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Transcript of W. Kempton, "The Grid-Integrated Electric Vehicle," in Electric Vehicle Integration into Modern...
Electric Vehicle Integration into Modern Power NetworksDTU - Technical University of DenmarkDepartment of Electrical Engineering
This course is intended for professionals of electric power and control systems, power system consultants, researchers and post-graduate and ph.d.-students.
Electric Vehicle Integration into Modern Power NetworksDTU - Technical University of DenmarkDepartment of Electrical Engineering
This course is intended for professionals of electric power and control systems, power system consultants, researchers and post-graduate and ph.d.-students.
the Grid-Integrated Electric Vehicle
byWillett Kempton
College of Earth, Ocean, and EnvironmentDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Center for Carbon-free Power Integration
University of Delaware
Lyngby, Denmark, 22 Sep 2010
the Grid-Integrated Electric Vehicle
byWillett Kempton
College of Earth, Ocean, and EnvironmentDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Center for Carbon-free Power Integration
University of Delaware
Lyngby, Denmark, 22 Sep 2010
What is an Electric Vehicle?
What is an Electric Vehicle?
What is an EV... WHEN DRIVING?
• Must perform as a Motor Vehicle
• Must meet codes and safety standards
• Must meet driver expectations for mobility, performance
What is an EV... WHEN PLUGGED IN?
• A Load (Conventional View)
• A Smart Load (1st refinement)
• A Storage Resource (2nd refinement)
• Distributed Storage at the ends of the distribution system
• A dispatchable storage resource for a world of variable generation
The Grid-Integrated Vehicle, with
Vehicle-to-Grid power
The Grid-Integrated Vehicle, with
Vehicle-to-Grid power
EV as loadEV as load
GIV: Control by GridGIV: Control by Grid
GIV+V2G: 2-Way Power FlowGIV+V2G: 2-Way Power Flow
Basic GIV/V2G Math• US car used 1 hour/day, parked 23 h/d
• Battery 150 km, daily travel = 50 km, thus
• Most storage unused most days• Drive train output = 100 kW
• Practical power via US grid = 10 - 20 kW
• In EU, some residential only 3.6 - 6 kW
• Cars as significant power? Compare:
• Average load with power in cars, by country
How Much Power in cars?
Denmark UK USA
Light vehicles (106) 1.9 28.5 191
Vehicle GW (@ 15 kW each) 29 427 2,865
Avg. Electric Load (GW) 3.6 40 417
UD Developed GIV components
UD Developed GIV components
Three Components of GIV
• VSL: Vehicle Smart Link
• Control charging, report to server
• Log or predict next trips and times
• EVSE: Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment
• Grid location, internet portal, power connection, interconnect permit
• Aggregation Server
• Real time operation of a set of vehicles
Vehicle Smart Link (VSL)
Vehicle Smart Link (VSL)
Vehicle Smart link (VSL) in Car
• No moving parts, fits under dash
• Receives signal from coalition server
• Reports capacity and current state back to coalition server
• Attempt to predict next use of car (time, distance)
• Automotive-grade Linux computer
VSL
VSL Licensee
VSL, licensed from UD, Built in to cars during
vehicle assembly
EVSEEVSE
EVSE prototype now being field tested
EVSE prototype now being field tested
EVSE prototype now being field tested
EVSE prototype now being field tested
With EV simulatorWith EV simulator
Vehicle AggregationServer
Vehicle AggregationServer
Motivation
• TSOs control many-MW power plants• EVs 3–19 kW
• TSOs require predictable power resources
• Cars drive away, sometimes unpredictably
• Contract minimum:• 1 MW minimum for PJM regulation market (US)
• 10 MW minimum for Energinet.dk
The Aggregator
• Provides a single, large, stable and reliable power source
• TSO does not see details of single cars, only sees aggregate
• Aggregator participates in TSO market
• Bids in power market
• Dispatches TSO Requests to vehicles
Aggregator software manages complexity
• Insure each vehicle is has enough charge for next trip, while dispatching idle storage capacity
• Calculate how much capacity to offer in the market
• Dispatch ISO/TSO regulation service requests
• And other services ...
Coalition Server
Testing: Signal response
• Power response is very close to command signal.
• Far higher fidelity than any rotating equipment.
Power marketsPower markets
Sequence of Markets
• High-value markets, are ancillary services (A/S)
• Frequency regulation
• Spinning reserves
Sequence of Markets
• Later -- larger markets, lower value per kW
• Defer upgrades to distribution feeders, transformers
• Peak load reduction, valley filling
• Power factor correction
• Balancing wind, reducing ramp rate
• Shifting solar peak to load peak
Favorable Rules and Laws
Favorable Rules and Laws
Permitted by Load-Serving Entity (local utility)
Permitted by Load-Serving Entity (local utility)
“meets IEEE 1547 standards”
Law to codify interconnects, net metering for V2G
Define:
Grid-integrated electric vehicle
Aggregator
law to codify interconnects
Net metering for V2G
Interconnection requirements, etc same as distributed renewables
Net is at rate at time of use
Interfacing with OEMsInterfacing with OEMs
Documentation for partners
Modularized interfaces
PatentsPatents
Patents
• Patent Applications, 2007-2010:• U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2007/0282495 A1
"System and Method for Assessing Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Integration" filed May 2007 (UD; Kempton and Tomic)
• U.S. Patent application publication No. "Hierarchical Priority and Control Algorithms for the Grid-Integrated Vehicle", filed March 2009, (UD; Kempton)
• Three US and PCT applications in 2010, Electric Vehicle Station Equipment for Grid-Integrated Vehicles; Electric Vehicle Equipment for Grid-Integrated Vehicles; Aggregator Server for Grid-Integrated Vehicles. Filed Sept 2010 (UD; Kempton and co-inventors)
So even when your car is parked, it is working
earning money for you
So even when your car is parked, it is working
earning money for you
Thanks to our sponsorsThanks to our sponsors
ENDENDMore information:
www.udel.edu/V2G
www.magicconsortium.org
More information:
www.udel.edu/V2G
www.magicconsortium.org