Green Building Basic understanding

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Green buildingFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about sustainableconstruction principles. For thebuilding on the MIT campus, see

Green Building (MIT). For the building in Louisville, see The Green Building (Louisville, Kentucky).

Green building(also known as green

constructionor sustainable building) refers to a

structure and using process that is environmentally

responsible and resource-efficient throughout a

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US EPA Kansas City Science & Technology Center

This facility features the follow ing green attributes:

*LEED 2.0 Gold certified

*Green Power

*Native Landscaping

Sustainable energy

Energy conser vation

Cogeneration Energy efficiency

Heat pump Green building

Microgeneration Passive solar

Renewable energyAnaerobic digestion Biomass

Geothermal Hydroelectricity Solar

Tidal Wind

Sustainable transport

Carbon-neutral f uel Biofuels

Electric vehicle Green vehicle

Plug-in hybrid Bioethanol

building's life-cycle: from siting to design,

construction, operation, maintenance, renovation,

and demolition. This requires close cooperation of

the design team, the architects, the engineers,

and the client at all project stages.[1]The Green

Building practice expands and complements the

classical building design concerns of economy,

utility, durability, and comfort.[2]

Although new technologies are constantly being

developed to complement current practices in

creating greener structures, the common objective

is that green buildings are designed to reduce the

overall impact of the built environment on human

health and the natural environment by:

Efficiently using energy, water, and other resourcesProtecting occupant health and improving employee productivity

Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation[2]

A similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller

scale and tends to focus on the use of natural materialsthat are

available locally.[3]Other related topics include sustainable design

and green architecture. Sustainability may be defined as meeting

the needs of present generations without compromising the abilityof future generations to meet their needs.[4]Although some green

building programs don't address the issue of the retrofitting existing

homes, others do. Green construction principles can easily be

applied to retrofit work as well as new construction.

A 2009 report by the U.S. General Services Administration found

12 sustainably designed buildings cost less to operate and have

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Sustainable dev elopment portal

Renewable energy portal

Environment portal

V T E

excellent energy performance. In addition, occupants were more

satisfied with the overall building than those in typical commercial

buildings. [5]

Contents [hide]

1 Reducing environmental impact

2 Goals of green building

2.1 Life cycle ass ess ment (LCA)2.2 Siting and structure design efficiency

2.3 Energy efficiency

2.4 Water efficiency

2.5 Materials efficiency

2.6 Indoor environmental quality enhancement

2.7 Operations and maintenance optimization

2.8 Waste reduction

3 Cos t and payoff

4 Regulation and operation

5 International frameworks and ass essment tools

6 See also

6.1 Green building by country

6.2 General

7 References

8 External links

Reducing environmental impact [edit]

Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impactof building. The first

rule[according to whom?]is that the greenest building is the building that doesn't get built. Since

construction almost always degrades a building site, not building at all is preferable to green building, in

terms of reducing environmental impact. The second rule is that every building should be as small as

NederlandsPolskiRomnSuomi

Svenska

Edit links
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Blu Homes mkSolaire, a green building

designed by Michelle Kauf mann.

possible. The third rule is not to contribute to sprawl, even if the most energy-efficient, environmentally

sound methods are used in design and construction. Urban infill sites are preferable to suburban

"greenfield" sites.[citation needed]

Buildings account for a large amount of land. According to the National Resources Inventory,

approximately 107 million acres (430,000 km2) of land in the United States are developed. The

International Energy Agencyreleased a publication that estimated that existing buildings are

responsible for more than 40% of the worlds total primary energy consumption and for 24% of globalcarbon dioxide emissions.[6]

Goals of green building [edit]

The concept of sustainable development can be traced to the

energy (especially fossil oil) crisis and the environment

pollution concern in the 1970s.[7]The green building

movement in the U.S. originated from the need and desire for

more energy efficient and environmentally friendly

construction practices. There are a number of motives for

building green, including environmental, economic, and social

benefits. However, modern sustainability initiatives call for an

integrated and synergistic design to both new construction

and in the retrofittingof existing structures. Also known as

sustainable desi n this a roach inte rates the buildin life-
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Taipei 101, the tallest and

largest green building of LEED

Platinum certification in the

w orld since 2011.

cycle with each green practice employed with a design-purpose to create

a synergy among the practices used.

