jiff{ x'g] 36gfdf j[l4, t';f/f] kg]{ lbgx¿ sd x'Fb} uPsf] xfdLn] cg'ej u/]sf 5f}F . kfgLsf d'xfgx¿ ;'Sg], af9L–klx/f] /

< 2 >

cfunfuLsf 36gfx¿ a9\g], wfgsf] /f]kfOF ug{ l9nf] x'g], cGgkft / kmnk"mnx¿sf] pTkfbg 36\g], lrp/L / cfFkdf k"mn rfF8} nfUg] clg cGg / t/sf/L af/Ldf sL/f / /f]ux¿ a9\b} u/]sf yk cg'ej 5g\ . oL ;a} 36gfx¿ s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f klg x'g\ .

hnjfo' xfd|f] hLjg / lbgrof{;Fu cleGg ¿kn] ufFl;Psf] 5— wfgsf] a]gf{ /fVg cfsfzdf afbn nfUof] jf nfu]g, cfh la:s'g ;'sfpFbf kfgL k5{ jf kb}{gh:tf lg0f{o / sfdx¿ df};d / xfjfkfgL;Fu k|ToIf ¿kdf hf]l8Psf 5g\ . of] kl/j]zdf kl/jt{g x'g'sf] dtna xf], xfd|f] hLjg / lbgrof{df c;/ . To;f] x'Fbf ;+;f/el/ s[ifs, dhb'/ / u[lx0fLb]lv gLlt–lgdf{tf;DdnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] k|efj kfg{ yfn]sf] 5 tL ;a} g} o;af/] rf;f] /fVg yfn]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo :t/df hnjfo' kl/jt{g s;/L eof] / x'Fb} u/]sf] 5 clg xfd|f] k|fs[lts ;|f]t, ;fwg, lbgrof{ / hLjgofkgdf To;sf] s]–s:tf] / s;/L k|efj kb}{5 dxTjk"0f{ k|Zg x'g\ . o;af/] hfgsf/ / ;r]t x'g' xfd|f nflu h?/L 5 . o:tf hfgsf/Ln] xfdLnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjl;t cEo:t /xg ;Ifd agfpF5 .

xfdL k|s[ltsf] ;dli6df afFr]sf 5f}F, xfd|f] lqmofsnfkn] k|s[ltnfO{ c;/ kf5{ eg] k|s[ltsf] Jojxf/af6 xfdL k|efljt x'G5f}F, oBlk xfdLdWo] w]/} cfgf] lbgrof{df /dfP/ a;]sf 5f}FÙ of] cGt;{DaGwaf/] rf;f] /fVb}gf}F . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] xfdLnfO{ k|rlnt tl/sf / ljsf;sf] af6f] clg of] cGt;{DaGwaf/] ;f]Rg k|]l/t ug'{k5{ . xfdLn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ljleGg cfofdaf/] hfgsf/L /fVg lsg h¿/L 5 eg] o;af6 JolQm, kl/jf/, ;d'bfo, ;dfh

/ ;/sf/ sf]xL klg cnu /xg ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . o:tf] hfgsf/Ln] xfd|f] b}glGbg Jojxf/, ljsf; sfo{, k|ljlw / pTkfbg k|0ffnLaLr ;fd~h:o /fv]/ hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cg's"n aGg d2t k'U5 . oL hfgsf/Lx¿ kl/jt{g;Fu cEo:t x'g] / k|ult kydf a9\g] cj;/ klxNofpg pkof]uL x'G5g\ . hlt w]/} hfgsf/L x'G5 plt g} cj;/x¿ a9\b} hfG5g\ .

o; k'l:tsfdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g lsg eO/x]sf] 5 <, hnjfo' / df};daLrsf] leGgtf, xl/tu[x Uof;sf ;|f]t, o;sf] k|efj, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;f] sd ug{ ul/Psf k|of;nufotsf ljifox¿ ;dfj]z 5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/;Fu cg's"n /xg g]kfndf ul/Psf k|of;af/] s]xL hfgsf/L klg k'l:tsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

of] 1fgdfnf o's]P8sf] ;xof]u, PS;gP8 g]kfnsf] ;xhLs/0fdf cfO;]6–g]kfnn] tof/ u/]sf] xf] . ljut s]xL jif{otf PS;gP8–g]kfn / cfO;]6–g]kfnn] ljkb\ Joj:yfkg, hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng / kfgL Joj:yfkgsf ljifodf 1fg l;h{gf tyf ;Dk]|if0f sfo{df ;xsfo{ ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . k'l:tsf tof/Ldf ljleGg JolQmx¿sf] ;xof]u /Xof] . xfdL PS;gP8 g]kfnsf lbg]z u'?ª / lzj kf]v/]nnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}F . cfO;]6–g]kfnsf o'j/fh ;Tofn / /lj j]Gh"n] ljifout ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'eof] . xfdL cfO;]6–g]kfnsf gf/fo0f>L clwsf/L, uLtf ef]dL / uËf >]i7nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}F . z/RrGb| j:tLnfO{ efiff kl/dfh{gsf nflu wGojfb Û k'l:tsfdf ;+nUg lrqx¿ ;'/]Gb| k|wfgn] tof/ ug'{ePsf] xf] .

< 3 >

kf7!

xl/tu[x Uof; / ljZjJofkL tfkqmd j[l4

< 4 >

x'g yfn] . Pl;of, clk|msf / cGoqsf d'n'sx¿ pklgj]z ag] / bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] ;dflKtkl5 tL d'n'sx¿ :jtGq aGg] qmd ;'? eof] .

;g\ !*%) lt/ ;'? ePsf] bf];|f] cf}Bf]lus qmflGt;Fu} vlgh t]n pTvgg\ ug]{, k|zf]wg ug]{ / laqmL–ljt/0f ug]{ Jofkfl/s Joj:yf cufl8 a9fof] . sf]Onf / vlgh t]n cfw'lgs ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos pmhf{ pTkfbg ug]{ dfWod ag] / la:tf/} ljZj cy{k|0ffnL oL vlht OGwgsf] bf]xgdf cfwfl/t x'g k'Uof] . of] af6f]n] ljsf; t u¥of] t/ sf]Onf / vlgh OGwgsf] k|of]u a9]kl5 pBf]ux¿af6 lgl:sPsf] w'jfFn] jfo'd08ndf xl/tu[x Uof;sf] dfqf a9\g yfNof] / jfo'd08nsf] cf};t tfkqmd klg . ;g\ !*%) otf xl/tu[x Uof;sf] kl/0ffd / tfkqmd lg/Gt/ a9\b} u/]sf] l;nl;nf :ki6 b]lvG5 .

jt{dfg ;Gbe{;g\ @)!% df ;DkGg hnjfo';DaGwL k]l/; ;Demf}tfn] eG5, ;g\ @!)) df jfo'd08nsf] cf};t tfkqmd cf}Bf]lus sfnv08sf] eGbf @ l8u|LeGbf dfly k'Ug' x'Fb}g . klxnf] cfw'lgs qmflGt cyf{t\ cfheGbf sl/a @ ;o %) jif{b]lv pT;h{g ul/Psf Uof;n] jfo'd08nsf] tfkqmd a9fPsf] j}1flgs cfFs8f 5 . a]nfotdf !*cf}F ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/ klxnf] cf}Bf]lus qmflGt ;'? ePkl5 sf]Onf afn]/ afkm -pmhf{_ lgsfNg] / afkmnfO{ oflGqs ultdf kl/0ft ug]{ ljlwsf] ljsf; x'g yfNof] . of] ljlwn] ;d'b|L Jofkf/, oftfoft k|0ffnL, lah'nL, cfw'lgs l;FrfO Joj:yf lgdf{0f x'g yfn], /f]uJofwL pGd"ng ug]{ vf]k / cf}iflwd"nf]sf] ljsf;n] ;xof]u k'¥ofof] . klZrd o'/f]k / cd]l/sfdf k'FhLjfbL k|0ffnL ToxL sfnv08df 3gLe"t x'g yfNof] . tL d'n'sx¿sf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, Joj:yf / Jofkf/sf ;Gbe{ kl/jt{g

!*cf}F ztfAbLdf cf}Bf]lus ;Eotf ;'? eof] .

< 5 >

xl/tu[x Uof; / tfkqmdxfd|f] jfo'd08n ljleGg k|sf/sf Uof;x?sf] ld>0fn] ag]sf] 5 . h;dWo] clS;hgn] @! k|ltzt cf]u6]sf] 5 . clS;hg xfdL k|f0fLx?sf] k|f0fjfo' xf] . xfdL clS;hg lnG5f}F / sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 kmfN5f}F . sfa{g8fOcS;fO8, gfO6«; cS;fO8, ldy]g, cf]hf]g / kfgLsf s0f -afkm_ xl/tu[x Uof; x'g\ . jfo'd08nsf] s'n cfotgsf] ! xhf/dWo] Ps -) bzdnj ! k|ltzt_ c+z xl/tu[x Uof;n] cf]u6]sf] 5 . s'n xl/tu[x Uof;sf] *) k|ltzt c+z sfa{g8fOcS;fO8n] cf]u6]sf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ k|d'v xl/tu[x Uof; dflgG5 . xl/tu[x Uof;x¿n] ;"o{sf ls/0fx¿ ;f];]/ jfo'd08nnfO{ tftf] agfpg] u5{g\ . ;g\ !*%) lt/ jfo'd08ndf sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf @ ;o *) kLkLPd -cyf{t\ !) nfvdf @ ;o *) s0f_ lyof] eg] cf};t tfkqmd !$ l8u|L ;]lN;o; . ;g\ !()! lt/ # ;o kLkLPd k'Uof] . ;g\ @)!^ df ;f] a9]/ $ ;o kLkLPd k'u]sf] 5 . kmn:j¿k lxhf]cfh k[YjLsf] cf};t tfkqmd !$ bzdnj *% l8u|L ;]lN;o; k'u]sf] 5, h'g ;g\ !*#) sf] t'ngfdf emG8} ) bzdnj *% ;]lN;o; a9L xf] . sfa{g8fOcS;fO8nufotsf xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{g a9\b} hfg] xf] -aS; !_ eg] ;g\ @!)) ;Dd jfo'd08nsf] cf};t tfkqmd cf}Bf]lus sfnv08sf] t'ngfdf $ l8u|L ;]lN;o;;Dd a9\g] j}1flgsx¿sf] lgisif{ 5, cyf{t\ jfo'd08nsf] cf};t tfkqmd !* l8u|L ;]lN;o; k'Ug ;S5 . @)!% df ;DkGg k]l/; ;Demf}tfn] ;g\ @!)) ;Dd cf};t tfkqmd !% bzdnj % l8u|L ;]lN;o; eGbf dfly hfg glbg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 .

xl/tu[x k|efjjfo'd08ndf xl/tu[x Uof;x¿sf] dfqf ylkPkl5 ;"o{af6 cfPsf] tftf] ;f]:g] Ifdtf a9\5, tfkqmd dfly hfG5 . j}1flgsx¿n] xhf/f}F jif{ k'/fgf] lxpFsf ljleGg txdf

;g\ !()!

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;g\ !*%)

@*) kLkLPd

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;g\ @)!^

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;g\ !*)) sf] t'ngfdf @)!^ df jfo'd08ndf sfa{gsf] dfqf ! ;o @) lklkPdn] a9]sf] 5 .

cf}Bf]lus ;Eotfsf] yfngL;Fu} sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 / cf};t tfkqmd a9\g yfn]

tfkqmd

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jfo'd08nLo sfa{g8fOcS;fO8

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cf}Bf]lus ;Eotf ;'?

< 6 >

/x]sf] xl/tu[x Uof; / cf};t tfkqmdsf] cWoog u/]sf 5g\ . cWoogsf cg';f/ cf};t tfkqmd / jfo'd08ndf sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf l:y/ Pj+ ;fd~h:ok"0f{ /xg] qmd ;g\ !*)) ;Dd lg/Gt/ /Xof], tTkZrft\ b'j} a9\g yfn] . s'g} a]nf of] ;fd~h:o vnalnPsf] klg lyof] . h:tf], PskN6 Pp6f 7"nf] pNsf k[YjLdf 7f]lsof], Jofks w"nf] p8Øf] / ;"o{sf] ls/0f cfpg kfPg, tfkqmd lg/Gt/ 36Øf] . kmn:j¿k k[YjLdf ljr/0f ug]{ 8fOgf];/nufot hLjhGt' nf]k eP . Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6g eP/ lg:s]sf] w"nf]n] klg ;"o{sf] lq/0f cfpg /f]Sg] x'Fbf tfkqmd kl/jt{g x'g uO{ 8fOgf];/nufot hLjhGt' nf]k ePsf] j}1flgsx¿ atfpF5g\ .

;"o{af6 cfpg] pmhf{n] g} k[YjLdf hLjg ;Dej agfPsf] xf] . k[YjLdf ePsf ;a} jg:kltn] k|sfz ;+Zn]if0fsf dfWodaf6 sfaf]{xfO8«]6sf] pTkfbg u5{g\ . sfaf]{xfO8«]6af6 af]6la?jfx¿ a9\5g\ / km;n lbG5g\ . pmhf{sf] n]gb]gn] jfikLs/0f tyf df6f] / xfjfnfO{ tftf] /fVg] sfd u5{ .

t/ ;"o{af6 cfPsf] ;a} ls/0f k[YjLn] cjzf]if0f ub}{g, To;sf] Pp6f 7"nf] c+z jfo'd08nlt/ kmls{G5 . kms{g] qmddf s]xL ls/0fnfO{ jfo'd08ndf ePsf] xl/tu[x Uof;n] ;f];]/ /fV5 eg] s]xL jfo'd08naf6 aflx/ k'uL cGtl/Ifdf lanfpF5 . of] k|lqmofnfO{ l;;fsf] 3/leq la?jf x'sf{Og] jf Knfli6ssf] 6g]nleq t/sf/L v]tL ul/g] k|lqmofl;t t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 . l;;fsf] 3/ / Knfli6ssf] 6g]nleq ;"o{sf] ls/0f l5g{ ;S5 t/ tftf] aflx/ cfpg ;Sb}g . aflx/sf] eGbf 6g]nleq leqsf] tfkqmd lgs} a9L x'G5 . o;/L l;;fsf] 3/ / Knfli6ssf] 6g]nleq hf8f]sf] df};ddf a]df};dL af]6la?jf x'sf{pg ;Dej x'G5 .

xl/tu[x Uof; jfo'd08nsf] l;/s;/x xf] h;n] ;"o{sf ls/0f ;f];]/ k[YjLnfO{ Gofgf] /fV5 . o;}nfO{ xl/tu[x k|efj elgPsf] xf] . ;g\ !*%) df hf]g l6G8n gfd u/]sf a]nfotL j}1flgsn] jfo'd08ndf ePsf] afkmn] s]xL dfqfdf ;"o{sf] ls/0f ;f];]/ lnG5 / jfo'd08naf6 aflx/ hfg lbFb}g eGg] kQf nufPsf lyP . xl/tu[x k|efj kQf nufpg] pgL klxnf] j}1flgs lyP . xl/tu[x Uof;sf] dfqf hlt w]/} eof], Tolt g} To;n] ;"o{af6 cfpg] / k[YjLaf6 aflx/ hfg] ls/0f ;f]:g] x'Fbf pmhf{ jfo'd08naf6 aflx/ hfg ;Sb}g / tfkqmd a9\b} hfG5 . To:tf] l:yltdf jfo'd08ndf Gofgf] g/x]/ tftf] aGg]tkm{ nfU5 . oxL k|lqmofn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] qmd ;'? u/]sf] xf] . xl/tu[x k|efj cfkm}Fdf gsf/fTds xf]Og . oL Uof;x¿ gePsf] eP k[YjL tftf] /xg ;Sb}gYof], lxpFsf] l9Ssf x'g] lyof] . ;d:of xf]— xl/tu[x Uof;x¿sf] dfqf jfo'd08ndf cfjZostfeGbf a9\g' / jfo'd08nLo tfkqmddf j[l4 x'g' . of] j[l4 hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f xf] h;sf] gsf/fTds c;/ sd ug{ tfkqmd / Uof;aLr /x]sf] ;fd~h:o k'gM:yflkt ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . ;g\ @)!% sf] k]l/; hnjfo' ;Demf}tf of] ;fd~h:o k|fKt ug{ kl/nlIft 5 .

