G. Schauer, "EV activities in Austria, EU and worldwide, Results from Fleet Tests, Business Models,"...

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EV activities in Austria, EU and worldwide, Results from Fleet Tests, Business Models

Gerd SchauerVERBUND AG, Innovation Research & Development

Electric Vehicles22. Sept. 2010, Copenhagen, DK

VERBUND Bereich I Vorname Nachname I Vertraulichkeitsklasse

VERBUND

Verbund 2008:Sales: 3.744,7 Mio. €Operating result (EBIT): 1.138,6 Mio. €Group result: 686,6 Mio. €

Balance sheet total: 8.293,8 Mio. €

Operating cash flow: 934,2 Mio. €Free cash flow: -187,5 Mio. €

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VERBUND Generation / Transmission

AHP: 90 Hydro power plants 22.255 GWh(Verbund total: 6.971,3 MW, 27.601 GWh)

ATP: 3 Thermal power plants 815 MWeldistrict heating 430 MWth

(6 in reserve: 1035 MWel + 524 MWth)

APG: Transmission lines: 380 kV - 1002 km 220 kV - 1657 km

we generate ~ 40 % of Austrian electricity demand(Conditions 2008)

VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer

Contents:

1. Introduction

2. Why e-mobility, several arguments

3. Austrian EV activities

4. European Fleet Test & experience

5. R&D Demand

6. Business models

7. Summary

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Energy Efficiency, Emission Reduction and Security of Supply

Energy efficiency / consumption

Ecology• Greenhouse gas

emissions(GHG) fromincreased traffic

• Air pollution in highly denseurban residential areas fromair pollutants and particulatematter

• Noise pollution from traffic in urban residential areas

Policy• Exert pressure for reducing

GHGs emissions in thetransport sector

• Compliance with EU-targets• Reducing dependence on

import• Identifying technological

solutions for environmentalgoals

Industry & ClientsAutomotive Industrie• Solution for the fullfilment of

the fleet goal• Innovation as a way to

overcome the crisisClients: • Intense fluctuations in fuel

prices

The current state of play is more favorable of e-mobility than in the past

The Main EU-Drivers for E-mobility:

Who is able to coordinate all diffe

rent

stakeholders to find a common strategy?


1. Introduction




5. R&D Demand

6. Business models

7. Summary

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Source: Eurelectric (2009)

- High energy efficiency saves primary energy

… full benefit withgreen electricity

1.


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- The reduction of CO2 emissions in the electricity industry will improve the environmental performance of EVs further

EU Fleet CO2 fleet target 2012

EU Fleet CO2 fleet target 2015

Average Passenger Car

Corresponding EV

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

gCO

2/km

EU passenger car fleet average

Electric Car

Today

Target 2015

Target 2020

1/3 of CO2

2/3 of NO2

Conventionalcars cause …

2.


- No “new” infrastructure necessary

Infrastructure in contrast to other new individual transport concepts the “refuelling”infrastructure for electric vehicles (EV) is already in place.

3.

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The snap shot of all Alternative Fuel Chains shows:- Electricity as the best choice

a greater introduction of RES will further improve this advantage

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

Gasoli

ne (r

eferen

ce)

Diesel (r

eference

)LP

G

CMG NG

CMG biog

asFAME

BTLGTL

CTL

DME NG

Ethanol

wheat

Ethanol

straw

Methan

ol farm

ed w

ood

Methan

ol NG

CGH2 farm

ed w

ood

CGH2 NG (o

nsite)

CGH2 coal

CGH2 EU elec

tricity

mix

CGH2 wind

LH2 w

ind

Battery

EV E

U elec

tricity

mix

[MJ/

km]

RenewableNuclearFossil

Fuel cell (FC)Internal combustion engine (ICE)

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1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

Gasoli

ne (r

eferen

ce)

Diesel (r

eference

)LP

G

CMG NG

CMG biog

asFAME

BTLGTL

CTL

DME NG

Ethanol

wheat

Ethanol

straw

Methan

ol farm

ed w

ood

Methan

ol NG

CGH2 farm

ed w

ood

CGH2 NG (o

nsite)

CGH2 coal

CGH2 EU elec

tricity

mix

CGH2 wind

LH2 w

ind

Battery

EV E

U elec

tricity

mix

[MJ/

km]

RenewableNuclearFossil

Fuel cell (FC)Internal combustion engine (ICE)

Scource: CONCAWE et al. 2007; LBST 2007

4.