Green building brings together a vast array of practices, techniques, and

skills to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the

environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of

renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active

solar, and photovoltaicequipment, and using plants and trees throughgreen roofs, rain gardens, and reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other

techniques are used, such as using low-impact building materials or

using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional

concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water.

While the practices or technologies employed in green building are

constantly evolving and may differ from region to region, fundamental

principles persist from which the method is derived: Siting and Structure

Design Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Water Efficiency, Materials

Efficiency, Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement, Operations and

Maintenance Optimization, and Waste and Toxics Reduction.[8][9]The

essence of green building is an optimization of one or more of these

principles. Also, with the proper synergistic design, individual green

building technologies may work together to produce a greater cumulative

effect.

On the aesthetic side of green architectureor sustainable designis the philosophy of designing abuilding that is in harmony with the natural features and resources surrounding the site. There are

several key steps in designing sustainable buildings: specify 'green' building materials from local

sources, reduce loads, optimize systems, and generate on-site renewable energy.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) [edit]

A life cycle assessment(LCA) can help avoid a narrow outlook on environmental, social and economic
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concerns[10]by assessing a full range of impacts associated with all cradle-to-grave stages of a

process: from extraction of raw materials through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use,

repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling. Impacts taken into account include (among others)

embodied energy, global warmingpotential, resource use, air pollution, water pollution, and waste.

In terms of green building, the last few years have seen a shift away from aprescriptiveapproach, which

assumes that certain prescribed practices are better for the environment, toward the scientific evaluation

of actual performance through LCA.Although LCA is widely recognized as the best way to evaluate the environmental impacts of buildings

(ISO 14040 provides a recognized LCA methodology), it is not yet a consistent requirement of green

building rating systems and codes, despite the fact that embodied energy and other life cycle impacts

are critical to the design of environmentally responsible buildings.

In North America, LCA is rewarded to some extent in the Green Globes rating system, and is part of

the new American National Standard based on Green Globes,ANSI/GBI 01-2010: Green Building

Protocol for Commercial Buildings. LCA is also included as a pilot credit in the LEED system, though a

decision has not been made as to whether it will be incorporated fully into the next major revision. The

state of California also included LCA as a voluntary measure in its 2010 draft Green Building Standards

Code.

Although LCA is often perceived as overly complex and time consuming for regular use by design

professionals, research organizations such as BRE in the UK and the Athena Sustainable Materials

Institute in North America are working to make it more accessible.

In the UK, the BRE Green Guide to Specificationsoffers ratings for 1,500 building materials based on

LCA.

In North America, the ATHENA EcoCalculator for Assembliesprovides LCA results for several hundred

common building assembles based on data generated by its more complex parent software, the

ATHENA Impact Estimator for Buildings. (The EcoCalculator is available free at www.athenasmi.org.)

Athena software tools are especially useful early in the design process when material choices have far-

reaching implications for overall environmental impact. They allow designers to experiment with different

material mixes to achieve the most effective combination.
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An eco-house at Findhorn Ecovillage

w ith a turf roof and solar panels

Siting and structure design efficiency [edit]

See also: Sustainable design

The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The concept

stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and

performance.[11]In designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective is to minimize the total

environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building project. However, building as aprocess is not as streamlined as an industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never

repeating itself identically. In addition, buildings are much more complex products, composed of a

multitude of materials and components each constituting various design variables to be decided at the

design stage. A variation of every design variable may affect the environment during all the building's

relevant life-cycle stages.[12]

Energy efficiency [edit]

Main articles: Low-energy houseandZero-energy building

Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy

consumption both the embodied energy required to extract,

process, transport and install building materials and

operating energy to provide services such as heating and

power for equipment.