Knfli6ssf] 6g]nleq ul/Psf] t/sf/L v]tL .

< 7 >

jg km8fgLn] ck|ToIf ?kdf sfa{g pT;h{g u5{ .

< 8 >

xl/tu[x Uof;sf ;|f]tx?

df]6/uf8Lsf] w'Fjf

y'kfl/Psf] kmf]xf]/ d}nf

w'Fjf kmfNg] cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx¿a:t'efp

< 9 >

xl/tu[x Uof;sf ;|f]tx¿ xl/tu[x Uof;sf ;|f]t x'g\— sf]Onf / vlgh t]n afNg] pBf]ux¿ / sf]Onf afNg] lah'nL 3/, ;jf/L ;fwgsf] k|of]u, jg ljgfz, l;d]G6 pTkfbg, s[lif If]qdf ljiffbL / /f;folgs dnsf] a9\bf] k|of]u . 3/3/df lk|mh / Po/slG8;gsf] k|of]un] klg xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{g u5{ . af]6la?jfx¿n] jfo'd08naf6 sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 lnG5g\ / clS;hg kmfN5g\ . of] k|lqmofn] jfo'd08ndf sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf ;Gt'lnt /xG5 . jghËnsf] km8fgL ePkl5 sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 lng] qmd sd x'G5 / xl/tu[x k|efj a9\g hfG5 .

pT;h{gsf] efuaG8fcfheGbf Ps bzs cl3;Dd ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf / o'/f]k]nL d'n'sx¿ leGg–leGg ;|f]taf6 w]/} xl/tu[x Uof; pTkfbg ug]{ d'n's lyP . ;g\ @)!) df rLg ;a}eGbf a9L xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{g ug]{ d'n's aGof] . t/, P]ltxfl;s lx;fan] x]bf{ klZrdf cf}Bf]lus d'n's cNkljsl;t / ljsl;t d'n'ssf] t'ngfdf of] Uof; a9L pT;h{g u5{g\ . lxhf]cfh ljleGg /fi6«x¿n] sfa{g pT;h{g ug]{ kl/df0f tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . rLg, ef/t, cd]l/sf, /l;og km]8/];g / a|flhnn] ljZjsf] s'n sfa{gsf] cfwf efu pT;h{g u5{g\ . tflnsf ! af6 sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 pT;h{gsf nflu cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df cufl8 /x]sf d'n'sx¿ a9L lhDd]jf/ 5g\ eGg] k|:6 x'G5 . t/ tfkqmddf j[l4 / To;n] NofPsf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] k"/} ljZjnfO{ k|efj kfb}{5 . oyfy{df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] gsf/fTds k|efj cNkljsl;t Pj+ ljsf;zLn /fi6« / ;dfhn] 68\sf/f] ¿kdf a]xf]g{ yfn]sf 5g\ .

cfjf;, Jofkfl/s / cGo ;|f]tx? !)=#Ü

oftfoft ;fwfgsf] OGwgx? @!=#Ü

s[lifhGo pTkfbgx? !@=%Ü

kmf]xf]/–d}nf #=$Ü

e"pkof]u / sf7 bfp/f @!=#Ü

cf}Bf]lus k|lqmof !^=*Ü

pTkflbt, k|zf]lwt / ljtl/t vlgh OGwg

!!=#Ü

pmhf{ s]Gb|x? @!=#Ü

sfa{g pT;h{gsf ;|f]tx¿

xl/t

u[x Uof;

pT;h

{gsf k|d

'v %

/fi6«x

? /

g]kfn

rLg@#=$#Ü

cd]l/sf!$=^(Ü

ef/t%=&)Ü

/l;og km]8]/];g$=*&Ü

a|flhn$=!&Ü

g]kfn)=)!Ü

jfo'd08ndf xl/tu[x Uof;sf] s'n kl/df0f #=!&)x!)!@ 6g 5 .

< 10 >

< 11 >

df};d / hnjfo' kl/jt{g

kf7@

< 12 >

df};d / hnjfo' lr;f] jf tftf] x'g', afbn nfUg', xfjf rNg' / kfgL kg'{ e"–efusf df};dL cj:yf x'g\ . ;fdfGotof laxfg zLtn x'G5, 3fd nfUg yfn]kl5 udL{ a9\5, dWofXgdf 3fd rls{G5 / udL{ c;fWo} a9\5, ;fFem k/]kl5 tftf] sd x'g ;'? x'G5 . udL{ / kfgL kg]{ rl/q lrqdf b]vfPemF} 7fpF / Ct'cg';f/ km/s x'G5 . h]7 dlxgfdf udL{ x'G5 eg] k';df hf8f] . g]kfndf udL{ dlxgfdf t/fO{, efj/ / kxf8L e]usf a]+;Ldf lgs} udL{ x'G5 . t/ ToxL dlxgfdf kxf8sf b]p/fnLdf udL{ sd x'G5 eg], lxdfnL If]qdf lr;f] . hf8f] dlxgfdf t/fO{, efj/ / kxf8L e]usf a]+;Ldf tfkqmd sd x'G5 eg] pRr kxf8L e]u lr;f] / lxdfnL If]q lgs} lr;f] . of] qmd x/]s jif{

bf]xf]l//xG5 . xfjfsf] ult / lbzf, ;fk]lIfs cfb{|tf / hldgsf] lr:ofg klg df};dcg';f/ km/s x'G5 . k[YjL ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ 3'd]sf] sf/0fn] klg df};d leGg–leGg x'g uPsf] xf] .

jfo'd08nsf] cj:yfdf x'g] kl/jt{gn] If]qljz]ifsf] df};ddf km]/abn x'G5 . laxfg cfsfz v'Nnf eP klg lbpF;f]lt/ xfjf rNg yfn]kl5 afbn nfUg ;S5 / kfgL kg{ ;S5 . afbn x6]kl5 3fd nfU5 / tftf] a9\5 . 5f]6f] ;dosf], lglZrt :yfgdf x'g] jfo'd08nLo kl/jt{g df};d xf] h;n] xfd|f] lbgrof{ k|efljt ul//x]sf] x'G5 . s:tf] n'uf nufpg], v]tdf l;FrfO ug]{ jf gug]{, 5ftf af]Sg] jf gaf]Sg] df};dn] lgwf{/0f u5{ . la:s'g ;'sfpg] jf g;'sfpg] lg0f{o klg df};ds} cfwf/df ul/G5 .

lbg–k|ltlbgsf] df};dsf] cj:yfn] If]qljz]ifsf] hnjfo'nfO{ OlËt u5{ . s'g} If]qljz]ifsf] df};dsf] cf};t cj:yf g} hnjfo' xf] . ydf{ld6/n] tfkqmd gfK5 eg] kfgL k/]sf] kl/df0f /]gu]hdf gflkG5 . s'g} If]qsf] s'g} :yfgdf /flvPsf] ydf{ld6/ / /]gu]hn] gfk]/ #) b]lv #% jif{;Dd ;°ng ul/Psf] tfkqmd / jiff{sf] cf};tn] To; 7fpFsf] hnjfo'sf] cj:yf a'emfpF5 . t/fO{sf] hnjfo' pi0f xf] eg] dWokxf8 / sf7df8f}Fsf] hnjfo' zLtf]i0f xf] . oL If]qx¿df udL{ t/fO{eGbf sd x'G5 eg] hf8f]df t/fO{eGbf a9L t/ pRr kxf8L / lxdfnL If]qeGbf sd lr;f] x'G5 .

jiff{sf] rl/q vf; :ynsf] hnjfo'sf] Pp6f cfwf/ xf] . jiff{sf] ;|f]t hnrqm xf] . ;"o{sf] tfkn] ;d'b|, gbL / tfnsf] kfgLnfO{ ttfP/ afkm ag]kl5 Tof] jfo'd08ndf k'U5, clg lrl;P/ afbnsf] ¿k lnG5 . lr;f] ePkl5 ;f] afkm kfgL aG5 / k[YjLdf em5{ . jiff{sf ¿kdf ;d'b| Pj+ dxfb]zx¿df cfOk'U5 . s]xL kfgL jg:klt /

udL{ lbgdf ul/g] Jojxf/

< 13 >

df};dsf] leGgtf

< 14 >

hnrqmsf k|lqmofx?

jiff{ / cGo k|lqmof gfKg] s]Gb|

;d'b|af6 hldgtkm{

nfu]sf] jfo" k|0ffnL

e'ldut hn e08f/

jfikLs/0f

;d'b|

jiff{

afbn

gbL

hldgdf ;f]l;G5, s]xL hldgdf aU5 / vf]nfgfnf x'Fb} ;d'b|df k'U5 eg] s]xL ;f]l;P/ e"ldut hne08f/df ;l~rt x'G5 . k[YjLdf cfPsf] kfgL k'gM afkmsf] ¿kdf jfo'd08ndf kmls{G5Ù hnrqm lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 . pRr kxf8L e]udf lxpFsf] ¿kdf jiff{ x'G5 .

g]kfndf aËfnsf] vf8Laf6 cfpg] dg;'g / klZrdL jfo' k|0ffnLn] jiff{ u/fpF5 . dg;'g elgg] of] k|0ffnL c;f/df ;'? eP/ c;f]h dlxgfdf ;lsG5 . of] jfo' k"jL{ e]uaf6 ;'? eP/ klZrd g]kfnlt/ nfU5 . dg;'g k|0ffnLn] klZrd g]kfnsf] t'ngfdf k"jL{ g]kfndf a9L kfgL k5{ . dg;'g ;'? x'g'cl3 r}t–j}zfvdf xfjfx'/L;lxt kfgL kg]{ u5{ . klZrdL jfo'n] k';sf] bf];|f] ;ftfb]lv df3sf] bf];|f] ;ftfaLr jiff{ u/fpF5 . klZrd g]kfndf k"j{sf] t'ngfdf w]/} lxpFb] jiff{ x'g] u5{ . g]kfndf Ps jif{df cf};t ! xhf/ * ;o %& ldlnld6/ jiff{ x'G5 -k|flS6sn PS;g g]kfn, @))(_, h;sf] *) k|ltzt dg;'gsf $ dlxgfdf k5{ eg] @) k|ltzt afFsL * dlxgfdf .

dg;'gsf dlxgfdf klg d'n'ssf ljleGg efudf Psgf; kfgL kb}{g . kfgL kg]{ kl/df0f lxdz[ª\vnfsf] pkl:ylt / ef}uf]lns agf]6n] lgwf{/0f u5{ . sf:sL lhNnfsf] n'Dn]df g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf w]/} jiff{ x''G5 eg] lxdfnkfl/sf] lhNnf d':tfªsf] hf]d;f]ddf ;a}eGbf sd . n]sdf eGbf a]+;Ldf cf7 u'0ff a9L kfgL k/]sf] kfOPsf] 5, t/ of] o:t} x'G5 eGg ;lsFb}g . dg;'g / lxpFb–jiff{sf] g]kfnsf] s[lif k|0ffnLnufotsf kIfx¿df 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .

df};dsf] rl/q s]–s:tf] eGg] hfGgsf nflu ydf{ld6/ / /]gu]h -jiff{ gfKg] oGq_ k|of]u ul/G5 . /]gu]hn] Pp6f ljGb'df cfsfzaf6 @$ 306fdf k/]sf] kfgLsf] kl/df0f gfK5 . :yfgcg';f/ jiff{sf] rl/q km/s x'g] x'gfn] o:tf

jiff{ gfKg] oGq-o; oGqn] @$ 306fdf Psrf]6L jiff{ gfKg] u5{_

df6f]sf] lr:ofg gfKg] oGq

tfkqmd gfKg] oGq

:jrflnt jiff{ gfKg] oGq -o; oGqn] x/]s 306fdf jiff{ gfKg] u5{_

< 15 >

c/]laog / aËfnsf] vf8Laf6 cfpg] jfo'k|0ffnL g]kfndf kfgL kfg]{ ;|f]t x'g\ .

g]kfn

c/]laog vf8Ldf ;'? x'g] jfo'k|0ffnL

klZrdL jfo'k|0ffnL

aËfnsf] vf8Ldf ;'? x'g] jfo'k|0ffnL

< 16 >

If]lqo :t/df jiff{sf] leGgtf :yfgLo :t/df jiff{sf] leGgtf

sd jiff{

sd jiff{

kxf8 k5f8Lkxf8 cuf8L

jfo"sf] lbzf

w]/} jiff{

w]/} jiff{

g]kfnsf] ljleGg e"–efudf km/s kl/df0fdf kfgL kg]{ u5{ .

*,))) ld=

^,))) ld=

$,))) ld=

@,))) ld=

< 17 >

oGqx¿ w]/} 7fpFdf /fVg'k5{ . g]kfndf xfn @ ;o *( j6f jiff{ gfKg] oGqx¿ /flvPsf 5g\, t/ ltgsf] ;ª\Vof vf;u/L kxf8L e]udf jiff{sf] rl/q JofVof ug{ ck"/f] 5 . oLdWo] !# j6f dfq}n] @$ 306fdf s;/L kfgL k¥of] eGg] ljj/0f lbg ;S5g\ cyf{t\ ltgn] dfq @$ 306fsf] ljleGg ;dodf s] eof] eGg] lg/Gt/ ljj/0f /fVg] u5{g\ . kfgL kg]{ tYof° df};dsf] k"jf{g'dfgsf nflu pkof]uL x'G5 . o:tf] hfgsf/L l;FrfO, ;|f]t Joj:yfkg Pj+ ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;d]t pkof]uL x'G5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{ga9\bf] xl/tu[x Uof;n] hn, sfa{g Pj+ gfO6«f]hg rqmdf

k|efj kfg{ yfn]sf] 5 . If]qljz]ifdf gflkPsf] tfkqmd / jiff{sf] cf};tdf kl/jt{g x'g yfn]sf] 5 . o:tf] kl/jt{g lr:ofg, xfjfx'/Lsf] ult, jfo'd08ndf afkmsf] dfqfdf klg b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . of] hnjfo' kl/jt{g xf] .

tfkqmd M pbfx/0fsf nflu, s'g} 7fpFsf] cf};t tfkqmd #) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]6 /xFb} cfPsf] 5, t/ o; jif{ #) bzdnj % l8u|L ;]lG6u|]6 eof], csf]{ jif{ #) bzdnj * l8u|L ;]lG6u|]6 eof] / !) jif{kl5 #! l8u|L ;]lG6u|]6 k'Uof] . of] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;°]t xf] . ;g\ !(&% b]lv @))^ ;Ddsf] cjlwdf hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefun] ;°ng u/]sf] tfkqmdsf] tYof° s]nfpFbf g]kfnsf] cf};t tfkqmd ! bzdnj * l8u|L ;]lN;o;n] a9]sf] kfOof] . cWoogx¿n]

sfa{g rqm gfO6«f]hg rqm

Pdf]lgof

gfO6«]6\; / gfO6«fO6\;

jfo'd08nLo gfO6«f]hg

jfo'd08ndf gfO6«f]hg a9\g'

Jofkfl/s

dn

km]l/ k|of]u ul/g'

s'lxg' gi6x'g'

hLjf0f'åf/f a9fOPsf]vlgh kbfy{

;d'b| / dxf;fu/n] 7"nf] kl/df0fdf

sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 lng] u5{

k|of]u ul/g]]

?v–la?jfn] lbgel/ sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 lnG5g\ / clS;hg kmfN5g\ eg] /flt clS;hg lnP/ sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 kmfN5g\ .

