Geographic l3

8/17/2019 Geographic l3

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Fold mountains of the world


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Pamir Knot


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Hindu kush, Kirthar and Sulaiman

Ranges

S u l a i m

a n

r a n

g e

K i r

t h

a r

r a n g e


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Mountains in Europe


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1) Alaska range

) Southern Alps

!) "inari# Alps

$) Atlas mountains%) P&renees

') (au#asus

) Apennines*) +aurus

) El-ur. and /agros

) Hindukush

10) Kirthar range

11) Kunlun Shan1) rals mountains

1!) Appala#hian

mountains1$) 2reat "i3idingRange

4ist of mountains to lo#ate


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• understanding of the origin ande3olution of earth5s #rust6

• At the time of the formation of the

earth #rust, 7rst -asalti# #rust of o#ean8 -reaking and melting 8 a lighter#ontinental #rust de3eloped6

• #ollide with one another 9 a largerland mass6

• +he :oints 9 fold8mountains6

;mportan#e of mountain -uilding

pro#ess


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rals Mountains


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+&pes of mountains


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• Fault8-lo#k mt6

• "ue to for#es withininterior of the earth

• plifted part 9 horst• depressed part 9

2ra--en

• Horst 9= -lo#k

mountains

• 2ra--en 9= rift3alle&


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Phases of "i3ergent #ontinental#rust


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Afri#an rift 3alle& > -lo#k mountains


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EuropeIndia

E?ample of -lo#k mountains


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Fold mountains

• +rue mountains

• (ompressi3e for#e 8folding

• "ue to #ollision ofplates @(8(, 8()

• Folding of sedimentar&ro#ks

• Bot true mountains

• +ensile for#e 8faulting

• "i3erging plates@(onti)

• "iCerential erosion ofhorst of fault > lookslike mountains

Block mountains

#omparison


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4andforms on earth


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MeaningD

Flat, +a-leland, upland,

higher thansurroundingareas

Plateaus


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• Raised land during mountains-uilding pro#ess

• "eposition from la3a

• "eposition from wind

• Eroded due to gla#iers

Formation of Plateaus


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Intermontane plateau

•


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Glacial

plateau

• 2rahwal

plateau

• 4aurentian

plateau@(anada)

• (olum-ia8

snakeplateau

@SA)• "e##an

Plateau• Shanplateau

Lava

plateau

+&pes of Plateau


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Bolivia plateauColumbia- colorado


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Oark plateau!natolia plateau


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Loess plateauLaurentian plateau


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• rigin of Ri3er(ongo and/am-e.i

•

"ense euatorialforest

• Known forresour#es

8 2old, diamonds,(opper

Katanga Plateau


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• Euatorial region

• "ense rainforest

• Known for goldreser3e

Plateau of Mato 2rasso,


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• Plateau #rossed -&Salween ri3er

• ;rrawadd& ri3erpassed in eastern

side• Shan plateau8 #hief

sour#e of lead, .in#and sil3er

M&anmar• Known for teak

forest

@


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Roof of theworldG > highest

and largestplateau

• Sour#e of;ndus,


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• 2ranite

• 4ess mo-ile,#annot

mo3eupward

•


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4andforms on earth


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Plains

• Meaning

• Flat areas with lowheights

• allu3ial plains ofri3ers

• "epositional plains

8 Ri3ers

8 Sea @su-8merged#oast)

•Erosional plains

8 Erosion of plateau


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!sia Eur

ope

!"ri

ca

Sout

h!merica

#orth

!merica

;ndus "anu

-e

Bile Ama.

on

Mississippi >

Missouri2anga >


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angt.e ri3er, (hina


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• angt.e > !th longest ri3er in the world

• Ba3iga-le ri3er > !%I of (hina5s population

• Si#huan -asin > ri#e #ulti3ation

•

Shanghai > -iggest port of (hina• Juhan > ;ron and steel

• Ban:ing > te?tile, iron and steel

• (hengdu > oil and gas

• +hree gorge dam

• un ho #anal > #onne#t angt.e with HwangHe

;mportant lo#ations


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Euphrates8 +igris ri3er, ;ra


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• 4ake an,

• 4ake rmia

• ;mportant #enters in ;raD

•


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Ama.on ri3er,


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• 4argest, nd longest ri3er

• Sel3as > euatorial rain forest

•

+in, ru--er in Sel3as• Sertao > ran#hing region

• Petroleum reser3e at the mouth

•

Manaus > ;ron ore, na3iga-le• plateau of Mato 2rasso > gold

reser3e

4o#ations near Ama.on ri3er


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Mississippi , SA


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• +emperate grasslands > Prairies