As high-performance buildings use less operating energy,

embodied energy has assumed much greater importance and may make up as much as 30% of the overall life cycle

energy consumption. Studies such as the U.S. LCI Database

Project[13]show buildings built primarily with wood will have a

lower embodied energy than those built primarily with brick,

concrete, or steel.[14]

To reduce operating energy use, designers use details that reduce air leakage through the building
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envelope (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space). They also specify high-

performance windows and extra insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar

building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and

place awnings, porches, and trees[15]to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing

solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement (daylighting) can provide more natural

light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heatingfurther reduces energy

costs.

Onsite generation of renewable energythrough solar power,wind power, hydro power, or biomasscan

significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most

expensive feature to add to a building.

Water efficiency [edit]

See also: Water conservation

Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building.

One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquiferexceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their

dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and

conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual

plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing or by using water for washing of the cars. Waste-water

may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow

shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing

possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use water treatmentand heating improves both water

quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage

and greywaterfor on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.[16]

Materials efficiency [edit]

See also: Sustainable architecture

Building materials typically considered to be 'green' include lumber from forests that have been certified

to a third-party forest standard, rapidly renewable plant materials like bamboo and straw, dimension
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stone, recycled stone, recycled metal (see: copper sustainability and recyclability), and other products

that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g., Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool, panels

made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite,

flax linen, sisal, seagrass, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fibre plates, calcium sand stone,

concrete(high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete[17]), etc.[18][19]) The EPA

(Environmental Protection Agency) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as coal

combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects [20]Building materials

should be extracted and manufactured locally to the building site to minimize the energy embedded in

their transportation. Where possible, building elements should be manufactured off-site and delivered to

site, to maximise benefits of off-site manufacture including minimising waste, maximising recycling

(because manufacture is in one location), high quality elements, better OHS management, less noise

and dust. Energy efficient building materials and appliances are promoted in the United States through

energy rebate programs, which are increasingly communicated to consumers through energy rebate

database services such as GreenOhm.[21]

Indoor environmental quality enhancement [edit]

See also: Indoor Air Quality

The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) category in LEED standards, one of the five environmental

categories, was created to provide comfort, well-being, and productivity of occupants. The LEED IEQ

category addresses design and construction guidelines especially: indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal

quality, and lighting quality.[22][23]

Indoor Air Qualityseeks to reduce volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, and other air impurities such

as microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on a properly designed ventilation sys tem (passively/naturally

or mechanically powered) to provide adequate ventilation of cleaner air from outdoors or recirculated,

filtered air as well as isolated operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies. During

the design and construction process choosing construction materials and interior finish products with

zero or low VOC emissions will improve IAQ. Most building materials and cleaning/maintenance

products emit gases, some of them toxic, such as many VOCs including formaldehyde. These gases

can have a detrimental impact on occupants' health, comfort, and productivity. Avoiding these products
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will increase a building's IEQ. LEED,[24]HQE[25]and Green Star contain specifications on use of low-

emitting interior. Draft LEED 2012[26]is about to expand the scope of the involved products.

BREEAM[27]limits formaldehyde emissions, no other VOCs.

Also important to indoor air quality is the control of moisture accumulation (dampness) leading to mold

growth and the presence of bacteria and viruses as well as dust mites and other organisms and

microbiological concerns. Water intrusion through a building's envelope or water condensing on cold

surfaces on the building's interior can enhance and sustain microbial growth. A well-insulated and tightlysealed envelope will reduce moisture problems but adequate ventilation is also necessary to eliminate

moisture from sources indoors including human metabolic processes, cooking, bathing, cleaning, and

other activities.

