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GOOD FRIDAY AFTERNOON!!!Please have out on your desk your Course Framework packet as well as paper for your first set of NOTES

INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF NORTH AMERICA

Native Americans

Period 1

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REGIONAL INDIGENOUS SOCIETIES

Indigenous Peoples in the Classic and Post-Classic Era

• Throughout the Classic and Post-Classic Mesoamerican period Native American life grew and adapted at a very accelerated rate.• ~0-1000CE• ~1200-1500CE

• Variation of Indigenous Peoples based in part on interactions with the environment and each other:…• Social Structures

• Matriarchal and Patriarchal • Political Structures

• Treaties, leaders• Economic & Societal Organization

• Welfare Systems • Tool and Weaponry Innovation

• Etc.

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Significance of Maize• Probably domesticated in the Tehuacan Valley of Mexico• Original form long extinct, could no longer exist as a wild plant in its present

form, started as a wild grass cultivated into maize, originally had only 8 rows of kernels

• Probably originally used by Mayan, Aztec, Incas, (all in Mexico) and some Pueblo (southwest US)

• Allowed families to live in one place, but time commitment to development was significant

• Maize slowly began to move north, arriving in New England about 1,000 years ago, and up to the St. Lawrence

• First product that could afford a surplus and therefore be stored, sold, and traded allowing for a more complex and advanced economy in native societies

• Husks often used to produce other goods (bags, shoes, etc.)• Arrival of corn explains much about the rate of development of different

Native societies; nation-states (such as Mayan and Inca) only really available once the mass crop is available

Prior to Contact: Great Basin• Travel and camp in familiar sites, created specific trails,

namely the Ute Trail

• As hunter gatherers, movement allowed site to replenish

• Both men and women hunted (women=smaller game)

• Also gathered wild plants to supplement nutrition

• Bear dance in spring after winter rest

Archetypal group:Ute

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Prior To Contact: The Plains • Sioux tribe consisted of Dakota, Nakota, and Lakota

• The Plains stretch from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.

• The areas had large herds of buffalo which provided abundant food.

Archetypal group: Dakota Sioux

Prior To Contact: Northeast Archetypal group:Iroquois

Long houses up to 200 ft. long w/ up to 5 fireplaces for 2 families

• Lived in area rich in rivers and forests• The Iroquois, led by Hiawatha and Deganawidah,

created the only real North American empire outside Mexico/Peru: Iroquois Confederacy

• group of 5 tribes (Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas) in New York state

• Main function was defense• Each tribe kept their independence, but met

occasionally to discuss matters of common interest.

• They were matrilineal, men dominated society, but owed positions to their wives’ family’s prominence

• Economies: mixed hunter-gatherer and agricultural, sedentary

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Prior to Contact: Mississippi Mound Builders

• Cahokia Mound Site in STL• Large urban center for mound building

cultures of the Midwest/Mississippi• Home to up to 40,000 people at height,

with surrounding farm communities • Waste and lack of food made for difficult living• Large mound build over centuries 10 stories

tall, nearby plaza for game playing and social activities

• Mounds were used for burials or ceremonies. Homes were made of surrounding materials.

Archetypal group:Cahokia

Prior To Contact: Northwest Coast• The Native Americans of the Northwest had no need to farm,

but they were not nomadic. • The land was full of animals; the sea was full of fish. Most of the

villages were located near the Ocean. • Wood was plentiful, and the natives of the areas used the

woods to build longhouses, home to up to 50 people. • One of the unique innovations of the Indigenous Peoples of the

Northwest was the large canoe that could hold 50+ people.• They were carved out of redwoods.

• Very stratified society – caste system, upper class was warriors and shamans, segregated groups and even children

• Practiced slavery (used other Natives)• Head flattening for children (flatter head = higher social status)

Archetypal group: Chinook

Lewis/Clark Journal

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Prior To Contact: The Southwest • The Natives of the Southwest were divided into two

groups some were hunter/gathers and some were farmers.