< 18 >

ToxL cjlwdf g]kfnsf] cf};t jflif{s tfkqmd j[l4b/ ) bzdnj )^ l8u|L ;]lN;o; b]vfPsf 5g\ . cGoqsf] t'ngfdf lxdfnL If]qdf tfkqmd a9\g] b/ Hofbf /x]sf] oL cWoogx¿sf] lgisif{ 5 . xfd|f] cfg} cg'ejn] klg tfkqmd a9]sf] k'li6 x'G5 eg] sDKo'6/df cfwfl/t df]8]n cWoogsf] lgisif{ 5 M eljiodf tfkqmd dfly hfg] 5 .

jiff{ M cltj[li6, cgfj[li6 / v08j[li6 xfdLn] ;'Gb} cfPsf zAb x'g\ . lxhf]cfh cltj[li6, cgfj[li6 / v08j[li6 klxn]eGbf a9L / l56f]l56f] x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . ck]Iff gul/Psf] ;dodf kfgL k5{ eg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] ;dodf kb}{g . xfF8L3f]K6] jf xfQL;'F8] kfgL kg]{ qmd a9\g yfn]sf] 5 . t/ tfkqmd j[l4df hlt :ki6tf 5 kfgL kg]{ rl/qdf x'g] kl/jt{g Tolt :ki6 5}g . jiff{sf] tYof°, df]8n cWoogx¿sf] ljZn]if0f / :yfgLo cg'ejn] jiff{sf] rl/q klxn] eGbf km/s ag]sf] 5, kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . Psgf;n] l;dl;d] kfgL kg]{ qmd 36\b} uPsf] 5 . a? yf]/} ;dodf Ps}kN6 kfgL kg]{ rl/q b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 .

af9L, klx/f] / e"–Ifosf 36gfdf j[l4 x'g'sf ;fy} kfgL kg]{ lbgx¿df sdL cfPsf] xfdL ;a}n] dx;'; u/]sf 5fF} . v8]/Lsf sf/0f kxf8L e]udf kfgLsf ;|f]t ;'Sg yfn]sf 5g\ . a9\bf] tfkqmdn] lxdfnL If]qdf lxpF kUng] b/ a9fPsf] 5 . lxdfnaf6 ;'? x'g] gbLx¿sf] axfjdf klg kl/jt{g cfpg yfn]sf] 5 . of] qmd sfod /x]df o:tf gbLx¿ klg cGo gbLh:t} jif]{gbL aGg ;Sg]5g\ . kfgL sd eof] eg] eljio csNkgLo aGg]5 . t/fO{lt/ klg kfgL ;'Sg] qmd b]lvPsf 5g\ .

af]6la?jf, df6f] / v]tL k|0ffnLl;t ufFl;Psf tfkqmd, jiff{ / cGo k|lqmofdf b]lvPsf] kl/jt{gn] ;Dk"0f{ dfgj hflt;fd' gofF r'gf}tL NofPsf] 5 . oL rqmx¿ kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf cfwf/ x'g\ h;df dfgj / cGo hLjg l6s]sf] 5 . cem ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf s/f]8f}F 3/kl/jf/ t kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLn] pknAw u/fpg] ;]jfdf g} hLjgofkg u5{g\ . jf:tjdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g dfgjhflt;fd' b]lvPsf] Hofb} 7"nf] r'gf}tL xf] .

aif{

25.5

25

24.5

24

23.5

23

22.5

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

tfkq

md ( oC

)

g]kfnsf] cf};t tfkqmd j[l4b/

;|f]t M hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefu

< 19 >

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;"rs / k|efj

kf7#

< 20 >

g]kfnsf] jflif{s cf};t tfkqmd lg/Gt/ a9\b} 5 . kfgL kg]{ rl/qdf kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 . lxpF klUng] b/ a9\g yfn]sf] 5 . v8]/L kg]{ 36gf a9\b} 5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f cfufdL lbgdf o:tf 36gf emg\ a9\g]5g\ . oL kl/jt{gaf6 s[lif tyf jgh:tf k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t eP/ hLljsf]kfh{g ug]{ 3/kl/jf/ a9L hf]lvddf x'g]5g\ . sdhf]/ cfly{s x}l;ot ePsf 3/kl/jf/ Pj+ ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿sf] hLljsfdf k|ToIf gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{5 . o;} klg ltgdf o:tf] cj:yfsf] k|lt/f]w ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf lgs} sd x'G5 .

kl/jt{gsf ;"rsx¿

g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;"rs lgDg adf]lhd 5g\—!= lbg / /ftdf al9/x]sf] udL{Ù@= sd x'Fb} u/]sf lr;f lbg / /ftÙ#= jiff{sf] rl/q cyf{t\ kfgL kg{] ;do, dfqf / cGt/fndf

kl/jt{gÙ /$= r6Øfª, cl;gf, 89]nf] / cfFwLa]x/L h:tf 36gfsf]

;ª\Vofdf j[l4 .

t/fO{sf afl;Gbf af9Laf6 k|efljt x'G5g\ . klx/f]n] x/]s jif{ dfgjLo / hgwgsf] Iflt x'g] u5{ .

< 21 >

kl/jt{gsf] k|efj

g]kfnh:tf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'snfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] a9L hf]lvddf kf/]sf] 5 . e"uf]n / hnjfo'sf] ljljwtfn] g]kfnnfO{ ljleGg jg:klt, jghËn, kz'k+5L, hËnL hgfj/, df5f / hl8a'6Lx¿ k|r"/ ePsf] e"–efu agfPsf] xf] . k|fs[lts ;|f]t pTkfbg / hLjgofkg :yfgLo hnjfo'l;t ufFl;Psf] 5, o;af6 x/]s lsl;dsf cGgkft, kmnk"mn / t/sf/L pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . d'n'ssf] cy{tGqdf bf];|f] If]q cf]u6\g] ko{6g Joj;fosf] cfwf/;d]t oxL ljljwtf xf] . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] oL ;a}df gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ b]lvG5 . o;n] vf;u/L lgDgadf]lhdsf If]qdf a9L k|efj kg{] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

hnjfo'hGo k|sf]kpknAw tYof°x¿n] ljifd df};dsf sf/0f pTkGg k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿df j[l4 ePsf] b]vfpF5g\ . t/fO{df af9L / kxf8df klx/f] cfPsf sf/0f hghLjg k|efljt eO/x]sf] 5 . x'g t g]kfnsf] kxf8L e"efudf cgflbsfnb]lv klx/f] cfpg] u/]sf] 5 t/ cfhef]ln ;'Svf klx/f] / jif]{ klx/f]sf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . ljut s]xL jif{otf af9Lsf 36gf klg a9]sf 5g\ . ;g\ @)!# / @)!$ df dxfsfnL / s0ff{nLdf cfPsf] eLif0f af9L o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . o:tf 36gfn] hgwgdf Jofks Iflt k'¥ofpF5g\ eg] hLljsf]kfh{g, k"jf{wf/ / s[lif pTkfbgdf gf]S;fgL ePsf sf/0f dfgjLo hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ / ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ c;xh x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . ;fy}, v8]/Lsf 36gf klg a9\b}5g\ . ;g\ @))*–@))( df k/]sf] v8]/Ln] vfBfGg pTkfbgdf 7"nf] sdL eof] . o;sf] lg/Gt/tf ut jif{sf] v8]/Ldf klg b]lvof] . v8]/L;Fu k|ToIf ufFl;Psf 89]nf] / cfunfuLsf 36gfx¿ xfd|f];fd' r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf 5g\ . jiff{df lge{/ g]kfnsf] clwsf+z s[lif pTkfbgnfO{

tfkqmd j[l4sf sf/0f lxpF kUng] b/ a9]sf] 5 .

v8]/Ln] Jofks c;/ kfb{5 . eljiodf tfkqmd o;}u/L a9\b} hfg] xf] eg] l:ylt emg\ v/fa x'g]5 .

tfkqmd j[l4sf sf/0f lxpF kUng] b/ a9]/ lxdtfnsf] cfotg 7"nf] x'g]5 . cfotg;Fu} kfgLsf] ulx/fO klg a9\g] x'Fbf, rfk y]lu/x]sf] u]u|fg afFw e"sDksf] sDkg, tfndf lxpFsf l9Ssf v;]/ cfPsf] 5fn jf cGo sf/0fn] km'6\g ;S5 . afFw km'6]kl5 hd]sf] kfgL XjfQ Ps}kN6 aUg yfNbf PSsf;L 7"nf] af9L cfpF5 h;n] tNnf] e]usf a:tL, v]t Pj+ :yfgLo ;+/rgfx¿df gf]S;fg k'Ug]5 . ljutdf y'k|} u]u|fg afFw km'6]sf pbfx/0f 5g\ . kl5Nnf] cWoogsf cg';f/ g]kfnsf @ xhf/ # ;o @# lxdtfndWo] sl/a @) j6f lxdtfnsf u]u|fg afFw km'6\g] hf]lvddf 5g\ . ;fy} e"sDksf] sDkgn] klg lxdtfn km'6\g] hf]lvd x'G5 . v'zLsf] s'/f s] xf] eg] ;g\ @)!% df cfPsf] e"sDkdf lxdtfnx¿ km'6]gg\ / yk ljgfz x'g kfPg .

< 22 >

hn;|f]thnjfo' kl/jt{gn] If]qljz]ifsf] hnrqmnfO{ kl/jt{g u/]kl5 gbL, vf]N;f, kf]v/L, s'jf, l;d;f/, tfntn}of, lxpF k|0ffnL / e"ldut kfgLsf ;|f]t k|jflxt x'g]5g\ . kfgL ;xh pknAw x'g] 5}gÙ :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO gsf/fTds lx;fan] k|efljt x'g]5g\, oBlk oL b'j} ;+:yfut Joj:yf / cfgLafgLl;t klg ufFl;Psf x'G5g\ . tfkqmd j[l4n] lxde08f/df k|efj kg]{5 . kmn:j¿k lxpF kUn]/ cfpg] gbLsf] axfa c;Gt'lnt x'g]5 . lxpF klUnP/ ;'?df gbLsf] axfadf j[l4 eP tfklg s]xL jif{kl5 ;f] axfa 36\g yfNg]5 . lxdgbLsf] rl/qdf o;/L kl/jt{g ePkl5 tNnf] e]udf kfgLsf] ljt/0f Pj+ Joj:yfkg sl7g eO{ ;d'bfosf] hLjg si6k"0f{ aGg]5 . hnljB't\ / l;FrfO

k|0ffnLsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgdf k|lts"n c;/ kfb}{ gofF r'gf}tL ylkg]5g\ . axfasf] lg/Gt/tf;Fu hf]l8Psf] hn / :ynsf] kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL vnalng] x'gfn] jftfj/0f / ;d'bfodf Jofks c;/ kg{ ;S5 . xfn;Dd ul/Psf ljZn]if0fn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f hn;|f]tdf lgDgcg';f/ k|efj kg]{ k|:6 kf/]sf] 5—!= gbL, vf]nf, tfn, d"n, e"–hnaf6 jif{el/ x'g] lgoldt

/ e/kbf]{ kfgLsf] cfk"lt{df sdL .@= vfg]kfgL, l;FrfO, hnljB't\, af9L lgoGq0fsf nflu

lgdf{0f ul/Psf ;+/rgfx¿sf] ckof{KTftf .#= e"–Ifo, af9L, klx/f]h:tf hn pTkGg k|sf]ksf

36gfx¿df j[l4 eO{ gbL, tfn, hnfzodf df6f], u]u|fg / afn'jf y'lk|Fbf pTkfbsTjdf yk sdL .

$= vf]nf, gfnf, d"n tyf e"–hn:t/df sdL;Fu} k|b"if0fsf] :t/df j[l4 .

%= l;FrfO ;'ljwfsf] cefjdf s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf Jofks ¥xf; .

s[lifs[lif If]qn] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] ## k|ltzt cf]u6] klg o;n] ^^ k|ltzt g]kfnLsf] hLljsf wfg]sf] 5 . s[lif If]qsf nflu jiff{sf] ;fdfGo kl/jt{g klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 . ljZj vfB ;Ë7gsf cg';f/ sl/a #$ nfv g]kfnL vfB c;'/Iffsf] hf]lvddf 5g\ . s[lif dGqfno / ljZj vfB sfo{qmdsf k|ltj]bgn] vfB pTkfbg 3l6/x]sf] t/ vfBfGgsf] d"No al9/x]sf] hgfPsf 5g\ . gbLdf kfgL aUg] b/ sd eof] eg] l;FrfOsf nflu ;dodf kfgL pknAw gx'g ;S5 . tfkqmd j[l4n] wfgv]tLdf s]xL ;sf/fTds k|efj b]vfP klg bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf gsf/fTds k|efj kg]{5 . /f]usf] k|sf]k, gf}nf emf/kft / ls/f–km6Øfª\u|fsf] cltqmd0f a9\g]5 . vfBfGg c;'/Iff a9]/ clgsfnsf] ;°6 cfpg ;S5 . ;g\ @)!^ sf] udL{ ofddf kfgL kg'{cl3 v8]/Lsf sf/0f klZrd g]kfnsf

kfgLsf] ;|f]t ;'Sg] qmd a9\b} uPsfn] :yfgLo vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ k|efljt ePsf] 5 .