Personal temperature and airflow control over the HVAC system coupled with a properly designed

building envelopewill also aid in increasing a building's thermal quality. Creating a high performance

luminous environment through the careful integration of daylight and electrical light sources will improve

on the lighting quality and energy performance of a structure. [16][28]

Solid wood products, particularly flooring, are often specified in environments where occupants are

known to have allergies to dust or other particulates. Wood itself is considered to be hypo-allergenic and

its smooth surfaces prevent the buildup of particles common in soft finishes like carpet. The Asthma and

Allergy Foundation of American recommends hardwood, vinyl, linoleum tile or slate flooring instead of

carpet.[29]The use of wood products can also improve air quality by absorbing or releasing moisture in

the air to moderate humidity.[30]

Interactions among all the indoor components and the occupants together form the processes that

determine the indoor air quality. Extensive investigation of such processes is the subject of indoor airscientific research and is well documented in the journal Indoor Air, available at

http:/ /www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0905-6947 . An extensive set of resources on

indoor air quality is available at http://www.buildingecology.com/iaq .[31]

Operations and maintenance optimization [edit]

No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and construction, it can only remain
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so if it is operated responsibly and maintained properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance(O&M)

personnel are part of the project's planning and development process will help retain the green criteria

designed at the onset of the project.[32]Every aspect of green building is integrated into the O&M phase

of a building's life. The addition of new green technologies also falls on the O&M staff. Although the goal

of waste reduction may be applied during the design, construction and demolition phases of a building's

life-cycle, it is in the O&M phase that green practices such as recycling and air quality enhancement

take place.

Waste reduction [edit]

Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction.

For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's waste comes from commercial buildings[33]During

the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-

designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by

providing on-site solutions such as compost binsto reduce matter going to landfills.

To reduce the amount of wood that goes to landfill, Neutral Alliance (a coalition of government, NGOsand the forest industry) created the website dontwastewood.com. The site includes a variety of

resources for regulators, municipalities, developers, contractors, owner/operators and

individuals/homeowners looking for information on wood recycling.

When buildings reach the end of their useful life, they are typically demolished and hauled to landfills.

Deconstruction is a method of harvesting what is commonly considered "waste" and reclaiming it into

useful building material.[34]Extending the useful life of a structure also reduces waste building

materials such as wood that are light and easy to work with make renovations easier.[35]

To reduce the impact onwellsorwater treatment plants, several options exist. "Greywater", wastewater

from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if

treated, for non-potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for

similar purposes.

Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An alternative to this

process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other
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benefits. By collecting human waste at the source and running it to a semi-centralized biogasplant with

other biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced. This concept was demonstrated by a settlement

in Lubeck Germany in the late 1990s. Practices like these provide soil with organic nutrients and create

carbon sinksthat remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gasemission.

Producing artificial fertilizeris also more costly in energy than this process. [36]

Cost and payoff [edit]

The most criticized issue about constructing environmentally friendly buildings is the price. Photo-

voltaics, new appliances, and modern technologies tend to cost more money. Most green buildings cost

a premium of


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such as location and maintenance of building site, conservation of water, energy, and building materials,

and occupant comfort and health. The number of credits generally determines the level of

achievement.[44]

Green building codes and standards, such as the International Code Councils draft International Green

Construction Code,[45]are sets of rules created by standards development organizations that establish

minimum requirements for elements of green building such as materials or heating and cooling.

Some of the major building environmental assessment tools currently in use include:Australia: Nabers / Green Star / BASIX (in NSW only)

Brazil: AQUA / LEED Brasil

Canada: LEED Canada / Green Globes / Built Green Canada

China: GBAS

Finland: PromisE

France: HQE

Germany: DGNB / CEPHEUS

Hong Kong: BEAM Society Limited

India: Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) / GBCIndia (Green Building Construction India) /

GRIHA

Indonesia: Green Building Council Indonesia (GBCI) / Greenship

Italy: Protocollo Itaca / Green Building Council Italia

Japan: CASBEE

Jordan: Jordan Green Building Council

Korea, Republic of: Green Building Certification Criteria / Korea Green Building CouncilMalaysia: GBI Malaysia

Mexico: LEED Mexico

Netherlands: BREEAM Netherlands

New Zealand: Green Star NZ

Pakistan: Pakistan Green Building Council

Philippines: BERDE / Philippine Green Building Council

l id / l
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Portugal: Lider A / SBToolPT