• Jheat, #orn and #otton #ulti3ation

• ;mportant #itesD

• Kansas > agri#ulture

• St6 Pitts-urg > iron and steel

•

Bew rleans > port, ship -uilding

4o#ations near Mississippi -asin


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Murra&8"arling -asin, Australia


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• +emperate grassland > downs

• Jheat #ulti3ation

• Sheep rearing ,Animal hus-andr&

• Jool and dair& produ#tion

4o#ation near Murra&8darling -asin

4 df h


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4andforms on earth

Mountains @fold and-lo#k)

Plateaus

Plains


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Batural (atastrophi#

e3ents


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3ol#anism

2eomor


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#omplete seuen#e ofpro#esses of #reation

and mo3ement ofmagma L #reation of

3ol#ani# landformsol#anism is notrandom

Reason asso#iatedwith 3ol#anism is also

not random

ol#anism

2eomorpho


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•

1st

• Pa#i7# Ring ofFire

• 8#on3ergen#e

• 8(#on3ergen#e

"istri-ution of ol#anism


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O-O $ %olcanic arc

O-C $%olcanic

mountains

Plate mo3ements


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nd

• 8di3ergen#e

• pea#efuleruption

Mid #eani# Ridge


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!th

•


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•

Mediterranean seais residual part of +eth&s sea

• +eth&s sea was

lo#ated -etween >4aurasia and2ondwana

• (ollision of Afri#a to

4aurasia > -reakingup of plates ofMediterranean sea

Histor& of Mediterranean sea


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• $th

• Magma Fromdeep interior8 ;sland ar#

• "ire#tion ofplate

• Hawaii, Reunion,Kurile, Aleutian

Hot Spot ol#anoes


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Aleutian ;slands


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Basaltic eruption

• ##ur at mid8o#eani#ridge and hot spot3ol#anism

• mo-ile

• Spread a#ross easil&

• Nuite eruption

• ol#ani# ar#s, 3ol#ani#mountains

• Andesite > less uid >less mo-ile

• Solidi7es at shortdistan#e8 intense

pressure de3elopinside >e?plosi3e

!ndesitic eruption

#omparison


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Basaltic eruption !ndesitic eruption

#omparison


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;ntrusi3e 4andforms


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;ntrusi3e 4andforms

•;ntrusion of Magma in sedimentar& ro#ks

•Sills @Hori.ontal)

•"&ke @erti#al)

•4a##olith > magma whi#h #ould not #ome out

•4opolith > sau#er8shaped

•Pha#olith > shape like wa3es• intrusi3e graniti# ro#k

;ntrusi3e ol#ani# 4andforms


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E?trusi3e 3ol#ani# 4andforms


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•

Hot spot 3ol#anoon #ontinental#rust

• (ra#ks on

#ontinental #rust >


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• ;ndian plate passedo3er a hot spotnear Reunion

;sland• looks like steps 9=

"e##an la3a traps• Soil > -la#k soil

regur5

;ndian "e##an trap


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Spatial distri-ution of 4a3a Plateau


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• (olum-ia8snakeplateau, SA

• .ark plateau, SA

•

Parana8Patagonia, S6Ameri#a

• Adamawa plateau,Afri#a

•


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E?trusi3e 3ol#ani# 4andforms


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• ol#ani# ;slands@Hot spot)

• Highl& uid la3a

@-asalti#) -uilddome

• 2entle slope

•Nuite 3ol#ano

• ol#anoes ofHawaii

Shield Q "ome 3ol#ano


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• 8( #ollision >

3ol#ani#mountains

• 4ess uid la3a@Andesiti#)e?plode 3iolentl&

• is#ous la3asolidi7es at short

distan#e

• Mt6 Pari#utin, Me?i#o

(inder #ones


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ol#ani#

mountainsEa#h neweruption > newla&ers of ash orla3a

Mt6 Strom-oli, Mt6

esu3ius, Mt6 Fu:i

(omposite (ones


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Shield&

dome

Cinder Composit

eHighl&uid

4ess uid Qhighl&

3is#ous

Fluid L3is#ous

Silent ow iolenteruption

Multipleand3iolenteruption

2entle Steep Highest

+&pes of ol#ani# #ones


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• 2e&sers

9fountains ofHot water

• 2round waterheated -&

shallowsour#e ofmagma

• ld faithful

ge&ser, ellowstone park,SA

2e&sers


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• Hot SpringD

• Jater rea#hdeep enough >heated -&interior

• 4o#ate an& partof the world

Hot Spring

2 2Q h t d"iCeren#e -etween ge&ser and


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• 2e&ser > 2Qw heated-& shallow magmasour#e

• Hot spring > gQwheated -& eithermagma sour#e or

heated ro#ks• 2e&ser > #ham-er in

interior > pressure >#omes out like

fountain

• Hot >spring 8 uite

"iCeren#e -etween ge&ser and

Hotspring


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ge'ser

• 2e&sers are rare

•

Hot water dissol3edwith sili#aa##umulated onsurfa#e > gi3esdiCerent #olours

• SA, 8 ellowstonepark

• Found an&where

• +he& gets diCerent

#olors from heat8lo3ing -a#teria, like#&ano-a#teria

• Medi#inal 3alues

• (an -e helpful inharness geo8thermalenerg&

(ot spring

#omparison


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• Heated water

is taken out >used formo3ing

tur-ine >generation ofele#tri#it&

• (ooled water

own -a#kinto interior

2eo8thermal energ&


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• "i#ult to lo#ate a good sour#e ofgeothermal reser3oir with #urrentte#hnolog&

• "i#ult to dig a deep well with hardand hot -edro#k

• Harmful gases #an es#ape from the

earth interior while e?ploration > 2H2gases and dissol3ed to?i# elements

4imitations of geo8thermal energ&


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3ol#anism

Sudden mo3ement or

2eomor


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Sudden mo3ement or3i-ration in earth5s

#rust6

Release of the energ&due to intense pressureL a#ti3e internal

d&namism of the earth

Earthuake

pho


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1) Shallow fo#us

EN) ;ntermediatefo#us EN

!) "eep fo#usEN

Shallow fo#us >

destru#ti3e

+&pes of Earthuake


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!t )unction o" * plates

Subduction o" +aci,cplate

Earthuakes in apan


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1st

(ollision ofPlate-oundaries

8 #ollision

8( #ollision

(8( #ollision

Reasons -ehind EN

- hi d


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nd

"i3ergentPlate-oundaries

8di3ergen#eMR

Reasons -ehind EN

- hi d N


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• !th• +rans3erse plate

-oundaries

•

Fri#tion de3eloped-etween twoplates

Reasons -ehind EN

R - hi d EN


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$th

Mediterraneansea region

Bumerous smallplates

Freuentintera#tions

Reasons -ehind EN

R - hi d EN


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%th

(raton 9 sta-le partof #rust

Re8emergen#e of oldfra#tures

'th

Human ;ndu#ed

1) R;S

) mining

!) Bu#lear testing

Reasons -ehind EN


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3ol#anism

Su-marine EN2eomor


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Su-marine EN

Sudden distur-an#esof underl&ing platestransmit the sho#k

wa3es to surfa#ewa3es

+sunami

pho

i


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#ormal aves

Speed > 100 kmph

(o3er shorter distan#es

Ja3elength T100 km

•Speed > 00 kmph

• (o3er longer distan#es

• Ja3elength > = 1%0km

.sunami aves

#omparison

l th


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• "istan#e -etweentwo #rests oftroughs 9

wa3elength

• Ja3es of +sunami

are wider thannormal wa3es ofthe o#ean water

wa3elength

Ph 1


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• EN on o#ean #rust >uplift the waterupward

• +sunami wa3e

generated• essels in the mid8

sea #annotre#ongnise the

tsunami wa3es• Sea water re#ede at

the shore

Phase 1

Ph


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• At #oast > depth

de#rease >wa3elengthde#reases > wa3eheight in#reases

• A huge wall ofwater > 1081oor high #reated

•

Enormous energ&released at theshore

Phase

Ph !


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• Hit the #oast

•

+sunami8 not asingle wa3e -utmultiple wa3es

• $th and *th wa3es

are the mostdangerous

• +ime lapse

-etween ea#hwa3es > 1% to %0minutes

Phase !

Ph f t i


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Phases of tsunami

;ndian preparedness against


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• +sunami Earl& warning s&stem8 gi3es warning in10 minutes of su-marine earthuake

• ;ndian Bational #entre for #ean ;nformationS#ien#es @;B(;S),H&dera-ad

• +o #apture +sunami wa3e amplitude on $?-asis

• real time sea8le3el sensors with -ottom pressurere#orders

• HF radars for #oastal #urrents• (oastal tide gauge stations

;ndian preparedness against

+sunami

(atastrophi# e3ents on


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pearth

+heir reasons anddistri-utions

ol#anismEN

+sunami

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