Geography AQA A-Level - PMT
Transcript of Geography AQA A-Level - PMT
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Geography AQA A-LevelThe Water and Carbon Cycle
Definition Flashcards
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This work by PMT Education is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
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Acidification
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Acidification
The gradual reduction of pH of the oceans, due to dissolving carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
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Afforestation
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Afforestation
Planting trees and vegetation in the aim of increasing forest cover.
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Anticyclone
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Anticyclone
A system of high pressure, causing high temperatures and unseasonably high evaporation rates.
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Aquifer
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Aquifer
A permeable or porous rock which stores water.
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Biofuel
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Biofuel
Burning crops and vegetation for electricity and heat.
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Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
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Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
The capture of carbon dioxide emissions directly from the factory, pumped into disused mines rather than being released into the atmosphere.
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Carbon Fluxes
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Carbon Fluxes
The movement of carbon between stores.
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Carbon Neutral
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Carbon Neutral
A process that has no net addition of carbon dioxide to the environment.
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Carbon Stores
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Carbon Stores
Places where carbon accumulates for a period of time such as rocks and plant matter.
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Channel Flow
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Channel Flow
Water flowing in a rivulet, stream or river.
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Choke Points
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Choke Points
Points in the logistics of energy and fuel that are prone to restriction.
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Combustion
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Combustion
The process of burning a substance, in the presence of oxygen, to release energy.
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Convectional Precipitation
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Convectional Precipitation
Solar radiation heats the air above the ground, causing it to rise, cool & condense forming precipitation (often as thunderstorms).
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Cryosphere
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Cryosphere
The global water volume locked up within a frozen state (i.e. snow and ice).
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Decomposition
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Decomposition
The break down of matter, often by a decomposer which releases carbon dioxide through their own respiration.
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Depression
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Depression
A system of low pressure, with fronts of precipitation where low and high pressure air masses meet.
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Desalination Plant
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Desalination Plant
The conversion of seawater to freshwater, suitable for human consumption.
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Desublimation
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Desublimation
The change of state of water from gas to solid, without being a liquid (the opposite process to sublimation).
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Drainage Basin
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Drainage Basin
The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.
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Drainage Density
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Drainage Density
The total length of all rivers & streams divided by the area of the drainage basin.
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Drought
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Drought
An extended period of deficient rainfall relative to the statistical average for the region (UN).
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Economic Water Scarcity
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Economic Water Scarcity
When water resources are available but insufficient economic wealth limits access to it.
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Energy Mix
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Energy Mix
The composition of a country’s energy sources.
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Energy Security
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Energy Security
The ownership and full control of a country’s energy source, production and transportation.
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Energy Pathway
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Energy Pathway
The movement of energy from its extraction or source, through pipes, freight logistics or cabling.
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Energy Players
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Energy Players
Key companies and individuals who own, distribute and sell energy and energy sources.
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Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
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Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
The build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, reducing the amount of solar radiation reflected into space.
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ENSO Cycles
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ENSO Cycles
El Nino Southern Oscillations - naturally occurring phenomena that involves the movement of warm water in the Equatorial Pacific.
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Evapotranspiration
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Evapotranspiration
The combined total moisture transferred from the Earth to the atmosphere, through evaporation and transpiration.
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Frontal Precipitation
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Frontal Precipitation
Where air masses of different temperatures meet at a front, one mass will be forced over another, causing precipitation beneath the front.
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Global Hydrological Cycle
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Global Hydrological Cycle
The continuous transfer of water between land, atmosphere and oceans. The Earth is a closed system.
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Groundwater Flow
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Groundwater Flow
Water moving horizontally through permeable or porous rock due to gravity.
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Hydrological Drought
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Hydrological Drought
Insufficient soil moisture to meet the needs of vegetation (crops, trees, plants) at a particular time.
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Infiltration
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Infiltration
The movement of water vertically through the pores in soil.
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Integrated Drainage Basin Management
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Integrated Drainage Basin Management
Establishing a frame of coordinated efforts between administrations (e.g. local government) and stakeholders (e.g businesses) to achieve balanced management of a basin (World Bank).
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Inorganic Carbon
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Inorganic Carbon
Carbon stored in carbonated rocks.
