Framing/Programming Student Projects F2014

University of Tennessee CoADLandscape Architecture 580Student ProjectsFall 2014

TERRA-DRONE_front view

Telescopic Stabilizer Arm

(2) Propeller Engine Compartments with full rotational capability

360 degree rotation

Housing Compartment

Interchangeable, Titanium Bit*

Attachments List

*TerraDrone bits are specially designed to dig through bedrock, limestone, granite, clay, topsoil, loam, sandstone, marble, shale, slate and other such geologies.

-Bore-Spade-Vacuum-Blower-Spreader-Claw-Magnet-more under development

Contains the motherboard, the engine, and the geospatial analytics

0-1

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yp.)

360 degree rotation on 2 engines allows the TerraDrone to manipulate the land in both the X,Y, and Z axis

varie

s

cover: Clay Lezoninside cover: Student responses to the prompt what bugs you?

Todays leaders in landscape architecture do not merely re-spond to design problems that are defined for them by cli-entsthey actively seek to identify new issues and uncover deeper problems that have not yet been brought into focus. Many contemporary landscape architects have realized that how one frames an issue can be just as important as identify-ing it as an issue in the first place. Framing can be thought of as the creation of a lens through which you and your audi-ence understand the issue. It is crucial to understand that the identification and framing of an issue informs the outcome of any proposal, design related or not.

By the final year of graduate school, students have been giv-en many studio briefs in which it is the instructor who identi-fies the topic and frames the issue for which students design a proposal. In this class, the students make those decisions for themselves. Students practice the preliminary decision-

University of Tennessee CoADLandscape Architecture 580Framing/ProgrammingStudent ProjectsFall 2014

The New-New Deal in TVAs FutureClay Lezon

Urban Stream ResurgenceJessica Neary

Yellow Snow: Recycled Waste Water Used for Ski SlopesBrandon Orrick

National Parks as Curators of ChangeCameron Rodman

Defending the Fort: A Vision for Knoxvilles Fort Sanders NeighborhoodCaroline Sneed

Urban Wildness: Eco-literacy in the Urban LandscapeWhitney Tidd

Some Assembly RequiredClint Wayman

Student Bios

making phases through three projects that allow the student to identify a pertinent topic, frame an issue surrounding the topic, and propose strategies rooted in, but not limited to, landscape and design. Students are asked to propose novel design strategies and action plans that address the ecologic, social, and economic facets of the issue while evolving with, supporting, and creating feedback loops in response to the issue as framed. In this class we refer to this three-decision phase process as programming.

The following projects are the results of this inquiry.

Valerie S. Friedmann, MLA, Assoc. ASLAAdjunct Assistant Professor, Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of Tennessee College of Architecture and Design http://archdesign.utk.edu

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In the 20th century, the Tennessee Valley Authority undertook the largest infrastructural project that our country had ever seen. As part of the New Deal under the Roosevelt administration, TVA was thought of as an acronym savior. It was to provide jobs for thousands of unemployed, create a navigable passage along the Tennessee River, control flooding of the Tennessee River, and provide electricity to all, especially the impoverished, Appalachia.

TVA accomplished this and more...

The latter half of the 20th century has TVA remain true to its goal of providing cheap, reliable energy. To do so, they have expanded not only their hydro-electric generating capacity, but also their nuclear, fossil fuel, solar and wind capacity.

The company has set goals for the year 2020 to increase nuclear production and provide more environmental benefits through stewardship of our land, air, and waters. However, with most of TVAs, or our grandfathers infrastructure beginning to crumble, parts of TVA may be reaching the end of its lifespan.

TVA has the opportunity to rebrand themselves for the 21st, and possibly 22nd, century. They are standing on the edge of their next great watershed moment and they have the opportunity to affect the infrastructure of our country yet again.

What will the future of TVA look like?

Clay Lezon

The New-New Deal in TVAs Future

source: http://explorepahistory.com

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TVA TIMELINE

KY

TN

MS AL

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970

May 8, 1933-Congress passes the TVA Act and it is signed by President Roosevelt as part of the New Deal.

By the end of the 1930s, TVA electricity changed modern life for residents in the region.

In order to support the needs of WWII, 12 hydroelectric plants were built by 1942.

TVA became self-financing in 1959.

source: tva.com

TVA has a rich and storied history that is close to reaching a centennial celebration. We know what TVAs past looks like, but what will their future hold? What types of information do we have that can help us begin to predict some future scenarios for TVA?

4

OH

NC

VA

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

From the 70s 80s. TVA became a national leader for energy efficiency and reliable , low-cost rates.

TVA cut operating costs by $800M and developed plans to reduce environmental contaminants.

TVA adopted a plan to meet the needs of the region through 2020.

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TVA Hydroelectric Dams

+

+TVA Hydroelectric dams

TVA Hydroelectric pump stations

While there are close to 50 reservoirs within the Tennessee Valley Region, there are only 29 hydroelectric facilities. TVA only receives 1/10th of their energy supply from those 29 facilities. When you compare this with the fact that they receive 30 percent of their power from nuclear plants and 50 percent of their power from fossil fuel plants, it is quite easy to predict a future scenario in which the cost of maintaining their power plants far outweighs their benefit. What do you do with 29 hydroelectric dams and facilities when they are no longer profitable?

One option is to completely get rid of them...BLOW THE DAMS!

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Something Doesnt Add Up

of TVA regions power comes from 29 hydroelectric plants and 1 stored pump station.

1/10th

Year by which major U.S. dams will be at the end of their lifespan.