< 23 >

clwsf+z lhNnfdf ;of} d"n ;'s]/ hghLjg si6s/ ag]sf] lyof] . gbLsf] axfa klg 36]sf] lyof] . ;'Svf / v8]/Lsf 36gfx¿ a9]kl5 s[lif pTkfbgdf ¥xf; cfpF5 .

o:tf] kl/jt{gn] dlxnfnfO{ a9L c;/ kf5{ . g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qdf dlxnfsf] of]ubfg ^) k|ltzteGbf a9L 5 . !) jif{cl3 d'Vo s[ifsdWo] * k|ltzt dlxnf lyP eg] xfn !( k|ltzt d'Vo s[ifs dlxnf 5g\ . pgLx¿ cem} klg kfgL / 3fF;–bfp/f ;°ng ug{ 6f9f;Dd k'Ug afWo 5g\ . w]/} dlxnfx¿sf] hLljsf Hofnf–dhb'/L / 3/]n' >d xf] . d]nfkftsf] sfd, aLp ;+/If0f, kz'x¿sf] x]/rfx, vfg]kfgLsf] hf]xf], bfp/f Joj:yf, vfgf tof/ kfg{]–v'jfpg] cflb sfd dlxnfn] ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf k'?if ljb]lzg] qmd al9/xFbf v]tLkftL / kl/jf/ x]g]{ lhDdf dlxnfsf] sfFwdf ylkPsf]

v8]/Lsf sf/0f ls;fgn] Iflt ef]Ug] u5{g\ .

5 . kl/jf/sf] vfB ;'/Iff Pj+ vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkgdf dlxnfn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{g\ .

tyflk ljsf; lgdf{0fb]lv hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Ddsf ofjt\ ljifox¿af/] lg0f{o ug{] k|lqmofdf dlxnfx¿sf] /fo, ;Nnfx / ljrf/ a'‰g' cfjZos dxz'; ul/Fb}g . lxhf]cfh ;f°]lts ¿kdf ;xefuL u/fOP tfklg dlxnfx¿ jf:tljs lx;fan] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;+nUg 5}gg\ . oBlk, k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkgnufot s[lif If]qdf dlxnfsf cfg} ljz]if1tf, ljrf/, cg'ej / 5gf]6 5g\ . logn] s[lif k|0ffnLnfO{ lbuf] agfpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5g\ . t/ dlxnfsf] cg'ej / 1fgnfO{ cf}krfl/s gLlt–lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg u/fOFb}g . gLlt–lgdf{0f / of]hgfdf dlxnf ls;fgsf] 1fg / of]ubfg s;/L ;dfj]z ug{] eGg]af/] uDeL/ lrGtg ePsf] 5}g . a? ;xeflutfsf] gfddf

< 24 >

dlxnfx¿nfO{ rflxg]eGbf a9L ljifox¿sf] lhDdf lbg] / yk af]em kfg]{ sfd ul/Psf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj Go"g ug]{ k|of;df oL ofjt\ ljifosf] k'gd{"Nof°g u/L s[lifnfO{ lbuf] agfpg dlxnf ls;fgsf] e"ldsf,

hldgdf dlxnf ls;fgsf] kx'Fr / lgoGq0fsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf ug'{sf ;fy} /0fgLlts lx;fan] dlxnfnfO{ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL u/fpg' h?/L 5 .

vfg]kfgLsf] cfk"lt{df sdL / k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf ¥xf; x'gfn] dlxnfsf] sfo{ef/df j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

< 25 >

tfkqmd j[l4sf sf/0f /f]usf JofwL klg a9\b}5g\ .tfkqmd j[l4n] ls/f–km6Øfª\u|fsf] ;+qmd0f a9\bf] 5 .

89]nf]ljut s]xL jif{otf 89]nf]sf] k|sf]k a9\b} uPsf] 5 . tfkqmd a9]sf] / v8]/L k/]sf] ;dodf ;fgf] lemNsfn] klg jghËndf 89]nf] nfUg;S5 . 89]nf]n] jGohGt', af]6la?jf, ls/f–km6Øfª\u|fnfO{ 7"nf] gf]S;fg u5{ . rf}kfof / hgwgsf] Iflt x'g;S5 . lgoGq0fsf] qmddf dfgjLo Iflt klg x'g;S5 . ;g\ @))( df g]kfndf Jofks 89]nf] nfu]sf] lyof] eg] @)!^ df klg To:t} eof] . 89]nf]n] Psflt/ jfo'd08ndf sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 yKg] sfd u5{ eg] csf]{lt/ jg ljgfz u/]/ sfa{g ;f]:g] Ifdtf Go"g u5{ . o;f] x'Fbf 89]nf] lgoGq0fsf gofF pko'Qm /0fgLlt agfpg' / sfof{Gjog ug'{ lgtfGt h?/L 5 .

h}ljs ljljwtftfkqmd / jiff{sf] rl/qdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] jg–jg:kltdf k|efj k5{ . v8]/Ln] kz'kG5Lsf] af;:yfg gfl;g ;S5 . klx/f] uPkl5 w]/} :yfgdf jgkfvf

gfz x'g;S5 . tNnf] pFrfOdf /x]sf h}ljs k|hfltx¿ dflyNnf] e"–efudf :yfgfGt/0f x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . o;/L dfly k'u]sf k|hfltx¿n] :yfgLo xfjfkfgLl;t h'Wg'kg]{ x'Fbf tL a9L hf]lvddf kg{ ;S5g\ / tNnf] e"–efuaf6 o:tf k|hflt nf]k x'g ;S5g\ . jg:kltsf s]xL k|hfltn] cg's"n jftfj/0f vf]Hbf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] :j¿k ablng] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

/f]uJofwLs'g} :yfgljz]ifdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f ToxfFsf] cf};t tfkqmd / cfb|{tf dfly uof] jf jiff{sf] rl/qdf tndfly eof] eg] k/hLjL /f]usf ls6f0f' a9\g ;S5g\ . Tolt dfq} xf]Og afnLgfnLdf klg gofF /f]usf ls6f0f' b]vf kg{ ;S5g\ . sltko :yfgdf cf}nf], sfnfhf/, dn]l/of / 8]ª\u' a9]sf] 5 . hfkflgh OG;]kmnfOl6; / a8{n'h:tf /f]unfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] k|>o lbg ;S5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f To:tf ls6f0f' af]Sg] nfdv'§]h:tf k/hLjL k|f0fLsf] ;ª\Vof a9]sf] ;°]t b]lvPsf] 5 .

< 26 >

< 27 >

cg's"ng / Go"gLs/0f

kf7$

< 28 >

hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] Nofpg] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf b'O{y/L pkfo 5g\— cg's"ng / Go"gLs/0f . xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{gsf ;|f]tdf sdL Nofpg] / xl/tu[x Uof; ;f]:g] af]6la?jfsf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 u/L Jffo'd08ndf /x]sf] ;f] Uof;sf] dfqfdf sdL Nofpg] k|lqmof Go"gLs/0f xf] . hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 pTkGg x'g] ;Defljt 36gf;Fu cfgf] / ;d'bfosf] hLjgofkg ;xh agfpg ul/g] kl/jt{g ;fk]If pkfox¿ cg's"ngsf] kmfF6df k5{g\ .

Go"gLs/0fsf pkfotfkqmd / xl/tu[x Uof;sf] dfqfnfO{ ;fd~h:o ug{ Psflt/ sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 pT;h{g ug]{ ;|f]t sd ug'{k5{ eg] csf{lt/ sfa{g ;f]:gsf nflu jghËn a9fpg'k5{ . xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{g ljleGg pkfo ckgfP/ sd ug{ ;lsG5, h:t} oftfoft, snsf/vfgf cflbdf pmhf{sf nflu k|of]u eO/x]sf k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ Pj+ sf]Onfsf] k|of]u sd ug]{, pmhf{ vkt sd ug]{ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{, j}slNks pmhf{sf] k|of]u a9fpg] . o; k|of;df lgDgadf]lhd lqmofsnfk ;xof]uL x'g ;S5g\—n ;f}o{ pmhf{, afof]Uof;, jfo'zlQm, hnljB't\, e"–

tfkh:tf :jR5 pmhf{sf] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ljsf; / k|j4{gÙ

n jghËnsf] ;+/If0f / j[Iff/f]k0fÙn :jR5 pmhf{af6 ;~rfng x'g] pks/0f / ;jf/L

;fwgx¿sf] k|of]uÙ n kmf]xf]/–d}nfsf] k'gMk|zf]wg, k'gMk|of]u / plrt

Joj:yfkgÙ /n v]taf/Ldf /f;folgs dn / /f;folgs ljiffbLsf]

sd k|of]u .

cg's"ngdflg;x¿ cflbsfnb]lv g} af9L, klx/f], e"sDkh:tf k|sf]kl;t h'Wb} cfPsf 5g\ . ;of}F jif{cufl8 klg ljifd df};dL 36gf ePsf lyP . To:tf 36gfn] ljkb\ NofPsf lyP t/ k|efljt 3/kl/jf/x¿ ljleGg vfn] k|of; ub}{ tª\lu|Psf klg lyP . dfgjhGo lqmofsnfkn] ;'? u/]sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gl;t cg's"n /xg' eg] cfhsf] gofF r'gf}tL xf] . kl/jt{gn] gofF ;d:of l;h{gf ug]{ / k'/fgf r'gf}tLnfO{ emg\ sl7g agfpg] ePsfn]

hnjfo' kl/jt{g

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efjl;t h'Wg] k|of;x? Go"gLs/0f / cg's"ng x'g\ .

Go"lgs/0f cg's'ng

< 29 >

cg's"n /xg' h?/L x'G5 . k|Zg xf], g]kfn / g]kfnLn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cg's"n /xg' eg]sf] s] xf] < /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3–;+:yfx¿, ;dfhzf:qL, cy{zf:qL, hnj}1flgsx¿n] o; cjwf/0ffnfO{ cf–cfgf 9Ën] kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ . Pp6f kl/efiff xf]— hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 l;lh{t cj;/af6 kmfObf lnFb} cfgf] lbgrof{df Jofjxfl/s kl/jt{g NofO{ ;Defljt hf]lvdaf6 aRg' . hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf afl;Gbfn] k|lts"n df};d jf cj:yfsf] k|lt/f]w ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug'{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cg's"n /xg' xf] cyf{t\ gofF r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug]{ k|lt/f]w zlQm a9f];\ . o:tf] r'gf}tLl;t h'Wg, cfk"mn] lgoldt ub}{ u/]sf] Jojxf/ sfd gnfUg ;S5, gofF tl/sf ckgfpg'kg]{ x'g ;S5 . o;/L tl/sf km]g]{ lg0f{o cg's"n /xg] Ifdtf klg xf] .

Pp6f ;fdfGo pbfx/0f lbP/ cg's"n /xg] / a]xf]g]{ ;Gbe{ :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 . cfgf] 3/df vfgf vfg ;fyLnfO{ af]nfPsf] 5 eg] 3/wgLn] kfx'gfnfO{ s] v'jfpg], s;/L ksfpg] < cflb–OToflb ljifodf klxn] g} lg0f{o u5{ . cg's"ngsf nflu of]hgfa4 tof/L dfGg ;lsG5 o;nfO{ . t/, va/ gu/L ;fyL 3/df cfOk'Uof] / …d cfh oxL vfgf vfG5' Ú eGof] eg] 3/wgLn] kfx'gfnfO{ …xf]Og, kmsL{Ú eGg ;Sb}g . 3/df h]–hlt pknAw 5, To;}nfO{ hf]xf] u/L ksfP/ ltgn] vfgf vfG5g\ . of] a]xf]/]sf] pbfx/0f xf] .

of]hgfa4 k|of; M hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/ 36fpg ;/sf/, cGt/f{li6«o bftf Pj+ ;ª\3–;+:yfn] sfof{Gjog ug]{ lqmofsnfk of]hgfa4 cg's"ng xf] . of]hgfa4 k|of; ubf{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] lglZrt c;/sf nflu vf; /0fgLlt 5flgPsf] xf] eGg] ls6fg ug'{ h?/L x'G5 .

:jtM:k"mt{ Jojxf/ M x/]s JolQm, kl/jf/, ;d'bfo, Jofkf/L jf ;ª\3–;+:yf cfk"mn] ef]Ug] u/]sf ljleGg lsl;dsf afwf–c8\rg x6fpg nflukl//x]sf x'G5g\ . cfk"mn] u/]sf, hfg]sf tf}/tl/sf sfd gnfu] gofF ljlw ckgfpF5g\ . o:tf] ljlw ;fyLefO of 5/l5d]sLaf6 klg l;Sg] ul/G5 . o; qmddf cfgf] kmfObf / a]kmfObfaf/] ;f]r]/ lg0f{o lnG5g\, cj;/ / r'gf}tL s]–s:tf 5g\ eGg] n]vfhf]vf u5{g\ . o:tf] Jojxf/ JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs b'j} :t/df x'g ;S5 . ;fdflhs k'FhL, 1fg tyf ;Lk a9fP/ of] Ifdtf a9fpg ;lsG5 . ;/sf/L jf /fHosf] lg0f{oaf6 :jtGq /x]/ ul/g] o:tf] Jojxf/nfO{ :jtM:k"mt{ cg's"ng elgG5 .

g]kfnsf] s'g} ufpFsf afl;GbfnfO{ kfgL gk/]sf] x'Fbf l;FrfO ug{ sl7gfO eof], ltgn] ;dfwfgsf pkfo ;f]Rg yfn] . cfk;df ;Nnfx u/L ;fd'bflos jgglhs} kf]v/L

;fdflhs lj1fg

cfly{s k|0ffnL

k|fljlws ljifo

/fhgLltsk4lt

h'Wg] k|of;df ljleGg ljwfx? cfjZos k5{ .

< 30 >

vg] / hDdf u/]sf] kfgL l;FrfOsf nflu kfn}kfnf] k|of]u ug]{ kl/kf6L ;'? u/] . ;d'bfon] ;'? u/]sf] :jtM:k"mt{ cg's"ngsf] Pp6f pbfxf/0f xf] of] . :jtM:k"mt{ Jojxf/ ;dfh / ;/sf/af6 cnu /x]/ eg] x'Fb}g . ;/sf/L gLltn] :jtM:k"mt{ Jojxf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'k5{ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/ sd ug]{ of]hgf, sfo{qmd, gLlt tyf /0fgLlt lgdf{0f ubf{ :jtM:km"t{ Jojxf/nfO{ s;/L ;xof]u ug]{, dxTjk"0f{ k|Zg xf] .

cg's"ngsf pkfohnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cg's"ng x'gsf nflu lgDg adf]lhdsf lqmofsnfk pkof]uL x'g ;S5g\—n af9L–klx/f] / k|fs[lts k|sf]k;Fu h'Wg] ;d'bfosf]

Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ / k"j{tof/Lsf] cj:yfdf /fVg]Ùn af9Lklx/f] lgoGq0fsf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{Ùn cfsfz]kfgL ;°ngÙn afof] OlGhlgol/ª k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/Ùn l;FrfOsf nflu pGgt k|ljlwsf] k|of]uÙn afnL nufpg] 9fFrfdf kl/jt{gÙ

n gofF /f]u;Fu k|lt/f]w ug{ ;Sg] afnLsf hftx¿sf] k|of]uÙn hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL hgr]tgf clej[l4Ùn jftfj/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ljifoj:t' ;d]l6Psf]

gofF kf7Øqmdsf] ljsf;Ùn ;/f]sf/jfnf aLr ;xsfo{ / ;dGjonfO{ k|f]T;fxgÙ /n k/Dk/fut ;Lk, 1fg, k|ljlwsf] clen]v tof/ kf/L

ltgsf] k|j4{g, ljsf; / k|of]u .

k|efljtnfO{ kl/jt{g;Fu cg's"n /fVg /fHo jf ;/sf/n] pmhf{, ladf, ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ h:tf k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . o:tf] Joj:yf ub}{df ;a}y/L cg's"n /xg ;Sb}gg\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cEo:t /xg] k|of; /fhgLlts lx;fan] lgikIf x'Fb}g . hnjfo' kl/jt{g gx'Fbfsf] l:yltdf klg ;dfhsf ljleGg ju{n] cK7]/f ef]Ub} cfPsf 5g\ . ul/aL, ;LdfGtLs/0f Pj+ n}lËs c;dfgtf o:t} cj:yf x'g\, hf] ljBdfg ;fdflhs ;+/rgfcGtu{t lqmofzLn /xG5g\ . tyflk, ;dosf] cGt/fndf o:tf ;fdflhs lje]bdf kl/jt{g cfpF5 . o:tf] l:ylt x6fpg ljutdf ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngx¿ rn]sf lyP / rNb} u/]sf klg 5g\ . o:tf rl/q, 36gf / Jojxf/x¿ /fhgLltleq ;d]l6Psf x'G5g\ .