• The Pueblos were skilled farmers (maize)• These Pueblos used irrigation canals to bring water

for their farming. • The Apache and Navajo entered the southwest

around 1500 and were hunter-gatherers.• Permanent, apartment-like dwellings• Pueblo villages were self-governing, run by a

governing chief• Known for making beautiful pottery and baskets

Archetypal group: Pueblo(village in Spanish)

Prior to Contact: Southeast• Agricultural villages, 200 each with 30-60

houses and a counsel house (made of branches and mud)

• “three-sisters” farming: corn, beans, squash) • Also hunter-gatherer• Leadership would change according to

circumstance. Red leaders (war) or White leaders (peace)

• Villages only met for ceremonies or war

Archetypal group:Cherokee

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Making Contact

Contact Continues

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Why did the “Age of Exploration” Occur?• End of the “Dark Ages”• Renaissance• Printing Press• Gun powder• Emergence of Nation-States

What was the motivation of the individual explorer, conquistador, monarch?• Materialism, personal wealth• Glory, personal fame• Religion, conversion of the “heathens” to Christianity – different types depending on

new factions in Christianity• Nationalism, promoting the wealth and power of the nation• Scientific Curiosity

Leads to fierce competition among leading European nation-states

What made the “Age of Exploration” Possible?• Major scientific advances allow for more adventurous

exploring• Sextant

• Used for measuring accurate distances

• Joint-Stock Companies• Early versions of corporations

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COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

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The Exchange

The Columbian Exchange

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How did the European Colonization affect Native Culture?

• Settlement patters• Introduction of horses, cows, and oxen

allow for greater movement among indigenous societies

• Social • Intermarriage (more on that later)

• Religious conversion

• Diminishing language, customs, religions

• 90% death rate in some areas• Disease (swine flu, small pox, whooping

cough, chicken pox)

• War

• Economic • Forced labor

• Loss of Land

• Political• New loyalty to Spanish Crown (see Las

Casas)

• Indigenous society authority largely disregarded

• Loss of Liberty

How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations?

Food• Corn• Tomatoes• Peppers• Chocolate• Pineapples• Sweet Potatoes• Potatoes ***

• Health, Nutrition• Economic

Medicine• Vitamins• Anesthetics for Surgery and

Dentistry• Cocaine and derivatives

• Muscle relaxants • Curare

• Expectorants for cold remedies• Guafenisen

• Poison treatment• Ipecac

• Malaria• “Fever Bark” - Quinine

• Analgesics• AspirinAll of this spurs rapid population

growth in Europe, pushing more individuals into the marketplace!

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• MoneyThree times the gold and silver in EuropeInflationMore money in more hands …… More People wanting more goods …… More People making more goods …… Industrial Revolution

Shifts Europe from feudalism to capitalism!

How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations?

• Shift to capitalism and more open markets hence opportunities for wealth building leads to the “First Great Divergence”• This theory suggests that all old world regions (European, Asian,

Russian, Middle Eastern, etc.) were on a relatively level playing field

• Opening of exchange with the Western Hemisphere allows for the first real jump of one of the regions, Europe, and allowing for a massive acceleration of one group overs

• Also known as the European Miracle

• Within Europe, the competition nations push outward toward Empire Building

How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations?

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How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations?

RecreationLacrosse

Tobacco

Chocolate

Government?!?Iroquois Confederacy

LABOR IN THE NEW WORLD

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Ruling Colonial Territory• Why spend so much time talking about

Spanish conquistadors/explorers? • Audiencias had authority under the general

Counsel of the India, all under the Spanish royal authority • Audencias had legislative, executive, and judicial

functions to try and bring the conquistadors under Spanish royal authority

• Viceroyalty of Spain, a Spanish colonial administrative court, names this territory New Spain

• Viceroyalty of Peru, also a Spanish administrative body, runs most of South America

Encomienda System • Roots in the feudal system of Europe, conqueror wins territory and tax paying

tributes in exchange for defense• Encomiendas were formal tracts of land paid to Spanish citizens and the

Repartmento system was the process of assigning native labor to each encomiendor

• Natives were to provide goods, metals, money, and labor• Spanish were to provide protection, Christian religion, defense of the area, taxes

to the Crown• Most Encomiendas had a church and organized the surrounding land into parishes

• Native population declines so drastically that Native labor is replaced by African labor

• Intended to be for conversion to Catholism (and were only supposed to be incharge until natives became Catholics), but later economically exploited

• Spanish Crown encouraged intermarrying, as a means to assimilation• Crown will try to intervene, partially because of the urging of Las Casas

http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?action=read&artid=633

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Controversy of Treatment: Valladolid Debate• August 1550, 5 day debate in Valladolid,

Spain • De Las Casas, arguing Amerindians were

free and Catholic doctrine argued for equal treatment, and scholar Juan Gines de Sepulveda, arguing that Catholic doctrine supported punishing natives for ‘committing crimes against nature’ and slavery was appropriate

• Official Council of the Indies never declared winner. However, both men claimed victory

“New Laws” of 1542• New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the

Indians passed in 1542• Intended to drastically limit the power of the Encomendors• Laws said: no enslavement of Indians, formally stated Indians were free

persons, encomiendors could no longer require tributes, if Indians worked, they needed to be paid, encomienda grants could not be passed down upon death, Indians shouldn’t work in mines unless ‘absolutely necessary’

• When the Viceroy of Peru tried to enforce, the Encomendors rebelled and killed Viceroy chair, so the Viceroy of New Spain decided not to enforce them

• All of these laws were eventually revoked by 1545. Mixed historical reviews on their effectiveness depending on the position. Did allow for the release of many Indian slaves, but the Spanish still needed labor.