2070

The percentage of U.S. dams rated as potentially high hazard.

17.6%

source: eai.gov, GSD Infrastructure Lifespans7

From Grey to Green

+

Blowing the dams would dramatically change the Tennessee River watershed, as well as all of the sub watersheds within the Tennessee Valley Region. Currently, because of the dams and reservoirs, the Tennessee River Watershed kind of acts like a system of bathtubs and faucets. As water enters one bathtub it is held until a need requires that it is pushed further down the chain, through the watershed. However, if the dams were gone, the watershed could be treated like a giant sponge. Depending on how the drained reservoirs are treated, water could be filtered, cleaned, and pushed through the watershed in a much more natural manner.

The drained reservoirs offer incredible potential for the states in which they exist. They could create allkinds of new typological potentials once the water is gone. Tennessees wetlands could be restored,new types of residential development could be pursued, we would have new environmentalresearch opportunities...the list could go on and on. But before we could even begin to think about these things, we would need to prepare the land that we just uncovered.

Current Watershed Infrastructure

Possible Watershed Infrastructure

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Increase the amount of wetlands lost in Tennessee

Create new and more varied recreation types

Uncover new land within reservoirs, outside of the floodplain

Create new teaching opportunities

Create new and varied research opportunities

What are the Possibilities?

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Whats On the Horizon?

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160,

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6,43

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813,479 ac

Once TVAs 29 hydroelectric facilities are destroyed, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and Kentucky will be faced with sharing a tremendous amount of new land that will have been uncovered.

By draining the reservoirs, over 813,479 acres will be created. That is equal to 1,271 square miles and roughly the same size as the state of Rhode Island and ten times the size of Knoxville, TN!

What the regions, or states, or cities do with this new land would be entirely up to them. But it would create an interesting and novel dialogue between the different parties which could result in unorthodox and innovative solutions to some of our regions greatest problems.

TVA could most definitely help with some of these future issues...but in what capacity?

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source: http://www.google.com/hostednews/getty/media/ALeqM5hPA_mqaaEPRaH1lqthBo-B3Mu6_w

These new worlds of uninundated land would have to be prepared before we could inhabit them.

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Future Scenarios

PAST FUTUREThe dissolution of TVAs hydroelectric facilities.

We are here.

As we have already posited, TVA could continue along its current course and plan its future as safely, and as predictably as possible. Or, they could try to create a new future for themselves, one that assumes the dissolution of their hydroelectric facilities and the almost instantaneous uncovering of thousands of acres of new land. If TVA was being prudent, they would look to build upon current technologies and create a market for themselves. This would not only benefit TVA, but also their customer base. In a way, TVA would be diversifying their already successful business model for the future.

But how could they do this?

What would this look like?

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TERRA-DRONE

TERRA-DRONE_front view

Telescopic Stabilizer Arm

(2) Propeller Engine Compartments with full rotational capability

360 degree rotation

Housing Compartment

Interchangeable, Titanium Bit*

Attachments List

*TerraDrone bits are specially designed to dig through bedrock, limestone, granite, clay, topsoil, loam, sandstone, marble, shale, slate and other such geologies.

-Bore-Spade-Vacuum-Blower-Spreader-Claw-Magnet-more under development

Contains the motherboard, the engine, and the geospatial analytics

0-1

00 (

typ

.)

360 degree rotation on 2 engines allows the TerraDrone to manipulate the land in both the X,Y, and Z axis

varie

s

14

TERRA-DRONE_top view

TERRA-DRONE_side view

Solar Panels 3 - 0

6 - 0

12 - 0

33 degrees

3 - 6

By combining and building upon technologies which already exist, TVA could revolutionize an entire industry. They could create the Terra Drone, the worlds first automated, geospatial, terraforming, vehicle.

These newly drained reservoirs would exhibit highly sloped, highly unstable, bare soil. This would be terrible for the new water channels that were created by blowing the dams. Therefore, TVA would need something that would be able to reform and amend the land quickly. There just wouldnt be time to wait for extremely invasive bulldozers and backhoes to prepare thousands of acres of land.

TVA could create a niche market for themselves by changing the face of terraforming as we know it.

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TERRA DRONING

1 Geospatial analysis is uploaded to the drone, along with the new desired topography for the site.

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The drone passes back and forth across the site, systematically forming the land.

With the proper attachments, the perfect amount of cut and fill can be created and the waterway can be protected from sediment runoff.

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TERRA DRONING

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After changing attachments, the drone can then bore holes and carry trees to the proper, geolocated planting location.

The drones are also capable of plugging, tilling, and spraying seed to stabilize the edges closer to the water.

x

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GREEN ENERGY

TECHNOLOGY

RESTORED WATERSHED

ECOLOGICALREVITALIZATION

$$$TVA

Nuclear

SubStations

Cities Industry

Residential

Fossil

Hydro

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Reaping the Benefits

RESTORED WATERSHED

Terraforming

Landscape Services

Construction/Lifting

Excavation

ECOLOGICALREVITALIZATION

While we have no idea what the future holds for TVA, we can imagine a scenario in which they would need to rethink their current business model. If TVA continues with their current trends, then our nuclear production will continue to eclipse our hydroelectric facilities, rendering them financially disadvantageous. What happens when the cost outweighs the benefit of keeping the hydroelectric facilities?

What happens when TVA decides to destroy their hydroelectric facilities and reinvest that money and, in so doing, create an entirely new industry?

These are the types of questions that I enjoyed positing and trying to begin to answer with this project. I find that there is a duality to these types of projects. While on the one hand, they are incredibly fun for me to try and predict, on the other hand, I am constantly struggling with the practicality.

This project, I think, has a little bit of both. Its a crazy proposition... and yet its just crazy enough to work. We have the technology, we just have to reappropriate it at a different scale. This could be an incredibly revolutionizing program that has the potential to create a national green infrastructure. The possibilities are exciting to think about.

Your move TVA...

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Photo credits & sources:1. source: GoogleEarth, accessed 12/14/142. www.worldmapsonline.com/historicalmaps/1W-TN-KN-1886.htmgif3. GoogleEarth, accessed 10/12/144. garysoutdoorwanderings2.blogspot.com5. www.sawmillrivercoalition.org6. www.knoxnews.com/weather/storm-damage-knoxville-area-june-24-20117. http://archives.huduser.org/rbc/archives/newsletter/vol10iss1_2.html8. www.vaughnmelton.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/First-Creek-Drainage-Improvements-Fairmont-Drive-Channel-640x427.jpg9. www.metropulse.com/stories/features/first-creek-journey. (Photos: Holly Haworth)10. stewartinc.com/portfolio-post/little-sugar-creek-stream-restoration-and-greenway/11. Low Impact Development: Opportunties for the PlanET Region. 2013.12. www.theolinstudio.com13. www.locallinks.com/kodak_v570.htm14. www.news.appstate.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/stream_restorations_01.jpg15. greenworkspc.com/stormwater/zidell-green-infrastructure/16. www.communityprogress.net17. www.asla.org/2009awards/091.html (Photo: Taeoh Kim)18. apps.ncdot.gov/newsreleases/details.aspx?r=6391

Urban Stream Resurgence

The U.S. lacks one cohesive national water policy. Instead, there are numerous governance and pol-icy structures at the federal, state and local levels. While agencies have strengthened their focus on watershed based decision making, no over-arching, collaborative watershed framework exists.

If we look at how our country is presently organized, we can see that rivers run through multiple states that have multiple water resource needs and regulations.

Jessica Neary

Our nations waters are in decline and climate change will have unforeseen effects on supply and flooding. As our urban centers experience the antic-ipated population growth, our urban waterways will be challenged to perform ecologically and hydro-logically. Within a watershed framework, how do we go about making it possible for an urban stream resurgence?

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political boundariesdivide + conquer

watershed boundariesintegrate + regenerate

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...a new way of looking at the country.

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A Watershed Commonwealth is the new governance framework within which water resource decisions are made.

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Nested watersheds cross political boundaries.Zooming in to the Tennessee River Watershed which is Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) 2, it is apparent that there are smaller watersheds nested within. The First Creek Watershed (HUC12) mostly falls within the political boundaries of Knoxville. State and county lines intersect and fragment various watersheds, but the watersheds themselves are nested within each other, forming a hierarchy inherent to the efficient management of water resources.

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Tennessee River WatershedHUC2

Watts Bar Watershed HUC8

First Creek Watershed HUC12

Knox CountyKnoxville

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where we were

where we began

where we are

Knoxville, 1886

a meandering stream

First Creek, Knoxville, 2014

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2

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A natural stream or river is dynamic. It moves across space over time.It is connected to a floodplain that is subject to land shaping and water flow processes.

Burial of the Saw Mill RiverYonkers, NY 1922

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Broadway StreetKnoxville, TN 2011

The relationship between cities and streams, past and present.

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A transect of First Creek reveals that the spectrum of functional value varies along its path reflecting the complex situations of this urban stream. A singular approach to re-create a pre-colonial ecology is impossible.

cost of insurance

mitigation fundinginsurance subsidies

developer

scale of decision making

citizen

$4 billion/year average flood in-surance claims 2003-2012.1

Approximately 10 million homes are located in floodplains across America.1

The Tennessee River is the 14th most polluted river in the country.2

Watershed governance resolves the conflicting policies and actions of the numerous political entities upstream and down; it ensures cohesive and efficient efforts across political boundaries. It matches decision-making to the scale of the watershed. Smaller scale water-sheds tailor the overall goals, incentives and actions to their unique geographical and social situation.

Given the proposed policy changes under the Watershed Common-wealth, ways in which a degraded urban stream at the HUC12 wa-tershed scale can be regenerated to reduce flooding and increase water quality are examined.

1. www.floodsmart.gov2. Rob Kerth & S. Vinyard, Wasting Our Waterways 2012: Toxic Industrial Pollution and the Unfulfilled Prom-ise of the Clean Water Act,Frontier Group and Environment America Research and Policy Center, Published March 22, 2012, revised May 2012, accessed 12/8/14 at www.environmentamerica.org/sites/environment/files/reports/Wasting%20Our%20Wateways%20vUS.pdf

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business owner

localpolitician

homeowner

city engineercity planner

federalgovernment

regional agencies

ecologist

large scale w

atershedm

edium

scale watershed

small scale w

atershed

goals + policiesestablish regulatory thresholds

financial incentivesparticipatory planning

management of:floodplains

wetlandsrare +endangered species

participatory planning

land use planningerosion control

greenbelt developmentparticipatory planning

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The established rural-urban transect systemizes development pat-terns from green to gray. Does this transect represent the con-ditions of First Creek? The idea that there is no room for green within the urban stream corridor is challenged.

The rural-urban transect

http://transect.org/transect.html

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the urban stream spectrum

socialeconomicecologicalhigh functional value

First Creek is listed on the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation 303(d) List, with pollutants exceeding water quality standards. Intense development contributes to the degra-dation, as well as to increased flooding. The stream runs behind large commercial buildings and under roads and parking lots, diminishing its social and economic value as well. Many stream conditions are not functioning at a high value.

to improve First Creeks water quality, decrease flooding, improve property values and the public realm.

4 10 11 1213

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low functional value

9

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the acupuncture approachFi

rst C

reek

pote

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inte

rven

tion

sites

tech

niq

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I-640

Broadway

A transect of First Creek reveals that it does not follow a gradation from green to gray; the spectrum of functional value var-ies along its path reflecting the complex situations of this urban stream. A singular approach to re-create a pre-colonial ecology is impossible.

socialeconomicecologicalhigh functional value

First Creek transect

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7 8 9 10

I-40

Magnolia

Summ

it Hill

James White

Local watershed-based decisions are made to improve the stream for the benefit of the community and downstream users. An acupunctural method is proposed as a strategy to move First Creek towards the high functional value

side of the spectrum, treating the stream at specified points resulting in a hybrid stream system that is diverse and resilient, meeting the ecological, economic

and social needs of the watershed. Opportunities are discovered to maximize First Creeks ecological potential.

T e n n e s s e e R i v e r

low functional value

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Yellow Snow: Recycled Waste Water Used for Ski Slopes

Just outside of Flagstaff Arizona there is a sustain-able water movement taking place at Snowbowl Ski Resort. The resort has decided to start using treated waste water to produce snow for recre-ational use. This is not an abnormal approach to water conservation due to the fact the many resorts around the world are beginning to incorporate this process into there snow making. Although Snowbowl plans on using 100% recycled water which will make it the first resort in America to do so. There has been mixed views on this issue from locals, environmentalist, and Native Americans. Pro-tester are claiming that this practice is a desecra-tion of scared land, harmful to the local ecosystem, and unsafe for human interaction.

Brandon Orrick

Removal of 30,000 TreesTo get the pipe line from Flagstaff to Snowbowl a large amount of vegeta-tion had to be cleared.

Treatment Facility Water treatment plant filters the Grey and black water before being sent out for use as irrigation and to produce snow.

Public ContributionAll the water used in your home is transported via sewer infrastructure to a Water Treatment Plant.

Issues in the Community

LOCAL

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Landscape Architects Can HelpWater conservation and reuse is an undeniable fact of our future. Climate change is happening all over the world and it is effecting the Southwest of the United States with increased droughts and higher temperatures. It is time to start looking at every option to conserve potable water as it will be the most valuable resource in the near future. Landscape Architect are the best qualified professionals to start this process for planning development, principals that prevent desecration and environmental degradation of natural landforms.

Pipe Line Snowbowl constructs a 14.8 mile long pipe line for the transportation of recycled waster water through an Alpine Eco-region.

Distribution Center Once treated water reaches the resort it is distributed through a pump house to different parts of the mountain.

SnowblowersSnowblowers turn the recycled water into snow that is used to build up a base snow pack for the ski trails.

Protesters Protesters are calling for the closing of the resort and Native American groups have file law suits against the resort owners.

GREY WATER GAZETTEFriday, October 9, 2014 Sustainable Water Practices

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GREY WATER GAZETTE

Grand CanyonSnowbowl

Tempe

Arizonas Snowbowl

Friday, October 9, 2014 Sustainable Water Practices

1B

SOURCES:www.arizonasnowbowl.comwww.onthesnow.com

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TRAVELLocating Areas of Interest

2B

Skiing in the Southwest When most people think about visiting Arizona snow is not in those thoughts. Snowbowl is lo-cated 7 miles north of Flagstaff. Located on the western slope of Humphreys Peak the highest summit in Arizona. Humphreys Peak is part of a volcanic mountain range called San Francisco Peaks. The mountain range is with in the Coconino National Forest and is a popular recreation-al destination. The resort is one of the oldest Ski Resorts in the country, and has been instrumental in the develop-ment of the sport in the United States.

Image From:www.arizonasnowbowl.com

Climate Report:ANNUAL SNOWFALL: 260ANNUAL RAINFALL: 21.86AVERAGE SUNNY DAYS: 266AVERAGE WINTER TEMPERATURE: 32SKI SEASON LENGTH: 122

Resort Information:YEARS OPEN: 76ELEVATION: 920-11500VERTICAL DROP: 2300TRAILS: 40LIFTS: 6SKIABLE TERRAIN:777 ac.LONGEST RUN: 2 mi.WEBSITE:www.arizonasnowbowl.com

SNOWBOWL TRAIL MAP

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1C

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500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

Lodging

Restaurant

&Bar

Transportation

Shopping

Tickets

Other

Groceries

Direct Expenditures for Snowbowl 2011-2012 Ski Season

Is Snowbowl Worth It? Is the economic value that Snowbowl ski resort brings to Flagstaff worth the possible environmental degradation and infringement of religious rights? Snowbowl has been the main driving factor in winter tourism since the fifties and gen-erates 27 million in direct winter visitors expenditure to the Flagstaff community.

In 2012 Snowbowl purchased 60 million gallons of recycled waste water from the city of Flagstaff for a price tag of 100,000 dollars.

SOURCES:http://www.flagstaff.az.gov/DocumentCenter/Home/View/14302http://sites.dartmouth.edu/anth499/the-city-of-flagstaffs-perspective/

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BUSINESSFraming: Economic Value of Snowbowl Resort

2C

Snowbowl employees 309 people seasonally.