< 31 >

g]kfnsf] cg'ej kf7%

< 32 >

cg's"ngsf lqmofsnfk hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 eljiodf ;°6 cfpF5 eGg ;lsG5 t/ o;sf] :yfgLo k|efj 7ØfSs} o:t} x'G5 eGg Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g . ;°6 hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f pTkGg ePsf] xf] jf cGo dfgjhGo lqmofsnfkn] 5'6Øfpg klg uf¥xf] 5 . hg;ª\Vof j[l4, a;fOF;/fO{, e"–pkof]udf kl/jt{g dfgjhGo lqmofsnfk x'g\ . /fHon] s]Gb|Lo jf :yfgLo :t/df hgtfnfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg ljleGg ljsf; lqmofsnfk ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o:tf lqmofsnfkaf6 pknAw x'g] ;]jf–;'ljwf hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cg's"ng /xgsf nflu JolQm / 3/kl/jf/nfO{ ;Ifd agfpg ;xof]uL x'g ;S5g\ . t/ :yfgLo txdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ o:t} x'G5 eg]/ :ki6 ls6fg ug{ uf¥xf] x'g] x'Fbf ;/sf/n] u/]sf lqmofsnfk ljsf;l;t ;DalGwt 5 ls hnjfo' cg's"ngl;t eGg] JofVof :ki6 5}g . ljsf;sf lgoldt lqmofsnfk / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf lqmofsnfkaLr s]–s:tf] ;DaGw 5 eGg]af/] cem} lrGtg–dgg / cg'ejsf kf7 ;+Zn]if0f ug'{ h?/L 5 . o;/L ljleGg :t/df ug{ ;lsg] cg's"ngsf pkfox¿ / ltgsf] clglZrttfaf/] o; v08df JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . cg's"ngsf pkfox¿ JolQm, kl/jf/, ;d'bfo, ;dfh / /fHosf] :t/df ug{ ;lsG5 .

3/jf/g]kfnsf] t/fO{, kxf8 / lxdfn If]qdf leGg leGg kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx¿ kfOG5g\ . oL If]qdf ljleGg

hfthflt / efiffefifL a;f]af; u5{g\ . ltgLx¿sf ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[lt leGg 5g\ . ltgsf] cfly{s l:ylt, hghLljsfsf ;|f]t / sfd ug]{ Ifdtf klg leGg–leGg 5g\ . o:tf] leGgtfn] 3/af; lgdf{0fsf tf}/tl/sf lgwf{/0f u5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, lxdfnkfl/sf] lhNnf d':tfªdf Ps jif{df ;fnfvfnf # ;o ldlnld6/ eGbf sd kfgL k5{, t/ hf8f]df lxpF k5{ . ToxfF hnjfo'sf] of] rl/ql;t ;'xfpg], df6f]n] agfOPsf d'08f 5fgfsf 3/ 5g\ . of] lhNnf kbofqf ko{6gsf] lx;fan] k|l;4 5 . oxLF d'lQmgfysf] dlGb/ 5, hxfF wfld{s tLyf{6g k|rlnt 5 . s]xL jif{cufl8 d':tfª lhNnfnfO{ ;8s af6f]n] DofUbL ;b/d'sfd a]gLahf/l;t hf]8Øf] . af6f] ag]kl5 :yfgLo ahf/df aflx/sf l;d]G6, h:tfkftf / cGo pkof]usf ;/;fdfg ;lhn} pknAw x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo afl;Gbfn] 3/ agfpg l;d]G6 / 5fgfdf h:tfkftf k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . cGo kl/jt{g klg b]lvPsf 5g\Ù lxpFsf] ;§f kfgL kg{ yfn]sf] 5 . df6f]sf] 5fgfn] lxpF y]UYof] t/ jiff{ y]Ug ;Sb}g . h:tfkftfsf] 5fgfn] lxpF / jiff{ b'j} y]U5 . t/ To;af6 hf8f]df zLt r'lxG5, udL{df kftf tfTg] x'gfn] 3/leq lgs} udL{ x'G5 . df6f]sf] ;§f h:tfkftf of l;d]G6sf] 5fgf xfNg] lg0f{o, jiff{sf] rl/q kl/jt{g eP/ xf], af6f]nufotsf cGo ;+;u{n] k|f]T;fxg u¥of], jf cfly{s lx;fan] ;d[4 ePkl5 3/kl/jf/n] o:tf] lg0f{o u/]sf x'g\, 5'6Øfpg Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g . ;8s af6f]n] gofF k|ljlw / 3/ lgdf{0f gofF ;fdu|L aflx/af6 cfk"lt ;Dej u/fPsf] 5 . t/ o:tf] Joj:yfn] gofF hf]lvd

3/sf ljleGg k|sf/

df6f]sf] 5fgf] ePsf] 3/ 9'Ëf l;d]G6 / l6gsf] 5fgf k|of]u ul/Psf] 3/l;d]G6 lkn/ / k|of]u ul/Psf] 3/

< 33 >

l;h{gf u5{g\ . cfk"tL{ Joj:yf a[xQ/ cy{k|0ffnLdf hf]l8G5 / To; k|0ffnLsf] prf/r9fjaf6 k|efljt x'G5 . klx/f] rn]/ af6f] lalu|of], gfsfaGbL eof] eg] cfk"lt{ k|efljt x'G5 . af6f] lgdf{0fkl5 To; If]qdf k|rlnt ko{6sLo kbofqfsf] l;nl;nf k|efljt x'g yfn]sf] 5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efjl;t cg's"n /xg] pkfox¿ klxNofpg o:tf ljZn]if0f pkof]uL x'g]5g\ . w]/}lt/ l;d]G6n] agfOPsf 3/ udL{sf] df};ddf udL{ / hf8f]df lr;f] ePsf] cg'ej ;'Gg yflnPsf] 5 . k/Dk/fut k|ljlw k|of]u u/L df6f]n] hf]8]sf 3/ t'ngfTds lx;fan] udL{df zLtn /xG5g\ / hf8f]df s]xL Gofgf klg . t/ o:tf 3/n] e"sDk y]Ug g;s]sf] jf:tljstf j}zfv–!@ kl5 :ki6 ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf a:tLsf 3/af;nfO{ e"sDkl;t k|lt/f]w ug{ ;Sg] ;fy} df};dcg's"n /xg ;Sg] agfpg' cufl8sf] r'gf}tL xf] . o;sf nflu :yfgLo ;Lk, 1fg / j}1flgs 1fg Pj+ cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] ;+of]hg cfjZos k5{ . To;sf ;fy} cfly{s l:yltdf ;'wf/ x'g' TolQs} h?/L x'G5 .

vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf, kf]v/L / cfsfz] kfgL ;Íng clwsf+z kxf8L ufpFa:tLx¿af6 d"n, s'jf, 9'Ë]wf/f, vf]N;f] jf gbL k'u]/ kfgL Nofpg klxn], 306f} lx8\g'kYof]{ . ;g\ !(&) otf ;fd'bflos :t/df of]hgf agfP/ kfOkaf6 kfgL ufpF3/;Dd Nofpg yflnof] . o;/L ;]jfsf] :t/df ;'wf/ t eof] t/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf k|0ffnL ;'rf? 5}gg\ . ;fy} sxLF d"n g} ;'s]sfn] lgdf{0f ul/Psf wf/fdf kfgL cfpg 5f]8]sf] 5 . kmn:j¿k kfgL Nofpg klxn] h:t} b'Mv ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . t/fO{df eg] Ogf/sf] rng lyof], cem} 5 . ljut s]xL bzsotf rfkfsnsf] k|of]u x'g yfNof] . s]xL jif{otf cfP/ Ogf/sf] kfgL ;'Sb} uPs]f 5 / dd{t–;Def/ gul/Psfn] clwsf+z rfkfsnn] /fd|/L sfd ug{ 5f]8]sf 5g\ . e"ldut hne08f/sf] tx klg klxn]eGbf tn uPsf] 5 ToxfF klg kfgLsf] b'Mv p:t} 5 .

;g\ !(*% lt/ vfg]kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ ;'wfg{ 5fgfdf k/]sf] kfgL ;°ng ug]{, ;f] kfgL 6Øf°Ldf hDdf u/]/ /fVg] / lkpgsf nflu k|of]u ug]{ rng ;'? eof] . of] k|ljlwsf] k|of]u a9fpg ljleGg JolQmut, ;fd'bflos Pj+ bft[ lgsfon] ;xof]u k'¥ofP . u|fdL0f If]qdf l;d]G6sf] 3}F6f] agfP/ vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ ug]{ k|rng a9]sf] 5 . sf7df8f}Fnufotsf s]xL zx/df ;fdflhs pBdLn] cfsfz] kfgL ;°ng ug]{ Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ . st}st} :yfgLo afl;Gbfn] d"n ;+/If0fsf] k|of; ;'? u/]sf 5g\, k'/fgf kf]v/L ;+j4{g u/]sf 5g\, gofF kf]v/L agfPsf 5g\ / ltgdf jiff{sf] kfgL ;°ng u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf ljljw pkfox¿n] jiff{sf] clgoldttfl;t cg's"n /xg ;xof]u ub}{ :yfgLo afl;GbfnfO{ klg cfk"lt{ ug]{ af6f] vf]n]sf] 5 . t/ ;dodf kfgL k/]g eg] 3}F6fdf kfgL hDdf x'g ;Sb}g, 3}F6f k|of]udf cfpFb}g . ;g\ @)!^ sf ;'?sf dlxgfdf ;'b"/klZrdnufot cGo If]qdf v8]/Lsf sf/0f ;of}F d"n,

5fgfdf k/]sf] jiff{sf] kfgL 3}F6f]df ;Íng .

< 34 >

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efj;Fu cg's"n /xg] k|of;x? .

yf]kf l;FrfO k|ljlw

Knfli6s kf]v/Ldf ;l~rt kfgLsf] k|of]u

lkm/lkm/] l;FrfO k|ljlw

;f]nf/ / afof]Uof; k|ljlwåf/f 3/fo;L pmhf{ cfk"lt{

< 35 >

kf]v/L / l;d;f/sf] cltqmd0f / ¥xf;, jg ljgfz, af6f]3f6f] lgdf{0f ubf{ :yfgLo hnk|0ffnLdf x:tIf]k, jiff{sf] rl/qdf b]lvPsf] clgoldttf OToflb . cg's"ng eg]sf] PskN6 ug]{ sfo{ xf]Og, lg/Gt/ ug]{ ljrf/, k|lqmof / k|of; xf] . lxhf] 5gf]6 ul/Psf cg's"ngsf k|of; cfh pkof]uL gx'g ;S5g\ . To;}n] gofF 1fg, k|ljlw / k|of]uaf6 pkfo kl/dfh{g ug'{ / gofF af6f] lng' h?/L x'G5 . To:tf pkfox¿ pkof]uL 5g\, 5}gg\ eGg] d"Nof°g ug{ / lg0f{o lng] Ifdtf klg TolQs} dxTjk"0f{ .

af9L ;"rgf k|0ffnLhnjfo' kl/jt{gn] hnrqmnfO{ k|efj kf/]/ x'g] ljifd df};dL 36gfkZrft\ 7"nf–7"nf af9Ln] hgwgsf] Jofks Iflt x'g yfn]sf] 5 . o:tf Iflt t/fO{sf a:tL, kxf8sf

l;d;f/ / kf]v/L ;'s]sf lyP . nfdf] ;do kfgL gk/]sf sf/0f l;d]G6sf 3}F6fdf kfgL klg el/g ;s]g . gbLdf klg kfgL lgs} sd eof] . vfg]kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ gePkl5 sltko ufpFa:tLaf6 dflg;x¿ a;fOF ;/]sf cg'ej 5g\ . cfly{s / ;fdflhs sf/0fn] klg 3/kl/jf/n] a;fOF ;g]{ lg0f{o lng ;S5g\ .

g]kfnsf kxf8, t/fO{ / lxdfndf kf]v/L, tfn / l;d;f/ / hn e08f/ 5g\ h;af6 vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ Pj+ l;FrfOnfO{ ;xof]u k'U5 . cGoq Knfli6s kf]v/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf 5g\, h;df ;°lnt jiff{sf] kfgL t/sf/L v]tLsf nflu k|of]u x'g] u5{ . sltko 7fpFdf s[ifsx¿ yf]kf l;FrfO k|0ffnL / lkm/lkm/] l;FrfO k|ljlw k|of]u u5{g\ . o;n] kfgLsf] art u5{ . pTkfbgsf nflu sd kfgL k|of]u u/] k'U5 . af6f] k'u]sf :yfgdf s[ifsx¿ kf]v/L agfP/ t/sf/L v]tL u5{g\, ;xsf/Ldf cfj4 eP/ t/sf/L glhssf] zx/–ahf/df a]R5g\ / cfly{s kmfObf lng] u5{g\ . kfNkf lhNnfsf] dbgkf]v/fdf Knfli6s kf]v/L, yf]kf l;FrfO / lkm/lkm/] k|ljlwsf] k|of]u Pj+ ls;fgx¿ ;Ël7t ePsf sf/0f pT;fxhgs kl/jt{g b]lvPsf] 5 . s]xL bzscufl8 dbgkf]v/f 5]p5fpdf jghËnsf] Jofks ljgfz ePsf] lyof], kfgLsf ;|f]t ;'s]sf lyP, lkpg / v]tLkftLsf nflu kfgL kof{Kt lyPg . ToxfFsf afl;Gbf Psh'6 eP, jg ;+j4{g u/], kfgLsf ;|f]t ;+/If0f ub}{ 3/3/df kfgL ljt/0f u/] . yf]kf l;FrfO / cGo k|ljlw k|of]u u/]/ t/sf/L pTkfbg a9fP, ahf/df a]r] . 3/ kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgL a9Øf] .

dbgkf]v/f nufotsf ufpFa:tLsf ;"Id hnfwf/sf kfgLsf d"n lxhf]cfh ;'Sg yfn]sf 5g\ . o;/L kfgL ;'Sgfn] gofF hf]lvd b]lvPsf] 5 . d"n lsg ;'s] < k|Zgsf] ;xh pQ/ 5}g . ;|f]t ;'Sg'sf ljleGg sf/0f 5g\ M :yfgLo

gbLsf] tx gfKg] u]h .