• Dominicans will continue pushing for reforms.

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Mission System• The mission system will eventually replace the encomiendas

(late 1700s)• Started by mostly Franciscans and Jesuits, Spain had 3 goals:

• Education (literacy)• Gain tax base• Conversion to Christianity

• These missions will continue, particularly in places like California, until its annexation into the US

• Missions would baptize natives first, then force them to attend daily religious services and labor

Spanish/Portuguese search for labor• Portuguese had been using African slave labor on their colonies off

the coast of Africa to farm sugar for a couple hundred years at this point.

• Need for labor - support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources

• Dramatic forced labor of indigenous societies, accompanied by a tremendous reduction in population leads to a hunt for new labor (see Las Casas)

• As minerals were extracted and land producing fewer natural resources, Spanish colonists transitioned into sugar production, leading to a massive plantation system in the new world (see Columbian Exchange article)

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A New Issue?• The Colombian Exchange also introduced the slave trade

which would be central to the development of economic structures, social hierarchies, and human relations for …

Extraction of Africans • Spanish and Portuguese traders reached West Africa and

partnered with some African groups to exploit local resources and recruit slave labor for the Americas

• Example: Portuguese King Manuel I (who will marry Isabella and Ferdinand’s daughter, responsible for Vasco de Gama and discovery of Brazil) and Congo King Affonoso entered symbiotic relationship.• Congo sells lower class African citizens to King Manuel as prisoners of

war for shipment as slaves• Evidence of letters where they address one another as ‘brothers’ and

would send one another extravagant gifts. • Eventually Affonoso tried to break ties, but too late• Similar agreements in Nigeria and Ghana

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/africa_article_01.shtml#fourhttp://hnn.us/article/41431

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Casts System aka Spanish Caste System3 present ‘races’ in North America: Spanish, Amerindian, African1. Peninsulares – Born in Spain, living in the Americas2. Criollos – pure Spanish blood, born in the Americas3. Mestizos – mixed race of Native American and Spanish, born in the Americas,

Bearing Spanish names, they became the backbone of the Spanish empire in the Americas. Mestizos made up the majority of conscripts in the army; they became artisans, traders, and local officials.

4. Mulattos – typically classified as the first generation of Spanish and African mix5. Indios – Native Americans 6. Africans/Negros – most first generation in the Americans were slaves, but there

were many free-black communities, who because of their close social ties to slavery, were in this caste level, as well

7. Zambo – Amerindian and Negro mix

http://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/06/15/las-castas-spanish-racial-classifications/

Casts System aka Spanish Caste System3 present ‘races’ in North America: Spanish, Amerindian, African1. Peninsulares – Born in Spain, living in the Americas2. Criollos – pure Spanish blood, born in the Americas3. Mestizos – mixed race of Native American and Spanish, born in the Americas,

Bearing Spanish names, they became the backbone of the Spanish empire in the Americas. Mestizos made up the majority of conscripts in the army; they became artisans, traders, and local officials.

4. Mulattos – typically classified as the first generation of Spanish and African mix5. Indios – Native Americans 6. Africans/Negros – most first generation in the Americans were slaves, but there

were many free-black communities, who because of their close social ties to slavery, were in this caste level, as well

7. Zambo – Amerindian and Negro mix

http://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/06/15/las-castas-spanish-racial-classifications/

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• Sambo, 1770• Little Black Sambo - 1899

Amerindians and Africans struggle for autonomy

• In spite of slavery, Africans’ cultural and linguistic adaptations to the Western Hemisphere resulted in varying degrees of cultural preservation and autonomy

• Examples: (think Salem Witch Trials influence)• Syncretic Religions formed

• Santeria – Yoruba and Catholicism • Louisiana Voodoo -

• Language• Formation of pidgin languages

• Runaway slaves would often form maroon communities, particularly in the Caribbean, armed groups often run to smaller islands or eventually conquered

• Some major rebellion stories such as the Amistad (1840)

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Additional Things To Know• Ferdinand & Isabella

• Coronado

• Cortes

• Moctezuma

• Incas

• Aztecs

• Treaty of Tordesilla

• Bartolome de Las Casas