3.100 470

TWh

Electricity Demand (2005)

3 57015%Expected

increase with 100% electric

vehicles

- 100 % electric vehicles (theoretical) as of tomorrow would increase EU-27 electricity demand by (only) 15%

Source: EURPROG, Eurostat, own calculations, figures rounded

Based on:

4.4 trillion person-km (2005, Eurostat)

Assumption:

1.7 passengers/vehicle

0.18 kWh/ vehicle-km

In >20 years!

5.

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- The low “overall costs” of electric vehicles are attractive to customers

1) assumption out of Fraunhofer ISI Study 2008

> With a petrol price of 1,50 €/l already significant cost advantages are achieved

> Higher cost advantages are possible– Drivers: oil price, tax breaks, battery costs

Comparison TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO)1), 2020

ICE(Internal Combustion

Engine)

PHEV(Plug-in HybridElectric Vehicle)

EV(Electric Vehicle)

Fuel cost

batteryCar taxes

Maintenance & service

Car price

1,5 €/l?

Price of petrol

?

7.


Battery is key element for suitable range! … but which range do we need?

Source: ETG-Fachbericht 2008

Optimisation of electrode material

Li-Ion technology brought thebreaktrough in range

Typical driving profile of passenger car

Customer aspect: Few distances / year > 200 km !

Typicalrange of EV

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VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer ARE EV AVAILABLE ?

Schematic:

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41 EVs(27,2%)

81 EVs(53,6%)

1 EV(0,7%)

28 EVs(18,5%)

- Electric vehicles are available … and choice will increase!

From former “converted” cars,

now, new cars, especially “designed as EV” come to the market

Total 151 EV documented in Verbund EV data base

From 25 EV

To 91 E-car types!

Source: S. Frey

6.


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Electricity from RENEWABLES!


Electricity fromRENEWABLES!

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Large Hydro power potential – worldwide!

11.5

74 T

Wh

5.92

6 TW

h

2.22

4 TW

h

968

TWh

1.66

7 TW

h

633

TWh

156

TWh

0 TWh

2.000 TWh

4.000 TWh

6.000 TWh

8.000 TWh

10.000 TWh

12.000 TWh

14.000 TWh

16.000 TWh

TWh/

a

Wor

ldw

ide

Asi

a

Sout

hA

mer

ica

&N

orth

Cen

tral

Am

eric

a

Afri

ca

Euro

pe

&A

ustra

lasi

aO

cean

ia

Hydropowerpotential(worldwide 11.574 TWh/a)

Developable techn. feasible hydropower potentialIn operation


Demand for peak power

Increasing demand for balancing powerintegration of wind power

Such projects are economical

... in erectione.g. 480 MW Limberg II, Kaprun

for pumping hydro power plants

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AustriaImpact on the electricity demand - 2

+ 3,6 GW

Quelle: 17.06.2008

Loading during theevening hours

Too high peak loads

Not feasible

NEED FOR LOADING MANAGEMENT


AustriaImpact on the electricity demand - 3

Loading managementBasic conditions:

> Intelligent control of load flow> Grid operator

Result> Regularity of the power > Hardly peak load

Future: V2G:> balancing by electric vehicles

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Model regionREN to cover the demand

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Windkraft Photovoltaik

Result Scenario 3

Result: 42,5 GWhScenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3100 % PV 100 % Wind Combination

PV power 49,9 0 0,8 MWPV modules (185 Watt) 269.956 0 4.463 modulesWind power 0 22,4 22,0 MWWind power plants 0 12 11 power plants


Shopping Center

Basic informations:> Reference shopping center: Citypark Graz> Power of the transformers: around 1.700 kW> 21 charging stations for electric vehicles (assumption)> Charging during the business hours> PV on the roof of parking garage> Calculations made for worst case

Result:> Calculation of additional electricity demand:> 232.000 kWh/a for permanent charging> maximum power: 77 kW

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Shopping CenterEffect of EV charging on electricity demand

Charging only during opening hoursIncreased peak power but

>Insignificant>Transformer adequate

!!!!Demand correlates with PV production!!!!