< 36 >

hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefu, sf7df8f}+

gbLdf kfgLsf] axfa a9\b} uPsf]n] af9L cfpg] ;Defjgf 5 . xfdL ;a}nfO{ ;t{stf ckgfpg cfu|x u5f}{+ .

kfgLsf] :t/ a9\b} 5 . af9L cfpg] ;Defjgf

w]/} 5 .

af9L cfpFb} 5 Û xfdL ;a} ;ts{ x'g'k¥of] .

af9L k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] cjwf/0ff

;|f]t M cho bLlIft / ;fyLx? -@)!^_

< 37 >

:yfgLo 1fg k|of]u u/L agfOPsf] sf7] k'n -h'Dnf_ .

/fxt sfo{df ;xefuL eP/ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf lyP . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efjl;t cg's"n /xg / ljkb\sf] c;/ sd ug{ o:tf ;+:yfut Joj:yf pkof]uL 5g\ oBlk p4f/ ug]{ / /fxt afF8\g] r/0faf6 k'glg{df{0fsf] r/0f :yflkt ug{ y'k|} r'gf}tLx¿ 5g\ .

:yfgLo 1fgsf] e"ldsf:yfgLo 1fg, k|rng / tf}/tl/sfn] klg hnjfo' kl/jt{gl;t cg's"n /xg ;xof]u k'U5 . g]kfndf ;|f]t Joj:yfkg, k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f / hn Joj:yfkgdf k|fljlws 1fgsf ;fy} :yfgLo 1fg k|of]u x'g] u5{ . :yfgLo 1fgdf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkgsf] Pp6f ljlw ;f]n'v'Da'sf] v'Dh'ªdf k|rlnt 5 . o; ljlwnfO{ …l;ª\uL

a]+;L / pkTosfdf x'g] u5{g\ . kxf8L e]udf klx/f] hfg] u5{ . hyfefaL af6f] vGg] ubf{ klg klx/f]sf] hf]lvd a9]sf] 5 . af9L cfpFb}5 eGg] ;"rgf 3/kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo;dIf cufj} k'¥ofpg ;s] af9Laf6 x'g] d[To' x6fpg / hfoh]yfsf] ljgfz sd ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf s]xL gbLdf af9L k"j{;"rgf lbg] k|0ffnL :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] Pp6f :yfg s0ff{nL gbLsf] lr;fkfgL xf] . ;g\ @)!$ df klZrd g]kfnsf s]xL lhNnfdf Jofks jiff{ eof] . jiff{n] s0ff{nL gbLdf 7"nf] af9L Nofof] . To;a]nf af9L cfpFb}5 eGg] ;"rgf tNnf] e]udf cufj} k'¥ofpg ;lsPsf] lyof] . ;dod} ;"rgf k'u]sf sf/0f ToxfFsf 3/kl/jf/ ;'/lIft :yfgdf hfg / aRg ;kmn eP . af9L k"j{;"rgfsf] Joj:yf cg's"n /xg] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ pkfo xf] . k"j{;"rgfn] d[To' x'g glbg ;xof]u k'U5 t/ af9Laf6 k|efljt 3/kl/jf/ / afl;GbfnfO{ c;/af6 tª\lu|g ;Ifd agfpg' TolQs} dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ aGg'k5{ .

;|f]t Joj:yfkgg]kfndf ;d'bfosf] cu'jfOdf jg, vfg]kfgL, l;FrfO / tfn Joj:yfkg rNb} u/]sf 5g\ . vf;u/L jg / s'nf] Joj:yfkgdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfn] g]kfnsf jgsf] ;+j4{g / l;l~rt If]qsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . jg k}bfj/ k|of]u u/L :yfgLo pkef]Qmfn] cfgf] cfDbfgL a9fPsf 5g\ . To:t} cg'ej vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg, s[lif pTkfbg, dT:okfng / hnfwf/ If]qsf] ;+/If0fdf klg ul/Psf] 5 . s]xL jif{otf ljB't\ ljt/0f / cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yfkg klg ;d'bfosf] cu'jfO{df x'Fb} u/]sf] 5 . o:tf ljlwn] Psflt/ :yfgLo pkef]Qmfsf] ;|f]t k|of]u ug]{ lg0f{odf kx'Fr a9fPsf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ o:tf ;+:yfnfO{ ltgsf] ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ cg'/f]wnfO{ u|fXotf lbg afWo klg kf/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!% sf] e"sDkkl5 jg ;d"x, vfg]kfgL ;d"x Pj+ ;fd'bflos ljB't\ ljt/0fsf ;d"xn] p4f/ /

;|f]t M cfO;]6–g]kfn

< 38 >

lbuf] v]tLk|0ffnL

lbuf] v]tL k|0ffnLsf] cEof;af6 pbok'/ lhNnf, vfFa' uflj; ! 3/ ePsL ;'gfv/L dlxnf ;d'xsL ;b:o km"n;/L /fO{n] ;sf/fTds cg'ej ;Fufn]sL 5g\ . pgn] wf/faf6 kfgL kfOkaf6 t/sf/L af/Ldf nufpg'sf ;fy} vfN8f]df kfgL hDdf u/L df5fkfng ;d]t u/]sL 5g\ . o;/L pTkflbt sfpnL / uf]ne]8f :yfgLo a?jf8x/ ahf/df k|ltlsnf] #) ?k}ofFsf b/n] a]Rg] ul5{g\ . t/sf/L v]tLaf6 dfq pgn] dfl;s rf/ xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd sdfPsL 5g\ . pgn] ckgfPsf] kfgL Joj:yfkgsf] tl/sf pbfx/0fLo 5 . km"n;/L elG5g\— dlxnf ;d'x / 5nkmn s]Gb|af6 dlxnf / afnaflnsfnfO{ le6fldgsf] sdLn] /f]u nfu]sf], pgLx¿ s'kf]lift ePsf] yfxf kfPF . ljsf;] aLp / /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]un] ufpFsf k'/fgf afnL / v]tL ug{] rng x/fpFb} uPsf] lyof] ahf/sf s'lxPsf t/sf/L vfg afWo x'g'kYof]{ . ToxL eP/ of] sfd yfn]sL x'F' .

;dosf] art

bfª lhNnfsf] km"naf/L uflj; j8f g+= ( a/fxfv'6Lsf] jgufpF 6f]ndf s'jf lgdf{0f u/]kl5 dlxnfn] vfg]kfgLsf nflu vlr{g'kg{] ;do / >d art ePsf] 5 . ca pgLx¿nfO{ kl/jf/sf] vfB ;'/Iffsf nflu sfd ug{ ;xh ePsf] 5 . o;/L ar]sf] ;do pgLx¿n] cGo sfddf nufpg] k|of;df 5g\ .

gfjfÚ elgG5 . …l;ª\uL gfjfÚ eg]sf] ;fd'bflos jgkfn] xf], h;nfO{ jgaf6 k|fKt x'g] sf7, bfp/f, :ofpnf / rl/r/gsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ v6fOG5 . p;sf] bfloTj jgsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ xf] / tT;DaGwL lgod–sfg'g nfu" ug'{ . …gfjfÚ k|0ffnLn] s[lif, hn / ufO{a:t'l;t ;DalGwt ljifo x]5{ . …gfjfÚx¿sf] 5gf]6 lr¶f xfn]/ ul/G5 . dlxnf jf k'?if b'j} …gfjfÚ x'g ;S5g\ . …gfjfÚ sf] sfo{sfn Ps jif{ x'G5 . ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 dWojtL{ If]q Joj:yfkgsf tf}/t/Lsfdf …l;ª\uL gfjfÚ k|0ffnLsf] ;+of]hg ul/Psf] 5 . dWojtL{ Joj:yfn] gfjfx¿nfO{ dfl;s tna lbg] u5{ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gl;t cg's"n /xg] k|of;nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg k/Dk/fut Joj:yfnfO{ cfw'lgs tl/sfl;t hf]8\g' cfjZos eP klg /fHon] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] nufgL gu/]sf] x'Fbf o:tf :yfgLo ;Lk / 1fg x/fpg] qmddf 5g\ . To;f] x'g glbg :yfgLo 1fg, ;Lk, / tf}/tl/sfnfO{ cfw'lgs 1fg;Fu ;+of]hg u/L :yfgLo ljsf; / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkgdf k|of]u ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfn] vfB / s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{ ;d]6\5 . o;df hgfj/, af]6la?jf, ;"Id hLj klg k5{g\ . o:tf ljljwtfn] vfBfGg pTkfbg Pj+ s[lif kof{j/0f ;Gt'lnt /fVg d2t k'¥ofpF5 . ;fgf ls;fgn] k/fk"j{sfnb]lv ljleGg tl/sfn] s[lif ljljwtf ;+/If0f ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . h:t} ljleGg hftsf afnL nufP/, ;d'bfoleq} l5d]sL jf gft]bf/;Fu aLp ;f6f;f6 u/]/ Pj+ Ps} ;dodf ax'afnLsf] pTkfbg / Joj:yfkg u/]/ of] qmd cufl8 n}hfg ;lsG5 . o;/L :yfgLo :t/df pTkfbg / ;+/If0f u/]sf hftdf k|fs[lts ¿kdf cfOkg{] ljkb\h:t} Jofks v8]/L, /f]u tyf ls/fsf] k|sf]k ;xg ;Sg] u'0f x'G5g\ . s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fn]

;|f]t M PSzgP8 g]kfn

;|f]t M PSzgP8 g]kfn

< 39 >

;|f]t Joj:yfkg;DaGwL :yfgLo 5nkmn sfo{qmd .

< 40 >

ls;fgnfO{ v]tL k|0ffnLdf afXo ;|f]t / k|ljlwdf e/ kg'{kg{] cj:yfjf6 hf]ufpF5 . pgLx¿nfO{ cfgf] v]tL k|0ffnLdfly lgoGq0f /fVg ;xof]u ub{5 . s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f :j:yfg jf k/:yfgdf ug{ ;lsG5 . s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf nflu lgDg sfo{ k|j4{g ug{ ;lsG5 .n afXo ;|f]t / ;fwgdf cfwfl/t v]tL k|0ffnL

lg?T;flxt ub}{ :yfgLo 1fg / ;|f]tdfly ljkGg ;d'bfosf] lgoGq0f :yflkt ug{ ;xof]u .

n :yfgLo afnL tyf kz' a:t'sf] ;+/If0f .n s[lif jg cEof;sf] k|j4{g .n ;d'bfosf] ;Ë7gfTds Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 .n afnL tyf kz'sf] ;xeflud"ns k|hgg k|lqmofsf] k|j4{g .n s[ifsnfO{ pko'Qm ;dodf, plrt kl/df0fsf lap

pknAw u/fpg ;fd'bflos aLp a}° :yfkgf .

;fdflhs ljsf;ljkGg / ;LdfGts[t kl/jf/ k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 a9L k|efljt x'G5g\ . ltgsf] h]–hlt hfoh]yf 5 To;nfO{ k|sf]kn] gfz u5{ . cfgf] hLljsfsf] ;|f]t gfz x'Fbf tL

ljsNk/lxt x'g k'U5g\ h;sf sf/0f ljkb\kl5 ltgsf] hLjg emg\ si6s/ aG5 . k'?ifeGbf dlxnfn] w]/} ef]Ug'kg]{ si6sf] l:ylt kl/jt{g ug{ g]kfndf sfo{/t u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] :yfgLo ;/sf/ Pj+ ;fd'bflos ;d"xx¿sf] ;xsfo{df k|sf]ksf] k|efj sd ug]{, cfDbfgL clej[l4 ug]{ h:tf lqmofsnfk ;'? u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf] Pp6f pkfo gbL lsgf/df t/sf/L v]tL ug'{ xf] . t/sf/L a]r]/ cfPsf] cfDbfgLsf] s]xL efu s[ifs kl/jf/n] cfkt\sfnLg cj:yfdf k|of]u ug{sf nflu dfl;s ¿kdf hDdf ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . ;°lnt k'FhLn] ljkb\l;t h'Wg s]xL d2t k'u]sf] 5 . cfDbfgL a9]kl5 pgLx¿n] ;/;kmfOdf Wofg lbg yfn]sf 5g\ . klxn]eGbf :j:ys/ cfgLafgLn] /f]uJoflwsf] k|sf]k 36\g yfn]sf] 5, ljkb\l;t h'Wg] Ifdtf s]xL a9]sf] 5 . hLljsf]kfh{g ljljwLs/0f ljleGg tl/sfaf6 ug{ ;lsG5 Ms_ ldl>t afnL M b'O{eGbf a9L afnL Ps} 7fpFdf nufpg]

tl/sf 3';'jf afnL k|0ffnL xf] . s'g} Pp6f afnL ;lk|Pg eg] klg vf;} 7"nf] c;/ kb}{g, csf]{ afnL sfod /xG5 . kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgL z"Go x'Fb}g . kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] vfgf / kf]if0fdf ;Gt'ng x'G5 . 3';'jf afnL;Fu} ug{ ;lsg] csf]{ pkfo xf], s[lif jgsf] ;+j4{g . cGg afnL, t/sf/L afnL / 3fF;;Fu} ax'pkof]uL ?v /f]Kgfn] ls;fgnfO{ kmfObf x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm a9\5 / e"Ifo Go"gLs/0f x'G5 . kl/jf/df pknAw x'g] vfgfdf ljljwtfsf ;fy} cfDbfgLsf ;|f]tsf] klg ljljwLs/0f x'g ;S5 . kf]if0fo'Qm cfxf/ pknAw ePkl5 kz'sf] :jf:Yodf ;d]t ;'wf/ cfpF5 / pTkfbg a9\5 . s[lif / kz'kfngnfO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg] v]tL k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; cg's"n /xg] Pp6f pkfo xf] . o:tf] k|0ffnLdf kz'n] la?jfnfO{ rflxg] kf]if0f tTj pknAw u/fpF5 eg] la?jfaf6 kz'nfO{ rflxg] vfgf pknAw x'5 . ;fgf pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf kz' / la?jf Ps–csf{sf kl/k"/s /xg o:tf] cEof; dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

aS; $ M ;fd'bflos lap a}°

afh'/f lhNnf jfO{ ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf ul7t xl/ofnL s[ifs ;d"xn] ;fd'bflos aLp a}°sf] :yfkgf u/L :yfgLo hftsf aLpsf] ;+/If0f ug'{sf ;fy} ls;fgnfO{ ;xh ¿kdf aLp pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . xfn of] aLp a}°df wfgsf af¥x, ds}sf b'O{, ux'Fsf] Ps, sf]bf]sf] Ps, kmfk/sf] Ps, h'g]nf]sf] Ps / s]/fp tyf af]8Lsf s]xL hft 5g\ . ;'?d} ;fd'bflos aLp a}°sf] :yfkgf u/]sf] o; ;d"xnfO{ lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{non] cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .

;|f]t M PSzgP8 g]kfn

< 41 >

v_ u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ M ljleGg lsl;dsf h8La'6L v]tLdfkm{t s[ifsn] cfDbfgL u/L kl/jf/sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;S5g\ . o:tf vfnsf pTkfbg s[ifsn] cfgf] lghL hldg jf ;fd'bflos jg jf cGo ;fj{hlgs hUufdf ug{ ;S5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;fd'bflos Joj:yfkgsf dfWodaf6 o; k|sf/sf] pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf ;xof]u ub}{ klg cfPsf] 5 .

u_ :yfgLo 1fg, ;Lk / ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t 3/]n' pBf]u hLljsf]kfh{gdf ljljwLs/0f ug{ pkof]uL x'G5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ljleGg k|sf/sf 3/]n' pBf]usf nflu C0f ;'ljwf lbg'sf ;fy} tfnLd / ahf/ k|j4{gsf nflu ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . t/ oL k|of;n] pT;fxhgs kl/jt{g ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g .

au/ v]tL

df6f] Joj:yfkg / ;+/If0fDff6f] ;+/If0f hnjfo' kl/jt{gl;t h'Wg] lbuf] s[lifsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . Dff6f]n] hLjx¿nfO{ afFRg tyf pTkfbgsf nflu kf]ifs tTj, xfjf, lr:ofg / af;:yfg k|bfg ug]{ ePsfn] o;nfO{ hLljt k|0ffnL eGg] ul/G5 . cGo hLjnfO{ h:t} o;nfO{ klg x]/rfx / k|fËfl/s kbfy{ cfjZos k5{, h;af6 o;n] la?jfnfO{ cfjZos dfqfdf kf]ifs tTj k|bfg ug{ ;sf];\ . df6f]sf] kf]ifs tTj c8ØfO /fVg, tL tTjnfO{ kfgLn] aufpg glbg k|fËfl/s / h}ljs kbfy{sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . uf]7]dnsf] k|of]u Ps pko'Qm pkfo xf] . ;'wfl/Psf] uf]7]dnn] df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQmdf ;'wf/ ug]{ dfq xf]Og /f;folgs dnsf] kl/0ffddf sdL NofO{ To;sf] vl/bdf vr{ x'g] /sd klg art x'G5 . g]kfnsf dWokxf8L lhNnfsf ls;fg o:tf] /0fgLltn] cfgf] cfDbfgL a9]sf] cg'ej ;'gfpF5g\ .

< 42 >

< 43 >

kf7^

/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o k|of;

< 44 >

hnjfo' kl/jt{g ljZjJofkL ;d:of xf] / o;n] :yfgLo :t/df ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ k|efljt u5{ . ;d:ofsf] ufDeLo{ / s]xL ul/xfNg'kg]{ tTsfnLg cfjZostfnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o / /fli6«o k|of; ;'? eO;s]sf 5g\ .

cGt/f{li6«o jftfj/0fLo ;Demf}tf;g\ !((@ df a|flhnsf] l/of] b h]g]l/of] zx/df ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o jftfj/0fLo ;Demf}tfn] jfo'd08ndf xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{gn] hnjfo' k|0ffnLdf k'¥ofpg ;Sg] vt/fnfO{ gLltut x:tIf]kdfkm{t l:y/ cj:yfdf Nofpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))( sf] l8;]Da/;Dddf o; dxf;lGwdf !(@ /fi6«x¿n] x:tfIf/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ .

sfg'gL aGb]h geP klg o; ;Demf}tfn] cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x¿nfO{ xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{gsf] dfqf l:y/ agfpg k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] 5 . OG6/ueg{d]G6n Kofgn cg SnfOd]6 r]Gh -cfO{kL;L;L_ cGtu{t j}1flgs / ljZn]ifsx¿n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ljleGg kIf / c;/af/] ljZn]if0f u5{g\ . o;/L k|fKt ;"rgf /fli6«o :t/sf] gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;dfof]hg ug{ pknAw u/fOG5 .

kIf /fi6«x¿sf] ;Dd]ng -sk_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ /fi6«x¿sf] k|To]s jif{ x'g] ;Dd]ngnfO{ kIf /fi6«x¿sf] ;Dd]ng elgG5 . ;g\ !((% b]lv ;'? ePsf] o; ;Dd]ngdf jflif{s ¿kdf ;Dk"0f{ kIf /fi6«x¿

hnjfo';DaGwL 5nkmn sfo{qmd .

< 45 >

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;fdgf ug{ / ePsf k|ultsf] ;dLIff ug{ e]nf x'G5g\ . ;g\ @)!% df ;DkGg k]l/; ;Dd]ngn] ! ;o (% b]znfO{ hnjfo' ;Demf}tfdf Ps 7fpFdf NofPsf] 5 . ;Demf}tfcg';f/ ljZjsf /fi6«x¿n] jfo'd08nsf] cf};t tfkqmdnfO{ cf}Bf]lus sfnv08sf] t'ngfdf @ l8u|L ;]lN;o;eGbf dfly hfg glbg] ;xdlt u/]sf 5g\ . sfa{g pT;h{gdf sdL Nofpg x/]s d'n'sn] cfO{Pg8L;L -INDC_ dfkm{t k|lta4tf b]vfPsf 5g\ . pQm ;Demf}tfcg';f/ ;g\ @)@) k5fl8 hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cEo:t /xg k|To]s /fi6«sf] s:tf] e"ldsf /xg] eGg] af/]df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3nfO{ k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{k5{ . k|ltj]bgdf x/]s /fi6«n] cfgf] k|fyldstf / Ifdtfcg';f/ hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f / cg's"ngdf s:tf] e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 eGg] s'/fsf] pNn]v ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;fy} cg's"ng / sfa{g pT;h{g sd ug{ s:tf vfn] sbd rflnPsf] 5 eGg] k|:6 kfg'{kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfnn] klg cfO{Pg8L;L tof/ u/]/ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3df k]z u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't b:tfj]hdf g]kfnn] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] ljsf;, jg If]qsf] k|j4{g, jfo' k|b"if0f lgoGq0f / vlgh OGwg lj:yflkt ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf] 5 .

sfa{g Jofkf/Sof]6f] cle;lGwn] x:tfIf/ / cg'df]bg u/]sf /fi6«x¿n] nIocg'¿k xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{g 36fpg} kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . nIoeGbf a9L pT;h{g 36fPsf] kl/df0fnfO{ sfa{g qm]l86 elgG5 . of] sfa{g w]/} pTkfbg ug]{ /fi6«n] sfa{g sd pTkfbg ug]{ /fi6«nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcg';f/ lbg] /sd xf] . h'g;'s} b]zn] cfgf] sfa{g qm]l86 ljsl;t /fi6«nfO{ a]Rg ;S5 . ljsl;t d'n'sx¿n] sfa{g qm]l86 lsg]/ cfgf] nlIft pT;h{g Go"gLs/0f ug{] bfloTj k"/f ug{ ;S5g\ . o:tf] Jofkf/ cf}Bf]lus / ljsf;zLn

/fi6«x¿sf aLr x'g ;S5 . sfa{g Jofkf/sf] dfWodaf6 afof]Uof; sfo{qmdn] ;g\ @))% b]lv %) nfv 8n/ k|fKt u/]sf] 5 eg] jg ;+/If0f u/]/ ;~ro x'g] sfa{gafkt kfOg] /sd lng] k|of; x'Fb}5g\ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt @)^&g]kfnn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf nflu /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{qmd /fli6«o hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt agfO;s]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ljifonfO{ dxTj lbg k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf æhnjfo' kl/ifb\Æ / jftfj/0f dGqfnodf 5'§} PsfOsf ¿kdf æhnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg dxfzfvfÆ :yfkgf klg . ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu h'Wg d'Vo u/L gjLs/0fLo / :jR5 pmhf{ k|j4{g, hgr]tgf clej[l4, cg's"ng sfo{qmd k|j4{g ul//x]sf 5g\ . w]/} ;ª\3–;+:yfx¿n] hgr]tgfd"ns cleofg ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt @)^& g]kfn ;/sf/af6 @)^& df3 # -!& hgj/L @)!!_ df :jLs[t hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt @)^& n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efj Go"g ug]{ / l;lh{t cj;/sf] pkof]u ub}{ hLljsf]kfh{gsf cj;/sf] clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 . gLltsf lgDg adf]lhd kIfx¿ 5g\—n hnjfo' kl/jt{gl;t ;DalGwt sfo{qmdsf nflu s'n

ah]6sf] sDtLdf *) k|ltzt /sd l;w} sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog If]q / ;d'bfodf kl/rfngÙ

n hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL sfo{df u/La, blnt, ;LdfGts[t hghflt, cflbjf;L, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf o'jfsf]] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/L hnjfo' cg's"ng sfof{Gjog ub}{ Ifdtf clej[l4Ù /

n hnjfo' kl/jt{g s]Gb|, hnjfo' kl/jt{g sf]if / hnjfo' k'/:sf/sf] :yfkgf .

< 46 >

sfo{qmdx¿hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt s]xL sfo{qmd lgDgadf]lhd 5g\—!= /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{qmd (NAPA);

@= :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf (LAPA);

#= hnjfo' ;dfg's"ngsf nflu gd'gf kl/of]hgf (PPCR);

$= gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ a[xtLs/0f sfo{qmd (SREP); %= xl/of] jg sfo{qmdÙ /^= kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t cg's"ng sfo{qmd .

/fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{qmd (NAPA)g]kfnn] /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{qmd agfpg] k|lqmofdf /fli6«o of]hgfdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g k|lqmofnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{, :yfgLo tx;Dd cg's"ng sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cGo b]zsf cg'ejaf6 l;Sg] k|of; u/]sf] lyof] . gfkf b:tfj]hn] s'n # ;o %) s/f]8 cd]l/sL 8n/ ah]6sf gf}j6f kl/of]hgf k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmdn] *) k|ltzt ah]6 ufpF tyf lhNnf txdf vr{ x'g] k|:tfj ug'{sf ;fy} lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf ul7t dGqfno / lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt dftxtdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf] 5 . jftfj/0f dGqfnonfO{ ;Dk"0f{ sfo{sf] ;dGjo ug]{ / hnjfo' kl/jt{g kl/ifb\ / ax';/f]sf/jfnf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cleofg ;dGjo ;ldltnfO{ k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] 5 . /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{qmd dlGqkl/ifb\n] ;]K6]Da/ @)!) df ;j{;Ddltn] kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] dftxtdf ul/g] sfo{qmdn] lgDgadf]lhdsf] sfo{If]q klxrfg u/]sf] 5—s_ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t s[lif, hn;|f]t, jg tyf h}ljs

ljljwtfsf] PsLs[t Joj:yfkgåf/f cg's"ng k|j4{gÙv_ s[lif ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ / ;]jfdf

kx'Fråf/f hf]lvddf /x]sf ;d'bfosf] cg's"ng Ifdtf clej[l4Ù

u_ hnjfo' cg's"ngsf nflu ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljkb\ Joj:yfkgÙ

3_ lxdtfn lj:kmf]6af6 x'g] af9Lsf] lgu/fgL / ljkb\ Go"gLs/0fÙª_ hnjfo' cg's"ngdf jg / kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf]

;+/rgf / ;+j4{gÙr_ hg:jf:Yodf hnjfo' r'gf}tLsf] cg's"ngÙ5_ hnjfo' cg's"ngsf nflu kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL Joj:yfkgÙh_ hn;|f]t / pmhf{ cfk"lt{sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgåf/f

hf]lvddf /x]sf ;d'bfosf] ;zQmLs/0fÙ /em_ hnjfo' d}qL zx/L a:tLsf] ljsf; .

:yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf -LAPA_gfkf;DaGwL 5nkmnsf] qmddf, :yfgLo :t/df ljifoj:t' / of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{qmdsf] cfjZostf dx;'; eof] . xfn dWo / ;'b"/klZrdsf !$ lhNnf -x'Dnf, d'u', 8f]Nkf, afh'/f, h'Dnf, hfh/sf]6, ?s'd, c5fd, b}n]v, /f]Nkf, s}nfnL, alb{of, bfª / sfnLsf]6df :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog x'Fb}5 .

hnjfo' ;dfg's"ngsf nflu gd"gf kl/of]hgf -PPCR_hnjfo' ;dfg's"ngsf nflu gd'gf kl/of]hgfsf] d'Vo nIo ul/aL lgjf/0f / lbuf] ljsf;sf] /fli6«o nIonfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} hnjfo' ;dfg's"lnt x'g] ljsf; kynfO{ cjnDag ug'{ xf] .

gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ a[xtLs/0f sfo{qmd (SREP)gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ a[xtLs/0f sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo sd cfo ePsf ;d'bfodf Go"g sfa{g ljsf;sf dfWodaf6 pmhf{df kx'Fr k'¥ofpg' xf] .

ax'kIfLo jg Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd (MSFP)hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf gsf/fTds k|efj / h}ljs ljljwtfdf x'g] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug'{, jgsf] ;+/If0f / k'g?Tyfg u/L

< 47 >

dlxnf, ul/a tyf jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfosf] hLjgofkgdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg' tyf dfgj / kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 x'g] k|efjsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf j[l4 ug'{ o; sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] . cd]l/sL ljsf; lgof]u -o'P;P8_ sf] ;xof]udf of] sfo{qmd !( j6f lhNnfx¿df ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 .

kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t cg's"ng kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t ljlw cg's"ngsf] pkof]uL af6f] xf] . of] af6f]n] kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] plrt ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg u/]/ hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 pTkGg x'g] ;d:of;Fu h'Wg d2t u5{ . g]kfnsf] kGrf;] If]qdf ;~rflnt Pp6f sfo{qmdn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 pTkGg hf]lvd sd ug{ / :yfgLo ;d'bfo / kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLnfO{ ;an / ;d[4 agfpg] cg's"ngsf pkfo ;~rfng ug{ k|of; u¥of] . jg dGqfnocGtu{t kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t cGo sfo{qmd klg ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ .

cfly{s ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfg]kfnnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 eljiodf pTkGg x'g] c;/;Fu cg's"ng x'gsf nflu yk cfly{s ;|f]t cfjZos k5{ . of] g]kfnsf] lgoldt ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos ;|f]teGbf km/s xf] . g]kfndf ljsf; Pj+ hnjfo' cg's"ngsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿dfkm{t /sd cfpg] u5{ . klxnf]kN6 ;g\ !((& df g]kfnn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf nflu cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !((& b]lv @)!$ ;Dd bftfx¿n] ^ ca{ %@ s/f]8 $ nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf nflu k|bfg ug]{ k|lta4tf AoQm u/]sf lyP . oL /sddWo] s]xL rNb} u/]sf sfo{qmddf nufgL x'Fb}5 . t/ o;/L pknAw ;a} /sdsf] ;b'kof]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cg's"n / lgoldt

ljsf; k|of;aLr ;fd~h:o / tfnd]n s;/L ug]{ eGg] hjfkm :ki6 5}g .