Qatar: Qatar Sustainability Assessment System (QSAS)

Republic of China (Taiwan): Green Building Label

Singapore: Green Mark

South Africa: Green Star SA

Spain: VERDE

Switzerland: Minergie

United States: LEED / Living Building Challenge / Green Globes / Build it Green / NAHB

NGBS / International Green Construction Code (IGCC)/ ENERGY STAR

United Kingdom: BREEAM

United Arab Emirates: Estidama

Turkey : CEDBK

Thailand : TREES

Vietnam: LOTUS Rating Tools

Czech Republic: SBToolCZ

International frameworks and assessment tools [edit]

IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the United Nations Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is the fourth in a series of such reports. The IPCC was established by

the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change, its potentialeffects and options for adaptation and mitigation.[46]

UNEP and Climate change [7]

United Nations Environment Program UNEPworks to facilitate the transition to low-carbon societies,

support climate proofing efforts, improve understanding of climate change science, and raise public

awareness about this global challenge.

GHG Indicator[8]
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GHG Indicator[8]

The Greenhouse Gas Indicator: UNEP Guidelines for Calculating Greenhouse Gas Emissions for

Businesses and Non-Commercial Organizations

Agenda 21[9]

Agenda 21is a programme run by the United Nations (UN) related to sustainable development. It is a

comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organizations of the UN,

governments, and major groups in every area in which humans impact on the environment. The number21 refers to the 21st century.

FIDIC's PSM[10]

The International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) Project Sustainability Management

Guidelines were created in order to assist project engineers and other stakeholders in setting

sustainable development goals for their projects that are recognized and accepted by as being in the

interests of society as a whole. The process is also intended to allow the alignment of project goals with

local conditions and priorities and to assist those involved in managing projects to measure and verifytheir progress.

The Project Sustainability Management Guidelines are structured with Themes and Sub-Themes under

the three main sustainability headings of Social, Environmental and Economic. For each individual Sub-

Theme a core project indicator is defined along with guidance as to the relevance of that issue in the

context of an individual project.

The Sustainability Reporting Framework provides guidance for organizations to use as the basis for

disclosure about their sustainability performance, and also provides stakeholders a universallyapplicable, comparable framework in which to understand disclosed information.

The Reporting Framework contains the core product of the Sustainability Reporting Guidelines, as well

as Protocols and Sector Supplements. The Guidelines are used as the basis for all reporting. They are

the foundation upon which all other reporting guidance is based, and outline core content for reporting

that is broadly relevant to all organizations regardless of size, sector, or location. The Guidelines contain

principles and guidance as well as standard disclosures including indicators to outline a disclosure

framework that organizations can voluntarily exibly and incrementally adopt
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framework that organizations can voluntarily, exibly, and incrementally, adopt.

Protocols underpin each indicator in the Guidelines and include definitions for key terms in the indicator,

compilation methodologies, intended scope of the indicator, and other technical references.

Sector Supplements respond to the limits of a one-size-ts-all approach. Sector Supplements

complement the use of the core Guidelines by capturing the unique set of sustainability issues faced by

different sectors such as mining, automotive, banking, public agencies and others.

IPD Environment Code

The IPD Environment Code[47]was launched in February 2008. The Code is intended as a good practice

global standard for measuring the environmental performance of corporate buildings. Its aim is to

accurately measure and manage the environmental impacts of corporate buildings and enable property

executives to generate high quality, comparable performance information about their buildings anywhere

in the world. The Code covers a wide range of building types (from ofces to airports) and aims to inform

and support the following;

Creating an environmental strategyInputting to real estate strategy

Communicating a commitment to environmental improvement

Creating performance targets

Environmental improvement plans

Performance assessment and measurement

Life cycle assessments

Acquisition and disposal of buildings

Supplier management

Information systems and data population

Compliance with regulations

Team and personal objectives

IPD estimate that it will take approximately three years to gather significant data to develop a robust set

of baseline data that could be used across a typical corporate estate.

ISO 21931
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Sustainable development portal

Energy portal

Home portal

ISO 21931

ISO/TS 21931:2006, Sustainability in building constructionFramework for methods of assessment for

environmental performance of construction worksPart 1: Buildings, is intended to provide a general

framework for improving the quality and comparability of methods for assessing the environmental

performance of buildings. It identifies and describes issues to be taken into account when using

methods for the assessment of environmental performance for new or existing building properties in the

design, construction, operation, refurbishment and deconstruction stages. It is not an assessment

system in itself but is intended be used in conjunction with, and following the principles set out in, the

ISO 14000 series of standards.

See also [edit]

Natural building

Green building by country [edit]

Green Building in Bangladesh

Green building in Germany

Green building in Israel

Green building in Malaysia

Green

building

in

South

Africa

Green

building in the United Kingdom

Green building in IndiaGreen building in the United States

General [edit]

Alexander Thomson, a pioneer in sustainable Green architecture

building Green Building Council
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building

Alternative natural materials

Andrew Delmar Hopkins

Arcology high density ecological structures

Active solar

Autonomous building

Building Codes Assistance Project

Center for Environmental Innovation in Roofing

Centre for Interactive Research on

Sustainability

Copper in architecture for sustainability and

recyclability

Copper in energy efficient motorsand Copper

wire and cableas energy-efficient electrical

conductorsDeconstruction (building)

Dimension stone

Domotics

Earthbag construction

EarthCraft House

Earthship

Eco hotel

Energy Conservation Building Code

Eco-building cluster(in Belgium)

Ecohouse (disambiguation)

Environmental planning

Energy-plus-house

EnOcean

Green Building Council

Green Home

Green library

Green technology

Glass in green buildings

Heat island effect

Hot water heat recycling

Insulating concrete form

Leadership in Energy and Environmental

Design

List of low-energy building techniques

Low-energy house

Mahoney tables

Nano House

Natural buildingPhotovoltaics

Rainwater harvesting

Sustainable city

Sustainable habitat

Sustainable House Day

The Verifier

Tropical green building

Whole Building Design Guide

World Green Building Council

Zero-energy building

Fab Tree Hab
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Fab Tree Hab

Federal Roofing Tax Credit for Energy

Efficiency(in the US)

Geo-exchange

GovEnergy Workshop and Trade Show

References [edit]

1. ^Yan Ji and Stellios Plainiotis (2006): Design for Sustainability. Beijing: China Architecture and Building

Press. ISBN 7-112-08390-7

2. ^ abU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (October 28, 2009). Green Building Basic Information.

Retrieved December 10, 2009, from http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/pubs/about.htm

3. ^Hopkins , R. 2002.A Natural Way of Building. Transition Culture. Retrieved: 2007-03-30.

4. Âllen & Iano, 2008[Allen, E, & Iano, J. (2008). Fundamentals of building construction: materials and

methods . Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

5. ^GSA Public Buildings Service Ass ess ing Green Building Performance6. ^Howe, J.C. (2010). Overview of green bu ildings . National Wetlands Newsletter, 33(1)

7. ^Mao, X., Lu, H., & Li , Q. (2009). International Conference on Management and Service Science, 2009.

MASS '09., 1-5. doi:10.1109/ICMSS.2009.5303546

8. Û.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (October 28, 2010). Green Building Home. Retrieved

November 28, 2009, from http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/pubs/components.htm

9. ^WBDG Sustainable Comm ittee. (August 18, 2009). Sustainable. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from

http://www.wbdg.org/designsustainable.php

10. ^Life cycle assessment#cite note-1

11. ^Hegazy, T. (2002). Life-cycle s tages of projects. Computer-Based Cons truction Project Management,8.

12. ^Pushkar, S., Becker, R., & Katz, A.(2005). A methodology for design of environmentally optimal

buildings by variable grouping. Building and Environment, 40. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.09.004

13. Û.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database

14. ^Naturally:wood Building Green with Wood Module 3 Energy Conservation

15. ^Simps on, J.R. Energy and Buildings , Improved Estimates of tree-shade effects on res idential energy
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p , gy g , p gy

use, February 2002.[1] Retrieved:2008-04-30.

16. ^ abCalifornia Integrated Waste Management Board. (January 23, 2008). Green Build ing Hom e Page.

Retrieved November 28, 2009, from .... http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/GREENBUILDING/basics.htm

17. ^- ((hempcrete)). Roman concrete self-healing

18. ^Duurzaam en Gezond Bouwen en Wonen by Hugo Vanderstadt

19. ^Time:Cementing the future

20. ^Components of Green Building | Green Building |US EPA

21. ^[www.greenohm.com GreenOhm official website]

22. ^Lee YS, Guerin DA, Indoor environmental quality differences between office types in LEED-certified

buildings in the US, Building and Environment (2009), doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.10.019

23. ^KMC Controls. "What's Your IQ on IAQ and IEQ?" . Retrieved 25 March 2013.

24. ^LEED and low-emitting interiors

25. ^HQE and low-emitting interiors

26. ^Draft LEED 2012 and low-emitting interiors

27. ^BREEAM and low-em itting interiors

28. ^WBDG Sustainable Comm ittee. (August 18, 2009). Sustainable. Retrieved October 28, 2009, fromhttp://www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php

29. Âsthma and Allergy Foundation of America Home Remodel ling

30. ^Naturally:wood Building Green with Wood Module 6 Health and Wellbeing

31. ÎAQ

32. ^WBDG Sustainable Comm ittee. (August 18, 2009). Sustainable. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from

http://www.wbdg.org/design/optimize_om.php

33. ^Kats, Greg; Alevantis Leon; Berman Adam; Mills Evan; Perlman, Jeff. The Cos t and Financial Benefits

of Green Buildings, October 2003 [2] Retrieved:November 3rd, 2008.34. În Business magazine Green Builders Get Big Help from Decons truction

35. ^Naturally:wood Building Green with Wood Module 5 Durability and Adaptability

36. ^Lange, Jorg; Grottker, Mathias; Otterpohl, Ralf. Water Science and Technology, Sustainable Water and

Waste Management In Urban Areas, June 1998. [3] Retrieved:April 30, 2008.

37. ^Kats, Greg, Leon Alevantis , Adam Berman, Evan Mills , Jeff Perlman. The Cos t and Financial Benefits

of Green Buildings , November 3rd, 2008.

38. ^Cali fornia Sustainabil ity Alliance, Green Buildings. Retrieved June 16, 2010, from
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[show ]V T E

[show ]V T E

Library resources

About Green building

Resources in your library

Resources in other libraries

y g

http://sustainca.org/programs/green_buildings_challenges

39. ^Fedrizzi, Rick,"Intro What LEED Measures ." United States Green Building Council, October 11, 2009.

40. ^Langdon, Davis. The Cos t of Green Revisited. Publication. 2007.

41. ^Fuerst, Franz; McAllister, Pat. Green Noise or Green Value? Measuring the Effects of Environmental

Certification on Office Property Values. 2009. [4] Retrieved: November 5, 2010

42. ^Pivo, Gary; Fisher, Jeffrey D. Investment Returns from Res ponsible Property Investments: Energy

Efficient, Transi t-oriented and Urban Regeneration Office Properties in the US from 1998-2008.

2009.[5] Retrieved: November 5, 2010

43. ^Fuerst, Franz; McAllister, Pat. An Investigation of the Effect of Eco-Labeling on Office Occupancy Rates.

2009.[6] Retrieved: November 5, 2010

44. ^Naturally:wood Building Green and the Benefits of Wood

45. Înternational Code Council International Green Construction Code

46. ÎPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Clim ate Change

47. ÎPD Environment Code

External links [edit]

Environmental technology

Technology

Categories: Sustainable building Building engineering Sustainable architecture

Low-energy building Buildings and structures by type

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design certified buildings Sustainable urban planning

This page was last modified on 28 November 2013 at 16:29.
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Green Building Basic understanding

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