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Werktag inkl. E-Mobilitätr Werktag Winter


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Shopping CenterImpact on the electrical installation

Low voltage: wire cross section depends on:> Current> Cable length

Fall of voltage max. 3 % - usually 1,5 %


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An OEM/Utility standardization initiative was started end of 2008 to accelerate and improve standards definition

EURELECTRIC and industry actions


Standardisation plays key role!

?

Need for standardisedEV-Connector

3 – phaseup to 500 Vup tp 63 A

up to 43 kWControl pins

OEM/Utility standardization initiative process

WG: EU Regulations & standards needed for the electrification of cars

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Design of system concept


1. Introduction




5. R&D Demand

6. Business models

7. Summary

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Electric VehicleCar development, power train/Gear, drive motor, power electronics, Battery, Informationmanagement/ Control, Safety

System architectureCar electronics – batterysystem –charging – grid control/staybility –billing – Datamanagement!

Charging stationconnector: 1~, 3~ Anschlußfast charging (~100 kW)

Garage, public parkingFleet operators, P+R, shoppingCenters, Charging infrastructure

Smart grid, G2V, V2GGrid capacity, grid control,Smart Grids, DG, DER

Business modelsMobility, DER, accounting systemand trade of electricity, power

Generation, PowerHydro power, thermal power, Wind, PV, balancing power

CustomerMobility, reliability,in dailyuse, price

Policy City development, traffic concepts, energy policy, autarc region, financial incentives

Benefits !ŋ, REN, CO2

Lighthouse projectsE-mobility model region

We have to develop a complex system architecture!

the visionRenewable energygenerationHydro, wind, PV, biomass

Grid infrastructureTransmisssion, DistributionDG, Smart grids

HouseholdsPV, surplus feed to grid,G2V, V2G concepts,Consumer + producer

E-mobile RegionR&D, Car-industry, Infrastructure

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the customers

Austrian Mobile Power

Open Plattformaustrian mobile powercreates solutions fitting foraustria and develops opensystem for e-mobility for all market players, based on EU-standards.

Technology-Plattformand SurroundingsEU-Programs enableinternational involvementPilot regions forimplementation & demon-stration of StandardsStakeholders set boundaryconditionsResearch projects offercollection of know-how.

european standards & initiatives

Green Car Initiative emporAPilot-

RegionStake-holder

20 Partners (8/2010)

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Jän 2009: Verbund EV-Project start

July 2009: Announce MoU

Oct 2009: Submit emporA

Feb 2010: Nomination State price

emporAnegotiations

Dec. 2009: launch of amp

3. Qu. 2010: prep. project proposal emporA II

13. Oct. 2010: e-mobility day, EXPO27. Aug. 2010:

Forum Alpbach

emporA

2010: - project prep.- promote twin city

25. Aug 2010: 2nd EV Li-ion

Forum, Beijing

Aug. 09:Forum Alpbach

www.austrian-mobile-power.at

the goal

• Austria as a leader in the age of e-mobility• Implementation of the overall system in pilot regions• 100,000 electric vehicles in a pilot region• Establish energy, infrastructure, and uniform accounting systems• Collectively invest 50 million euros• Trigger a total investment of 5 billion euros

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• Total System for Electromobility– Vehicle Technology– Infrastructure Technology– User

• Development Leap for AustrianCompanies

– Automotive– Infrastructure– Energy

• Utilization National and International– National Solutions; „Lighthouse Austria“– Contribution to European Solutions– Technologyexport

Austrian Lighthouse projectsemporA – Project Goals

Key Facts:

15 Partners

5 WP: System architecture, vehicle technology, Infrastructure, Consumer, Implementation

Project duration: 2010 – 2012

Project costs: 21,0 Mio.€

Funding KLI.EN: 8,8 Mio.€


Corridor

„E-Mobility Corridor Central-East Europe“ (EMCEE)

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Austrian Pilot Tests

VLOTTE: was first showcase for demonstration of EVstrong partnership, integrated (regional) mobility solution, mobility card (~500,-€/month, after 4y residual value 25%)Think (Zebra battery, later Li-Ion), Fiat 500, …94% of drives under 50 km

Electro Drive, Salzburg: Utility driven, different packages: e-bike, e-scooter, segway, EVcombined with card for public traffic

Region „Almenland“: Green mobility for touristic region, goal is to 600 EV, scooters and e-bikes, green electricity by hydro power

Further activities in Vienna, Graz, Linz, Carinthia

> Avoid different systems, support common standard, financial support necessary,

> Actual costs for users too high for common acceptance


1. Introduction




5. R&D Demand

6. Business models

7. Summary

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Belgium

Population concentrated to 6 large cities

3,5 priv. parking places of 5 Mio. car owners; 22% HH>2 cars

Stimulation by Belgium government (fiscal & others) forindividuals, companies and public authorities

Steering and infrastructure are the real issue for marketpenetration of EV


Denmark

Central, decentral (CHP), wind power-> generation peaks > load!

Challenges:at no wind: from where should power come?What should be done with surplus wind power

that cannot be used?How can power system be so dynamic and operationally flexible to capaqble unpredictableevents

Efficient market: producers – supplieersNEED for INTELLIGENT Integration:

POWER SYSTEM <-> EV Cooperation with Better placeEDISON project !

Source: P, Andreason, A. Hanson, energinet

Wind: + 3 GW

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EDISON (Electric Vehicles in a Distributed and Integrated Market usingSustainable Energy and Open Networks)

Partners: IBM, DONG Energy, regional energy company of Oestkraft, Techn. Univ. of Denmark, Siemens, Euriscoand Danish Energy Association

Researchtechnical developmentdemonstration

Charge EV by wind power; efficient useof grid; ancilliary service

Source: A. Hanson, energinet


Germany

8 Pilot Regions with 115 Mio.€ support:Berlin-Potsdam, Hamburg,Oldenburg/Bremen, Munich, Rhein-Main, Rhein-Ruhr, Sachsen, Stuttgart

E-mobility AllgäuCologne: “colognE-mobil”

Pilot regions

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Ireland

1500 Standard public 3~

>30 DC Fast Chargers

2000 Home Chargers (freefor EV buyer


Portugal

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Netherlands

Projekt Niederlande :: e-laad.nlCooperation of DSO! Install and testing an uniform, rural covering infrastructure

of 10.000 charging stations by elaad.nl (2009-2012), create uniform technology & communication. Charging stations are placed for free at public parking spots. One Charging card per vehicleFrom the grid side … load control is often mentioned (peak shaving)There are additional ancilliary services: congestion management, balancing power, Integration of renewable energies, disturbancemanagementDifferent involved parties have different interestsEl. Generator, DSO, TSO, balancing, trader, … customer

Proposition: Direct price control will not work> price differences are too small> Time constance of the interested party and

customer are to a high degree dissimilar

> (Source A. Postma, ENEXIS)


UK

Tender for Infrastructure:Type of installation, available power, Connection (IEC62196-2), Communication car – charging station, car – UtilityStandards, access control, RFID …

National Ultra Low Carbon Vehicle DemonstratorProgramme Plug-in vehicles (Prius, 12,5 miles el.) and EV ~23 miles avg./d (80 miles range i-MiEV) Congestion charge

France:

French government announce EV programIncentive: 5.000 € superbonus; Partnership: Renault - edfPotential customers: group of 20 corporations: utilities, fleet owners

Spain, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Finland, …:

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E-mobility projects: comparison, recommendations

Business concept

Accountingconcept

Pioneer

Infrastructurepower stations

Used EVs

Governmentsubsidies

Criteria: Results:

Recommendations for future e-mobility projects> Uniform accounting concepts Transnational accounting

concepts > Provide service packages & leasing services in combination of

public transport as well as provision of infrastructure for EV-users> For meeting short-term requirements: Use of different EV-types

and brands & also converted EV> Use of electric mobility in different sectors (public transport, fleets)

within common mobility strategy> Participation in tendering procedures for subsidies &

demonstration projects to accelerate market implementation

Geschäfts-modell

Abrechnungs-konzept

Pionier

Stromtank-stellen

Pionier

Stromtank-stellen

Fahrzeug-einsatz

Förder-programme Geschäfts-

modell

Abrechnungs-konzept

Pionier

Stromtank-stellen

Pionier

Stromtank-stellen

Fahrzeug-einsatz

Förder-programme

Geschäfts-modell

Abrechnungs-konzept

Pionier

Stromtank-stellen

Pionier

Stromtank-stellen

Fahrzeug-einsatz

Förder-programme

Berlin Hamburg Vorarlberg

Geschäfts-modell

Abrechnungs-konzept

Pionier

Stromtank-stellen

Pionier

Stromtank-stellen

Fahrzeug-einsatz

Förder-programme

Geschäfts-modell

Abrechnungs-konzept

Pionier

Stromtank-stellen

Pionier

Stromtank-stellen

Fahrzeug-einsatz

Förder-programme

Geschäfts-modell

Abrechnungs-konzept

Pionier

Stromtank-stellen

Pionier

Stromtank-stellen

Fahrzeug-einsatz

Förder-programme

Salzburg Denmark London


NEV Political Initiatives I

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NEV Political Initiatives II


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VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer Source: Xiao Chengwei, Tianjin

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Visit at TEPCO, Tokyo, 6. Sept. 2010

CHA De MO: De facto standard for DC fast charging


1. Introduction




5. R&D Demand

6. Business models

7. Summary

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Battery is key element for suitable range!

Source: ETG-Fachbericht 2008

Optimisation of electrode material

Li-Ion technology brought thebreaktrough in range


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VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer Source: Yuan Li

VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer Source: Yao Zhang, ATL

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VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer Source: Yao Zhang, ATL


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VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer Source Mo-Yua Yang

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Development: Motor withintegrated Inverter (90 kVA)


1. Introduction




5. R&D Demand

6. Business models

7. Summary

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Four main e-mobility electricity supply market structures can be considered (for the public charging)

Charging stationsDistribution Retail

E-mobility electricity supply market structures

1) Value Added Services were not considered because they are not expected to significantly influence the fit between electricity and mobility markets

1

2

3

"Business as usual" – current electricity supply market structure is kept

Separeted Infrastructure- stand alone charging network operator and open/competitive electricity retail

“Monopoly"

"Oil like" (fragmented network ownership)

Retailer owned charging network models

Description

4

Value added services1)

Source: Rui Marques, edp


Market model: Is the description of the market including necessary regulatory elements. At EU Member States they are different; ideally the market models should be the same across all. The market model represents the different interactions among the various market participantsunder the given economic (& regulatory) market forces.

Business Model: Based on the market model, market players can develop their own business models and services in a competitive environment. The business model describes the different components and operation of a certain business together with the revenues and expenses the business generates.

1) assumption out of Fraunhofer ISI Study 2008

ICE(Internal

Combustion Engine)

PHEV(Plug-in Hybrid

Electric Vehicle)

EV(Electric Vehicle)

Fuel cost

batteryCar taxes

Maintenance & service

Car price

1,5 €/l?

Price of petrol

?

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Value chain, variety of business models

Electricity ChargingInfrastructure

Components Electric Vehicle

Single business

Aggregate

Business

Integratedbusinessmodel

Infrastructurenormal charging

Infrastructurefast charging

Infrastructure, normal/fast charging, batt. swapping

Renewableel. provider Charging

station

Battery, BMS

EV manufacturer

„Mobility provider“ Infrastructure, normal/fast charging, battery & 2nd use, V2G, Energy management

A, B, C, D - segment

Li-Cell

OEM

Park &Charge

Smart grids

Motor, pwr. el.


Deep Analysis necessary for findingindividual fitting business model necessary!

Electric vehicle (customer view):Investment, operation costs, fuel/energy costs, maintanance, insurance, taxes, battery, losses, …Infrastructure & electricity:Station for loading at home, private parking place,Garage and Parking operators, High investmentfor public chargers, fast charger, battery swappingElectric vehicle (manufacturer, components):battery, battery management systempower electronics (motor controller and charger)and drive motor

Development of costs as function of learning curve!Define individual business models (battery leasing, car sharing, integrated mobility concepts, V2G, …Regulatory framework

your homework … relating to your specificbusiness to find individual best solution

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1. Introduction




5. R&D Demand

6. Business models

7. Summary


Summary

E-mobility is highly interdisciplinary -> There is a need for strong technologicalplatforms

Pilot tests show -> Common Standards necessary (instead of singular solutions)

E-mobility is international –> Cooperation projects are needed … !

E-mobility is not mature -> research activities are necessary and funding is a keyelement for successful implementation

Battery is a key element

Need for support of infrastructure and EV for market introduction

Develop legal and fiscal framework for implementation of EV

E-mobility becomes reality … and is not a 3rd hype!

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Thank you for your attention ! 谢谢 !

[email protected]

www.verbund.at

G. Schauer, "EV activities in Austria, EU and worldwide, Results from Fleet Tests, Business Models,"...

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