;g\ @)!#÷!$ b]lv g]kfn ;/sf/n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cg's"ng x'gsf nflu k|fKt ;xof]usf] n]vfhf]vf /fVg hnjfo' ah]6 sf]8 ;'? u/]sf] 5 . ah]6df plNnlvt /sd vf;–vf; If]qdf slt 5, Tof] s;/L k'Uof] eGg] hfgsf/L lng sf]8 ;xof]uL 5 . sf]8n] !! ljifout If]q 5'§ØfPsf] 5 . tL ljifox¿ lgDgadf]lhd 5g\—!= k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg / xl/ofnL k|j4{gÙ@= e"–pkof]u of]hgf / hnjfo' pTyfgzLn k"jf{wf/x¿Ù#= hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ubf{ x'g] :jf:Yo;DaGwL k|sf]kx¿sf]

;fjwfgL / lgoGq0fÙ$= hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ubf{ x'g] -lgDTofpg]_ nf]kf]Gd'v k|hflt

/ h}ljs ljljwtf;DaGwL vt/fx¿sf] ;fjwfgL / lgoGq0fÙ%= xl/t Uof; pT;h{g lgoGq0fsf] nflu kmf]xf]/d}nf tyf

9n lgsf; k|zf]wg Joj:yfkgÙ^= pmhf{, dT:okfng, l;FrfO tyf ;'/lIft vfg]kfgLsf]

nflu hn;|f]tsf] lbuf] k|of]uÙ&= vfB :jR5tf tyf ;'/Iffsf] nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]

of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿Ù*= j}slNks tyf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] k|j4{g, pT;h{g

lgoGq0f tyf lgDg sfa{g k|of]usf] nflu k|ljlw ljsf;Ù(= hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ubf{ x'g] ljkb\ lgoGq0fsf] k"j{tof/LÙ!)= ;"rgf pTkfbg, lzIff, ;~rf/, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;

clg tYof°sf] e08f/0fÙ / !!= gLlt tyf sfg'gsf] th'{df clg hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL

sfo{of]hgf .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] s;nfO{, cg's"n /xg s;n] s] ub}{5g\ eGg] lqmofsnfksf kf7 ;+Zn]if0f ug'{ cufl8sf] r'gf}tL xf] . pknAw /sdsf] ;b'kof]u, ljlw k'¥ofP/ ug'{ r'gf}tL dfq xf]Og dxTjk"0f{ bfloTj xf] . cgfjZos k|zf;lgs / cGo vr{ 36fpg ;Sg'k5{ .

< 48 >

< 49 >

kf7&

cufl8sf] af6f]

< 50 >

cWoogx¿n] g]kfndf tfkqmd lbgfg'lbg al9/x]sf] b]vfPsf 5g\ . o:tf] j[l4 cGo If]qsf] t'ngfdf pRr lxdfnL If]qdf :ki6 b]lvG5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f a]df};dL jiff{, af9L / klx/f]sf 36gf a9\b}5g\ . cltj[li6sf 36gf j[l4 xF'bf af9L / klx/f]sf k|sf]k a9\b} uO/x]sf 5g\ eg] cltj[li6sf sf/0f s[lif Joj:yfn] v8]/Lsf] k|efj ef]Ub}5 . lxdgbL v'lDrFb}5g\ eg] lxdtfn lj:kmf]6gsf] vt/f a9\b} . :jR5 kfgLsf ;|f]t ;'Sg] / hghLjg k|efljt x'g] qmd hf/L 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] hLjgsf] k|To]s kIfnfO{ k|efj kfb}{5, h;sf] c;/ bL3{sfn;Dd kg]{ b]lvG5 . cufl8sf] r'gf}tL xf], o:tf kl/jt{gsf] qmddf hf]lvd a9\g glbg' ;sf/fTds k|of;nfO{ cufl8 n}hfg' / sdL–sdhf]/L ;'wfg'{ . o;/L ;'wfg]{ Pp6f af6f] hnjfo';Fu ;DalGwt kof{Kt j}1flgs tYof°x¿sf] ;°ng, ljZn]if0f / k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf] k|jfx xf] .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gl;t h'Wg] b'O{j6f af6f 5g\— Go"gLs/0f / cg's"ng . Go"gLs/0fsf] k|Zg vlgh t]ndf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs / cfly{s k|0ffnLl;t ufFl;Psf] 5 . lg/Gt/ pmhf{sf] cfk"lt{ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ xf] . ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf; ug]{ k|rlnt af6f] vlgh t]nsf] bf]xgdf cfwfl/t 5 . of] af6f]n] cfly{s j[l4 t u/]sf] 5, t/ xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{g klg a9fPsf] 5 . of] af6f]l;t ljleGg vfn] cfly{s / /fhgLlts rf;f] klg hf]l8Psf 5g\, t;y{ tTsfn gofF af6f] cyf{t\ vlgh t]n lg/k]If af6f] lnOxfNg ;Dej b]lvFb}g . oBlk o;f] ug'{sf] ljsNk 5}g . ;}4flGts lx;fan] xfn sfa{gsf] pT;h{g Go"g ug]{ pkfo cjnDag ul/P klg ljutdf ePsf] pT;h{gn] jfo'd08ndf xl/tu[x Uof;sf] kl/df0f /x]sf sf/0f hnjfo'df clgoldttf x'G5, h;sf] c;/ k|s[lt / ;dfhnfO{ k5{ . k|s[ltdf k/]sf] c;/

cGttf]uTjf ;dfhd} k'U5 lsgeg] ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ k|s[ltn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'G5 .

g]kfnsf ls;fg eGg yfn]sf 5g\— of] kl/jt{gn] NofPsf] r'gf}tLl;t h'Wg :yfgLo 1fg / cg'ej, ;Lk / ;|f]t dfq} kof{Kt xF'b}g . ;d:of y'k|} 5g\, hnjfo' kl/jt{g dfq} xf]Og . hnjfo'n] NofPsf] ;°6l;t h'Wg s], s;/L ug]{ < eGg] k|Zgsf hjfkm :ki6 5}gg\ . o:tf ljifonfO{ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;Ë7gx¿sf] ;xof]udf x'Fb} u/]sf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf lqmofsnfkl;t s;/L hf]8\g] < s;/L ;j{;fwf/0f / ls;fgnfO{ cg's"n /xg ;Ifd agfpg] < hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] xfdLnfO{ ljsf;kysf af/] gofF tl/sfn] ;f]Rg k|]l/t ub}{ ;d[l4sf nflu gofF lsl;dn] cufl8 hfg k|f]T;fxg ug'{k5{ .

xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{gdf g]kfnsf] e"ldsf Go"g 5 . xfdLn] d''n'saf6 x'g] xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{g z"Go kf/] klg To;n] ljZj sfa{gsf] kl/df0fdf vf;} kl/jt{g ub}{g . 7"nf / ljsl;t d'n'sx¿n] xfdLeGbf a9L pT;h{g ug]{ x'Fbf o:tf] l:ylt ePsf] xf] . t/ xl/tu[x Uof; Go"gLs/0f ug]{ af6f] g]kfnsf nflu jftfj/0fLo, ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ /fhgLlts ;a} lx;fan] plrt 5 . sfa{g pT;h{g gug]{ cyf{t\ sfa{g kblrXg z"Go kfg]{ af6f] xfd|f] nflu pko'Qm Pj+ kmnbfoL 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|;Ën] g]kfnsf] ljsf; ofqfdf dxTjk"0f{ :yfg kfpg'k5{ .

ljut Ps jif{otf g]kfnL ;dfhn] 7"nf–;fgfnufot /fhgLlts lx;fan] cfPsf wSsf a]xf]¥of] . ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts hf]lvd b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ . @)&@ ;fnsf] …c3f]liftÚ gfsfaGbL / /fhgLlts lvrftfgL o:tf 36gfqmd x'g\ . oL 36gfqmdn] hnjfo'l;t hf]l8Psf]

< 51 >

hnjfo' d}qL lxdfnL u|fdL0f g]kfn

< 52 >

hnjfo' d}qL kxf8L u|fdL0f g]kfn

< 53 >

hnjfo' d}qL t/fO{ u|fdL0f g]kfn

< 54 >

hnjfo' d}qL g]kfnL zx/ a:tL

< 55 >

Pp6f k|efj :ki6 kf/]sf] 5, Tof] xf] vlgh pmhf{df g]kfnsf] lge{/tf . s'n pmhf{ k|of]udf vlgh t]nsf] e"ldsf kl/df0fsf] lx;fan] gu0o 5 t/ xfd|f cfly{s lqmofsnfk vlgh t]nsf] lgoldt cfk"lt{df l6s]sf] /x]5 . Tof] t]nsf] cfk"lt{ ;xh gx'Fbf g]kfndf lgdf{0f x'Fb} u/]sf hnljB't\ of]hgfx¿ /f]lsP, cufl8 a9]gg\ . o;f] x'Fbf, ljsNk vf]Hg' h?/L t 5 t/ vlgh t]n k|of]u ug]{kg]{ af6f]df ghsl8g] Joj:yf ug'{ TolQs} h?/L . gjLs/0fLo ;|f]tn] g]kfnsf] pmhf{ ck"lt{ ug'{ kg]{5 . To;f] x'Fbf xfdLn] j}slNks pmhf{sf] Joj:yf s] xf], s;/L ug]{ eGg]af/] uDeL/ lrGtg–dgg ug{ h?/L eO;s]sf] 5 .

xfd|f] ofqf rNb} ubf{ ljZj jfo'd08ndf cGo d'n'sx¿n] pT;h{g u/]sf] xl/tu[x Uof; eg] al9/xG5 . ;fy}, klxn]b]lv jfo'd08ndf hDdf ePsf xl/tu[x Uof;n] hnjfo'df b]vfpg] ljleGg vfn] k|efjsf sf/0f g]kfnL 3/kl/jf/ / ;d'bfox¿ k|efljt eO/xg] 5g\ . hnjfo' Gofosf] l;4fGt canDjg ub}{ xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{g ug]{ d'n'sx¿n] ;f] sd ug'{k5{ eGg] cfjfh p7fO/fVg'kg]{5 . ;fy}, hf]lvd Go"g ug]{ ljlw / tf}/tl/sfsf] klxrfg Pj+ :yfkgf TolQs} h?/L 5 . s]–s;/L ug]{ < eGg] k|Zgsf] hjfkm ;dfhsf ljleGg tKsfx¿aLr lg/Gt/ ;+jfb, dGyg, gLlt kl/dfh{g / ltgsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ub}{ / l;Sb} pknAw ug'{kg]{5 . xfd|f k|of; o;tkm{ s]lGb|t /xg'k5{ .

;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{g cWoog ;+:yf -cfO;]6_–g]kfn;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{g cWoog ;+:yf -cfO;]6_–g]kfnn] kfgL, pmhf{, ;fdflhs–cfly{s kl/jt{g, hnjfo' kl/jt{g / cg'of]hg Pj+ k|sf]kJoj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox?df cGtlj{ifout cWoog–cg';Gwfg u5{ . o;sf] d"n p2]Zo j}1flgs 1fgsf] ljsf; / k|jfxåf/f k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] bLuf] ljsf;, Joj:yfkg / ;+/If0fsf] lj:tf/ ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . ;f] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;+:yfn] pTkflbt 1fgnfO{ gLlt–lgdf{0fdf n}hfg ljleGg txdf ;+jfb ;+~rfng u5{ . o; ;+:yfn] cWoog–cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt 1fgnfO{ lstfa, k'l:tsf, a'n]l6g, k|ltj]bg cflbsf] dfWodåf/f ;fj{hlgs ;+jfbdf Nofpg] u5{ . g]kfnL kf7snfO{ cª\u|]hL k':ts k9\g k|]l/t ug]{ p2]Zo /fvL cfO;]6–g]kfnn] dGyg k':ts ;ldIff gfds a'n]l6g lzIfs dfl;s;+usf] ;xsfo{df k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o'jf k':tfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4sfnflu cfO;]6–g]kfnn] :gftf]sf]Q/ ljifodf cWoog/t ljBfyL{sfnflu cg';Gwfg ;xof]u, :gfts txdf cWoog/t ljBfyLx¿sfnflu cflj:sf/ km]nf]l;k / cGo ;+:yf / ljZjljBfnol;tsf] ;xsfo{df lxdfnog gn]h sGSn]e klg cfof]hgf ug]{ u5{ .

PS;gP8 cGt/f{li6«o g]kfnPS;gP8 ul/aL tyf cGofola¿4sf] ljZjJofkL cleofgdf ;+nUg dfgjclwsf/d"vL ljsf; / ;fdflhs Gofosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cjnDag ub}{ $% /fi6«df sfo{/t cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L lgsfo xf] . PS;gP8 ljZjJofkL dxf;ª\3 xf] / PS;gP8 g]kfn pQm dxf;ª\3sf] ;b:o xf] . PS;gP8 cGt/f{li6«o g]kfn ul/a tyf k5fl8 kfl/Psf ;d'bfosf] ;|f]t / ;fwgdfly kx'Fr, lgoGq0f tyf clwsf/ x'g'k5{ / ;a}n] ljgf e]befj ;Ddfghgs hLjg afFRg kfpg'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; /fV5 / Gofof]lrt ;dfh lgdf{0fsf nflu ul/aLsf sf/0fx?sf] klxrfg / ljZn]if0f ul/ ;g\ !(*@ b]lv g]kfnsf sfo{/t 5 .

Kl/sNkgf (Vision)ul/aL tyf cGofo/lxt g]kfn hxfF k|To]s JolQmn] cfTd;Ddfgk"j{s hLjgofkg ul//x]sf x'g]5g\ .

Wo]o (Mission)g]kfndf ul/aL tyf cGofo pGd'ng ug{ ul/aLdf afFlr/x]sf Pj+ jlxis/0fdf k/]sf ;d'bfo;Fu sfd ug]{ .

…ul/aL cGTosf nflu ;dtfd"ns sfo{Ú PS;gP8 g]kfnsf] rf}yf] /fli6«o /0fgLlts of]hgf xf], h;df ;g\ @)!@ b]lv @)!& ;Ddsf sfo{qmdsf k|fyldstf / hjfkmb]lxtf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . pQm kfFr jif]{ /f0fgLltdf ljz]ifu/L rf/j6f p2]Zosf] klxrfg u/L PS;gP8n] cfgf sfo{qmdx? cufl8 a9fO/x]sf] 5 . n clwsf/jfnfx?sf]] pTkfbgsf ;|f]tdflysf] clwsf/ :yflkt ub}{ k|sf]k ;'/lIft ;d'bfo lgdf{0f u/L hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;''wf/ ug]{ .n ;]jfk|bfosnfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg, /fli6«o ljsf; /0flgltdf of]ubfgsf nflu ljsNksf] ljsf; ug{ / nf]stGqnfO{ dha't

agfpg ul/a tyf l;dfGts[tx?sf] /fhg}lts ljsf;df ;xlhs/0f ug]{ .n dlxnfsf] z/L/, of}lgstf / c;dfg sfdsf] af]emåf/f x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf lje]b / cGofola?4 v8f x'gnfO{ dlxnf /

aflnsfx?sf] ;lqmo ;Ë7g lgdf{0f / lj:tf/ ub}{ plgx?;Fu ;+nUg eO{ ;+o'Qm ?kdf sfo{ ug]{ .n ;a} afnaflnsfx?sf] ;'/lIft tyf ;dtfd"ns jftfj/0fdf u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ .