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General Report of TC 307 – Sustainability in

Geotechnical Engineering

Rapport général du TC 307 - Développement durable

en géotechnique

Dipanjan Basu (Chair)

University of Waterloo, Canada

Anand J. Puppala (Vice-chair)University of Texas at Arlington, USA

Olivier Cuisinier (Secretary)University of Lorraine - Nancy, France

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TC307 session - facts

15 papers received, 6 to be presented during the session

7 from Europe, 6 from Asia and two from America (N & S)

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TC307 – Sustainability in Geotechnical

Engineering

Possible definition of sustainability: ability of a system to

survive, and to retain its functionality over time

Contribution of geotechnical engineering to sustainable

development :

After Abreu et al. 2008

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TC307 – Contribution of Geotechnical

engineering to sustainability

(1) use of recycled and alternate materials

(2) innovative and energy-efficient ground improvement techniques

(3) use of geosynthetics for soil reinforcement

(4) sustainable foundations, retrofitting and reuse of foundations

(5) geothermal pile foundations

(6) efficient use of underground space, energy storage

(7) mining and energy geotechnics

(8) environmental protection, waste management

(9) socioeconomic impact of geoactivities

(10) geohazard monitoring and mitigation

(11) incorporating geoethics in practice

(12) sustainability assessment tools

After Basu et al. CGJ, 2015

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TC307 – Contribution of Geotechnical

engineering to sustainability

(1) use of recycled and alternate materials

(2) innovative and energy-efficient ground improvement techniques

(3) use of geosynthetics for soil reinforcement

(4) sustainable foundations, retrofitting and reuse of foundations

(5) geothermal pile foundations

(6) efficient use of underground space, energy storage

(7) mining and energy geotechnics

(8) environmental protection, waste management

(9) socioeconomic impact of geoactivities

(10) geohazard monitoring and mitigation

(11) incorporating geoethics in practice

(12) sustainability assessment tools

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Use of recycled and alternate materials

Reuse of plastic wastesDave & Thaker, India

Objective: performances of geogrid

made from recycled plastic bottles?

Main findings

1. Technical efficiency

2. Cost effective

Recycling of crushed concreteDetterborn et al., Finland

Objective: compare the use of recycled

crushed concrete / fresh aggregates

Main findings

1. Technical benefits (thickness, etc.)

2. Cost efficiency and environmental

benefit (CO2) = function of

transportation distance

3. Carbonation of concrete CO2

sink?

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Ground improvement techniques

Soil improvement with fly ashNawagamuwa and Prasad, Sri Lanka

Objective: lower waste (fly ash) and limit

soil rejection in road project

Main results

1. Short term benefit of fly ash addition

2. Improvement of the long term

behaviour of the road pavement

3. Limitation of wastes

Fly-ash based mortarKim et al., Korea

Objective: substitute for cement + nano-

bubbles water

Main results

1. Petro-coke ash-mortar exhibited

satisfactory performances

2. Positive impact of nano-bubbles

3. Limitation of wastes

Cement

Petro-cokes ash-mortar

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Sustainable foundations

Re-usable shallow foundationTarragó et al., Spain

Objective: what is the performance of

the system?

Outcome

1. Efficiency of the system on soil

bearing capacity

2. Reusable system (if no plasticity)

Sustainable foundations designKattzenbach & Leppla, Deutschland

Objective: application of advanced and

challenging foundation concepts

1. Illustrates how to lower the impact of a

foundation system by its optimization

2. Requires appropriate survey, site testing,

advanced numerical modelling

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Sustainable foundations

Soil-structure interactionHashemi and Heron, United Kingdom

Objective: New device to study

soil/interface bevaviour

Outcome

1. Identified key parameters for

interface degradation

2. Application to durability of pipeline

submitted to axial displacement

during service life

Tropical urban slopesBeesley et al., United Kingdom

Objective: Modelling dynamic drivers and

uncertain soil parameters

Outcome

1. Framework to assess impact of

urbanisation, and possible mitigation

methods

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Waste management

Nuclear wastes disposalWatanabe, Japan

Objective: durability of properties over

service life due to alkaline plume?

Main findings

1. Alteration of strength

2. Stability of swellling pressure and k

Nuclear waste managementSinnathamby et al. Finland

Objective: review waste management

strategies over the world

Main remark

1. Key role played by geotechnical

engineering in the final choice of storage

location and design

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Geohazard Monitoring and Mitigation

Geohazard monitoringSigtryggsdóttir and Snæbjörnsson, Iceland

Objective: methodology to analyze

multiple geohazards system

Main outcome:

1. importance of considering

interrelation and interaction of

geohazards

2. Constitution of complete risk

assessment tool

Impact of climate changeShou and Lin, Chinese Taipei

Objective: suceptibility of landslide as rainfall

increase with climate change

Main results

1. Susceptibility analysis was conducted

using logistic regression method

2. Landslide hazards were also ranked to

help mitigation strategy definitionMatrix of reservoir and geohazards

interaction and interrelation

Interrelations between the multi-hazard

processes and the monitoring parameters

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Geohazard Monitoring and Mitigation

Erosive processesTavares et al., Brazil

Objective: calculate runoff into the rivers

and the erosive potential of surface flow

Main results:

1. Computation of surface flow velocity

permit to evaluate particle-carrying

capacity of the basin by precipitation

peaks

Liquefaction susceptibilityDey et al., India

Objective: Ground Response Analysis +

liquefaction potential of an Indian city

Main results

1. Liquefaction potential evaluated

2. Key input for sustainable design of

future structure and retrofitting

Factor of safety regarding liquefaction

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Sustainability and Resilience Assessment Tools

New integrated frameworkLee and Basu, Canada

Objective: assess sustainability and resilience of a

transportation network against geo-hazards

Main results:

1. quantitative framework for the assessment of

resilience and sustainability

2. indicators can be utilized to evaluate the

effectiveness of response strategies

Normalized factor of safety of road embankments

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Conclusions

• The 15 papers show that geotechnical engineering can

contribute efficiently to sustainable development by:

• the development of innovative technologies

• the modification of existing practices

• the release of assessment tools

• How can we evaluate the sustainability of any

innovation, construction technique to provide bases for

proper comparison of solutions with sustainability as

the core objective?

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Example: soil treatments to lower water consumption

• Two treatments products permit to reduce by a factor of 5 the

consumption of water for embankment construction

• What is the impact of each solution ?

• No treatment

• Enzymatic

• Lignosulfonate

• Life cycle analysis

Cuisinier et al. 2016, J. Life Cycle Assessment

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Example: soil treatments to lower water consumption

Cuisinier et al. 2016, J. Life Cycle Assessment

18.8

8.9 9.1

0.8

14.5

0.7 0.7

2.0

15.3

4.4

10.7

5.14.6

3.6

8.4

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9.0

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Imp

act v

alu

eUntreated (strategy 3) Enzymatic treatment (strategy 1)

En

erg

yco

nsu

mp

tio

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(x 1

03

MJ)

Min

eral

res

sourc

es d

eple

tion

(kg e

q. S

b)

Wat

er d

eple

tio

n

(x 1

04

L)

So

lid

was

tes

pro

du

ctio

n

(kg

)

Clim

ate

chan

ge

(x 1

02

kg

eq

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Ter

rest

rial

acid

ific

atio

n

(kg

eq

. S

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Str

atosp

her

icozo

ne

dep

leti

on

(x 1

0-5

kg

eq

. C

FC

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)

Photo

chem

ical

oxid

ant

form

atio

n

(kg e

q. et

hyle

ne)

Air

po

llu

tio

n

(x 1

04

m3)

Wat

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ollution

(x 1

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m3)

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Concluding Remarks

TC307 - Sustainability in Geotechnical Engineering:

Future Plans

• More Conferences with focus on State of the Art of Sustainability In Geotechnical Engg– Sustainability Research (part of the project) is UP

– Past Conferences with TC307 in Japan, India, Tunisia, Argentina, USA, and Many Other Places – Special Sessions and Keynotes

– One Session and One Workshop at Seoul

– Future Conferences by TC307 – Portugal (2019 - ISSMGE), GeoSURE (2020 -ASCE with support from ISSMGE), and others planned

– Journal Special Issues

• State Of Practice Issues– Encourage and Involve More Practitioners

– Bridge the gap between research and practice

– Discussion Panels on Sustainability Metrics in Mega Projects at Conferences

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Thanks you for your attention