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Interception
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Interception
Raindrops are prevented from falling directly onto the ground, instead hitting the leaves of a tree.
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Meteorological Drought
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Meteorological Drought
When long-term precipitation trends are below average.
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Monsoon
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Monsoon
The drastic variation between wet and dry seasons for sub-tropical areas, caused by a changed prevailing wind. Can lead to annual flooding.
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Non-Renewable
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Non-Renewable
A source of energy that can only be used once to generate electricity or takes thousands of years to replace. E.g. Fossil Fuels.
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Nuclear Fusion
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Nuclear Fusion
The process of joining atomic nuclei together, to produce energy.
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OPEC
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OPEC
Oil and Petroleum exporting countries. An organisation that supports and coordinates fossil fuel exporting countries.
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Open System
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Open System
A system affected by external flows and inputs (such as a drainage basin, or a sediment cell).
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Organic Carbon
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Organic Carbon
Carbon stored in plant material and living organisms.
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Outgassing
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Outgassing
The release of dissolved carbon dioxide (e.g. at plate boundaries, warming the oceans).
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Percolation
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Percolation
Water moving vertically from soil into permeable rock.
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Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis
The process of converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. All plants and some organisms rely on this process to survive.
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Physical Water Scarcity
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Physical Water Scarcity
A physical lack of available freshwater which cannot meet demand.
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Phytoplankton
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Phytoplankton
Small organisms that rely on photosynthesis to survive, so intake carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
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Primary Energy
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Primary Energy
The initial source of energy, as it is naturally found. This could be natural ores, water, crops or radioactive material.
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Relief Precipitation
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Relief Precipitation
Precipitation caused when air masses are forced to rise over high land, determined by the relief/ morphology of the land.
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Renewable
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Renewable
Primary energy that can be re-used to produce electricity or has a short lifetime, therefore any used can be replaced quickly. E.g. Hydroelectric, biomass, solar.
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Respiration
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Respiration
The process of converting glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and energy. Some organisms rely on respiration to survive.
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River Regime
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River Regime
The pattern of river discharge over a year.
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Runoff
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Runoff
Water flowing over the surface of the ground eg. after precipitation or snowmelt.
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Salinisation
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Salinisation
Where salt water contaminates freshwater stores or soils, creating saline conditions and reducing human use/ consumption.
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Saltwater Encroachment
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Saltwater Encroachment
The movement of saltwater into freshwater aquifers or soils. This may be caused by sea level rise, storm surges or over-extraction.
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Secondary Energy
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Secondary Energy
The product of primary energy, mostly electricity.
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Sequestration
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Sequestration
The transfer of carbon from the atmosphere to stores elsewhere - living biosphere, inorganic rocks, etc.
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Smart Irrigation
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Smart Irrigation
Providing crops with a water supply less than optimal, to make crops resistant to water shortages.
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Storm Hydrograph
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Storm Hydrograph
Variation of river discharge over a short period of time (days).
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Sublimation
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Sublimation
The change of state of water from solid to a gas, without being a liquid.
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Thermohaline Circulation
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Thermohaline Circulation
The movement of volumes of seawater from cold deep water to warm water surface water.
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Throughflow
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Throughflow
Water moving horizontally through the soil, due to gravity.
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Tipping Point
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Tipping Point
A critical threshold where any changes to a system after the tipping point are irreversible.
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Transpiration
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Transpiration
The process through which water evaporates through the stomata in plants' leaves.
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Urbanisation
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Urbanisation
The growth of populations in towns and cities.
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Water Budget
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Water Budget
The annual balance between inputs and outputs within a system.
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Water Conservation
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Water Conservation
Strategies to reduce water usage and demand.
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Water Recycling
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Water Recycling
The treatment and purification of waste water, to increase supply.
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Water Scarcity
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Water Scarcity
There are limited renewable water sources (between 500 and 1000 cubic metres per capita per year).
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Water Security
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Water Security
The ability to protect and access a sustainable source to adequately meet demand.
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Water Sharing Treaty
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Water Sharing Treaty
International agreements for transboundary sources.
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Water Transfer
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Water Transfer
Hard engineering projects, such as pipelines or aqueducts, that divert water between basins to meet demand.
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Watershed
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Watershed
The boundary between neighbouring drainage basins.
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