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Snowbowl Grand Canyon

Annual revenue generated from tourism from visitors to Snowbowl and The Grand Canyon 2001-2011

The Other Side of the CoinThere are some groups that say Snowbowl is not that important to the local tourism economy. They believe that with the revenues generated from the Grand Canyon visitors and other area attractions, that losing Snowbowl would not effect the tourism industry in Flagstaff.

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1D

Arizona has been feeling the effects of climate change in the past few years with higher than normal temperatures and an in-crease in droughts. This especially effects Flagstaff since the city source of water is the aquifer that is changed by snow melt and rain. Snowbowl has taken the sustainable approach to conserv-ing water following resort models in Australia. The resort is using 100% recycled waster water to produce snow. Environmentalist and locals are concerned about the resort using recycled water for its production of snow. Concerns are focused around soil and vegetation contamination from the use of potentially toxic effluent.

Species in DangerThe San Francisco Peaks are home to a very rare and scared plant to Native Americans. The San Francisco Peak Ragwort is only found along these peaks and no where else in the world. Many are worried about the introduction of water with proven high contents of nitrogen and phosphors will drastically effect the Ragwort and potentially push it to extinction.

Recycled Water Good or Bad

(Image from: protectthepeaks.org)

Protect the PeaksPeople have come to-gether to protest against the resorts expansion, use of waster water, clear-ing of Alpine forests, and desecration of culturally scared land to local native Americans. Protests have been going on over the development of this resort since 1969.

120,000,000 Gallons of treated

Waste Water Per Year

181.81Is the amount of Oliympic Swimming Pools it could fill.

SOURCES:www.protectthepeaks.orgwww.arizonasnowbowl.comwww.flagstaff.az.gov

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HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTALFraming: Impacts of Grey Water on the Environment and Humans

2D

Is it Safe?The main concern is the snow produced safe for human to interact with? According to the city of Flagstaff the water is considered A+ quality based on the EPAs Safe Drinking Water Act. This classifica-tion is considered potable, but the city is only using it for irrigation purposes. The majority of the Southwest uses recycled water for irrigation of lawns, gardens, sports fields, cemeteries due to the lack of available water. To date there has been no reports of peo-ple becoming sick for interaction with the snow.

Sustainable ResortsFour states in the U.S. have ski resorts using recycled waste water to produce snow. This practice has been used by Austrailian and Candania resorts for years.

APPROVED

2 Cemeteries

12 Schools

10 Parks

4 Golf Courses

9 Public Buildings

.

AREAS IN FLAG-STAFF IRRIGATED BY RECYCLED WATER.

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1E

San Francisco Peaks are located seven miles north of Flagstaff and have been a skiing destination for over 70 years for many Arizona natives. In 2002 Snowbowl Ski Resort proposed an expatiation and the use of recycled water to make its snow. Native American tribes like the Hopi and Navajo have filed petitions to stop the use of recycled water concerned it will be detrimental to the environ-ment and a desecration of scared cultural land of 13 Native American tribes.

Controversy on the Peaks

1930Local enthusiasts started using a old cabin as a base for skiing.

1948Arizona gives Native Americas the right to vote.

1969Full scale resort is proposed and community and tribal opposition rose in strong response.

1937-1938Ski Lodge was built by the Co-conino national forest and Flag-staff Ski Club was established under special permit for forest service.

1956Current lodge was built.

1971Grossmon broth-ers propose new plan for Snowbowl. 6000 protester cause brothers to aban-don development.

1930 1945 1960 1975 1990 2005 2020

SOURCE:www.protecthepeaks.org

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CULTURALFraming: Religious and Cultural Importance of San Francisco Peaks

2E

Indians vs. Snowbowl & U.S. Forest ServiceNative Americans have been trying to fight the development in courts from many different angles without any results. The owners of Snow-bowl and the U.S. Forest Service say that no religious sites have been disturbed or paths impeded due to the development. The ski resort has offered for the Indians to use there ski lifts to reach religious sites.

1979Forest service ap-proves expansion of resort and 9000 protesters and 11 appeals tried to stop it.

1998Resolution of the Navajo council to oppose desecration of mountain

1983Wilson vs. BlockHopi and Navajo file to preclude expansion of the resort.

1997Snowbowl sub-mits plans to add 66 more acres of trails. Forest Service requires a full EIS before anymore develop-ment can happen.

2009Save the Peaks Coalition filed a lawsuit to stop the use of waste water for snow making.

2002Snowbowl pro-poses new trails and the use of waste water to make snow.

2012Snowbowl first year of using waste water 29 million gallons were used to make snow.

1930 1945 1960 1975 1990 2005 2020

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1F

PipingWater extracted from the cistern will be transported to a pump house to be distrib-uted to the snowblowers.

AquiferThis should be the last resort for water due to the fact that it supplys most of the citys potable water.

What Can They Do?Snowbowl faces a difficult situations when it comes to collection of water. Only receiving around 30 inches of rain per year. I believe that the approach they have taken to ensure the future of there resort is innovative approach to their issue. With that being said, there are other alternatives to consider incorporating into their scheme. By placing large cisterns strategically throughout the resort to capture stormwater run off via infiltration swales help reduce there con-sumption of waste water. Tapping into the aqui-fer located below the caldera would be a last resort because the city uses it for it water source, but it could provide an adequate source of wa-ter. But I believe the best approach is to use all three. By combined the three sources with natu-ral snowfall reduction of waste water use could be cut to a fraction.

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EDITORIAL OPINIONSFraming: Religious and Cultural Importance of San Francisco Peaks

2F

CisternLarge holding tanks for stormwater that has been col-lected through out the year.

49

National Parks as Curators of Change

For almost a century, the US National Park Service (NPS) has existed as an institution which protects our cultural and natural resources. Through conservation, preservation, and traditional resource curation the NPS has frozen in time the history of our changing land and culturally diversifying peoples.

I propose that a new model be developed by the NPS which seeks to curate our cultural and natural changes as they occur.

The process of curation would be inclusive and would engage the public as citizen scientists in the process of documentation. A living document would result, curating what we see every day on a micro and macro scale.

This model could be implemented by park managers and visitors while within the U.S. National Park Service and therefor would take a different shape based on its people groups and locations. Glacial retreats and animal habitation are some examples to consider.

The primary delivery and collection method of information and visualizations would be through a user generated interface which chronicles these changes over time and provides opportunities for experiential and quantifiable data extraction.

Base image: Louis H. Pedersen (1917)

Cameron R. Rodman

50

National Parks as Curators of Change

For almost a century, the US National Park Service (NPS) has existed as an institution which protects our cultural and natural resources. Through conservation, preservation, and traditional resource curation the NPS has frozen in time the history of our changing land and culturally diversifying peoples.

I propose that a new model be developed by the NPS which seeks to curate our cultural and natural changes as they occur.

The process of curation would be inclusive and would engage the public as citizen scientists in the process of documentation. A living document would result, curating what we see every day on a micro and macro scale.

This model could be implemented by park managers and visitors while within the U.S. National Park Service and therefor would take a different shape based on its people groups and locations. Glacial retreats and animal habitation are some examples to consider.

The primary delivery and collection method of information and visualizations would be through a user generated interface which chronicles these changes over time and provides opportunities for experiential and quantifiable data extraction.

Base image: Louis H. Pedersen (1917)

Cameron R. Rodman

51

PARK DECLINESYMPTOMS

9%

17%

16DAY$

5%NATIONAL PARKS VISITATION

WHAT DO THE NUMBERS REALLY SAY???

140 MILLIONREDUCTION IN FUNDINGIN 2011

OVE

RN

IGH

T S

TAYS

LE

GIS

LA

TIO

N

FEDERAL SHUTDOWN

BU

DG

ET

ALL PARK TYPES - REC. VISITORS

HTTP://WWW.NPCA.ORG

WWW.NPS.GOV

ICON CREDIT: JAMES CHRISTOPHER,

13.5 MILLION

4.8 MILLION

2.8

MIL

LIO

N

THE SPORTSMENS HERITAGE ACT

ANTIQUITIES ACT

CLEAN WATER PROTECTION RULE

FUTURE PARK DESIGNATIONS

NATIONAL PARK FUNDING

DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS

FRACKING THREATENS HEALTH OF NATIONAL PARKS

IN THE 21ST CENTURY?

acti

ve

en

ga

ge

me

nt

webs

ites

visito

r cen

ters

interp

retive

guide

s

book

s/pam

phlet

s

range

rs/VIPsta

ff

signa

ge

comm

unity

enga

geme

nt

citize

n scie

nce

parks

as cl

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pa

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nt

VISITOR ENGAGEMENT METHODS

While in the nations parks, visitors are engaged in a variety of ways. Some are actively engaged while others are passively engaged. Each of these engagement types creates a typified response which alters the actions and experience of the park visitor. Much like traditional marketing and current social media marketing trends, engagement is everything. Without engagement, the consumer, in our case the park visitor leaves without buying into the idea or product (the national park). This can be detrimental to our national parks longevity and the successful sharing of our countries greatest idea through generations and culture groups. Actively engaging park visitors and those who have yet to come to the parks is essential to creating a feeling of empowerment within the visitor. An accurate understanding of which areas need improved engagement techniques and those that are currently working but can be further built upon is essential.

52

PARK DECLINESYMPTOMS

9%

17%

16DAY$

5%NATIONAL PARKS VISITATION

WHAT DO THE NUMBERS REALLY SAY???

140 MILLIONREDUCTION IN FUNDINGIN 2011

OVE

RN

IGH

T S

TAYS

LE

GIS

LA

TIO

N

FEDERAL SHUTDOWN

BU

DG

ET

ALL PARK TYPES - REC. VISITORS

HTTP://WWW.NPCA.ORG

WWW.NPS.GOV

ICON CREDIT: JAMES CHRISTOPHER,

13.5 MILLION

4.8 MILLION

2.8

MIL

LIO

N

THE SPORTSMENS HERITAGE ACT

ANTIQUITIES ACT

CLEAN WATER PROTECTION RULE

FUTURE PARK DESIGNATIONS

NATIONAL PARK FUNDING

DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS

FRACKING THREATENS HEALTH OF NATIONAL PARKS

IN THE 21ST CENTURY?a

cti

ve

en

ga

ge

me

nt

webs

ites

visito

r cen

ters

interp

retive

guide

s

book

s/pam

phlet

s

range

rs/VIPsta

ff

signa

ge

comm

unity

enga

geme

nt

citize

n scie

nce

parks

as cl

assro

oms

pa

ssiv

e

en

ga

ge

me

nt

VISITOR ENGAGEMENT METHODS

While in the nations parks, visitors are engaged in a variety of ways. Some are actively engaged while others are passively engaged. Each of these engagement types creates a typified response which alters the actions and experience of the park visitor. Much like traditional marketing and current social media marketing trends, engagement is everything. Without engagement, the consumer, in our case the park visitor leaves without buying into the idea or product (the national park). This can be detrimental to our national parks longevity and the successful sharing of our countries greatest idea through generations and culture groups. Actively engaging park visitors and those who have yet to come to the parks is essential to creating a feeling of empowerment within the visitor. An accurate understanding of which areas need improved engagement techniques and those that are currently working but can be further built upon is essential.

53

IDENTIFY LANDS IDENTIFY LANDS

STORY FROZEN IN TIMESTORY GROWS

WITH TIMEREINTERPRETATION

CONSERVE CONSERVEPRESERVE PRESERVE

TRADITIONAL INTERPRETATION

Our parks each tell a story. The decades of history, cultural richness, ecological variations, and scenic wonders are all wrapped up in the container that are the national parks.

These lands, through local movements and political legislation, have been bound up and protected by the people and for the people for generations to come. Each park unit is often maintained to represent before a specific time in history. Meaning that at a certain point cultural associations and relationships no longer develop as part of the identity of the place.

The place is locked in time. While staff continue to work with ever changing dynamics within the parks (pollution, landscape systems, animals, plants, etc.), cultural and historical changes fail to find integration into the curated identify of the parks.

Many may ask why change should be introduced and recognized within the parks. Is this the goal and duty of the parks? Does this new idea not threaten the idea of the parks? Should people be included as part of the parks ever changing image and history?

DYNAMIC INTERPRETATION

If parks are ever changing and the experience of people within these parks is always changing...why not then include these experiences as part of the story? While nature has the ability to exist without our presence and contribution to the story line, it is our experience of and in nature that enriches our memory of the place. This is true culturally, spiritually, and physically.

What would happen if we injected the concept and ideas that these landscape are always changing and that the political climates, amongst other things, all play a role in the development and identity of these places?

We will see that the park stories change. This doesnt mean that we have to build signs at the entrance of each park that says this park made possible by your state senator. Rather, the engagement of these changing stories helps us identify with these special lands in a way that creates and promotes ownership by park visitors.

The inclusion of people and their experiences, as a means of developing pride and ownership, is essential for creating future success for these wonderful places.

54

IDENTIFY LANDS IDENTIFY LANDS

STORY FROZEN IN TIMESTORY GROWS

WITH TIMEREINTERPRETATION

CONSERVE CONSERVEPRESERVE PRESERVE

TRADITIONAL INTERPRETATION

Our parks each tell a story. The decades of history, cultural richness, ecological variations, and scenic wonders are all wrapped up in the container that are the national parks.

These lands, through local movements and political legislation, have been bound up and protected by the people and for the people for generations to come. Each park unit is often maintained to represent before a specific time in history. Meaning that at a certain point cultural associations and relationships no longer develop as part of the identity of the place.

The place is locked in time. While staff continue to work with ever changing dynamics within the parks (pollution, landscape systems, animals, plants, etc.), cultural and historical changes fail to find integration into the curated identify of the parks.

Many may ask why change should be introduced and recognized within the parks. Is this the goal and duty of the parks? Does this new idea not threaten the idea of the parks? Should people be included as part of the parks ever changing image and history?

DYNAMIC INTERPRETATION

If parks are ever changing and the experience of people within these parks is always changing...why not then include these experiences as part of the story? While nature has the ability to exist without our presence and contribution to the story line, it is our experience of and in nature that enriches our memory of the place. This is true culturally, spiritually, and physically.

What would happen if we injected the concept and ideas that these landscape are always changing and that the political climates, amongst other things, all play a role in the development and identity of these places?

We will see that the park stories change. This doesnt mean that we have to build signs at the entrance of each park that says this park made possible by your state senator. Rather, the engagement of these changing stories helps us identify with these special lands in a way that creates and promotes ownership by park visitors.

The inclusion of people and their experiences, as a means of developing pride and ownership, is essential for creating future success for these wonderful places.

55

WEATHER

MOST COMMON VIEWS

AVERAGE SPEEDS

TRAIL ELEVATION

ANIMAL ENCOUNTERS

TRAIL CONDITIONS

TRAIL DIFFICULTY

TRAIL TRACKING

PHENOLOGY DATA COLLECTED

TAGGED IMAGES

SHARES TO SOCIAL MEDIA

FAVORITE MOMENTS IN PARK

SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE

EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE

FAVORITE VIEWS

SKILLS DEVELOPED

HIKE DIFFICULTY

PUREDATA

VISITOR EXPERIENCES INTERPRETED

INPUT OUTPUT

BIG DATA EXPERIENCE - MAPPING

SOCIOLOGY

USER DATA - SOCIAL SCIENTIST PICS/PHENOLOGY/ANIMALS

PERSONALIZE EXPERIENCE: TRIP AND TAKE HOME

USER SOCIAL MEDIA EXPERIENCE - FB - YEARBOOK

EXPERIENTIAL

Younger generations have begun to view their world in a very different way. Digital technology is one of the methods through which these generations view their world. A misconception is

that younger generations need technology to view nature.

Instead, viewing is now layered. Current generations are now learning to view the world with multiple layers of information. Our desire for layering information on almost everything has

driven the successful development of digital technologies. People dont need to simply have a friend. For example, many people now look to have a friend, understand their friends social

network, their personal interests, their travels, and much more.

Nature is the same. Now, when people look at nature they want to understand the relationship to climate change, food production, endangered species, and local/regional implications. Nature, for this generation, needs to be more than just a bear walking through the woods. This logical

and educational complexity helps layer reasons that they should prioritize their concern for this object. These layers can be viewed through any tool. Magazine, book, hiking group, interpretive

ranger, or an ipad. They all accomplish a similar goal. They diversify and layer the story.

ENHANCING OUR PERCEPTION AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE WORLD

THROUGH A DIGITAL LENS

56

WEATHER

MOST COMMON VIEWS

AVERAGE SPEEDS

TRAIL ELEVATION

ANIMAL ENCOUNTERS

TRAIL CONDITIONS

TRAIL DIFFICULTY

TRAIL TRACKING

PHENOLOGY DATA COLLECTED

TAGGED IMAGES

SHARES TO SOCIAL MEDIA

FAVORITE MOMENTS IN PARK

SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE

EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE

FAVORITE VIEWS

SKILLS DEVELOPED

HIKE DIFFICULTY

PUREDATA

VISITOR EXPERIENCES INTERPRETED

INPUT OUTPUT

BIG DATA EXPERIENCE - MAPPING

SOCIOLOGY

USER DATA - SOCIAL SCIENTIST PICS/PHENOLOGY/ANIMALS

PERSONALIZE EXPERIENCE: TRIP AND TAKE HOME

USER SOCIAL MEDIA EXPERIENCE - FB - YEARBOOK

EXPERIENTIAL

Younger generations have begun to view their world in a very different way. Digital technology is one of the methods through which these generations view their world. A misconception is

that younger generations need technology to view nature.

Instead, viewing is now layered. Current generations are now learning to view the world with multiple layers of information. Our desire for layering information on almost everything has

driven the successful development of digital technologies. People dont need to simply have a friend. For example, many people now look to have a friend, understand their friends social

network, their personal interests, their travels, and much more.

Nature is the same. Now, when people look at nature they want to understand the relationship to climate change, food production, endangered species, and local/regional implications. Nature, for this generation, needs to be more than just a bear walking through the woods. This logical

and educational complexity helps layer reasons that they should prioritize their concern for this object. These layers can be viewed through any tool. Magazine, book, hiking group, interpretive

ranger, or an ipad. They all accomplish a similar goal. They diversify and layer the story.

ENHANCING OUR PERCEPTION AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE WORLD

THROUGH A DIGITAL LENS

57

NATIONALPARKS

USE DIGITAL EXPERIENCE

PRESERVE

RESEARCH

ENGAGEMENTSOCIAL MEDIA

YEAR BOOK

ADVENTURE LOG BOOK

RESOURCE CURATION

MAPPING

DU

AL M

AN

DA

TE

DU

AL M

AN

DA

TE

TRADITIONAL PARK EXPERIENCE

VIS

ITO

R

EN

GA

GE

ME

NT

BIG DATA

VIPS

TRAIL USE/DEGRADATION

TRAIL DAMAGE

INVASIVE

FRONT AND BACKCOUNTRY USE

TAGS

TRAFFIC

ANIMAL ENCOUNTERS

VISITOR DATA

PLANTS

ANIMALS

TAGS

JOURNAL

BADGES

FRIENDS

DESTINATIONS

TRAILS

IMAGE

VIDEOS

500 MILE PLUS CLUB

RESOURCE PROTECTION

NATURAL SYSTEMS

ANIMALS

HABITAT

PERSONAL DEVICE

RENTAL DEVICE

Phenology

UPLOAD MOBILE CLIENT

TABLET

MOBILE

WARNINGS

CAN CONNECT TO SOCIAL PROFILES

INTELLIGENT USER INTERFACE

AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE (AI)

QUESTIONNAIRE

VISUALIZE HOTSPOTS W/APP

APPROACH - PUSH NOTIFICATION (I.E. WATERFALL, OVERLOOKS)

SELFIE UP/LOAD W TAG RECOMMENDATIONS

VIDEO/IMAGES/SOUNDS/TRIVIA/GAMES

INPUT PERSONAL SELECTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCE

Project NOAH

INP

UT

OUTPUT

CITIZEN SCIENCE


58

NATIONALPARKS

USE DIGITAL EXPERIENCE

PRESERVE

RESEARCH

ENGAGEMENTSOCIAL MEDIA

YEAR BOOK

ADVENTURE LOG BOOK

RESOURCE CURATION

MAPPING

DU

AL M

AN

DA

TE

DU

AL M

AN

DA

TE

TRADITIONAL PARK EXPERIENCE

VIS

ITO

R

EN

GA

GE

ME

NT

BIG DATA

VIPS

TRAIL USE/DEGRADATION

TRAIL DAMAGE

INVASIVE

FRONT AND BACKCOUNTRY USE

TAGS

TRAFFIC

ANIMAL ENCOUNTERS

VISITOR DATA

PLANTS

ANIMALS

TAGS

JOURNAL

BADGES

FRIENDS

DESTINATIONS

TRAILS

IMAGE

VIDEOS

500 MILE PLUS CLUB

RESOURCE PROTECTION

NATURAL SYSTEMS

ANIMALS

HABITAT

PERSONAL DEVICE

RENTAL DEVICE

Phenology

UPLOAD MOBILE CLIENT

TABLET

MOBILE

WARNINGS


INTELLIGENT USER INTERFACE

AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE (AI)

QUESTIONNAIRE

VISUALIZE HOTSPOTS W/APP

APPROACH - PUSH NOTIFICATION (I.E. WATERFALL, OVERLOOKS)

SELFIE UP/LOAD W TAG RECOMMENDATIONS

VIDEO/IMAGES/SOUNDS/TRIVIA/GAMES

INPUT PERSONAL SELECTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCE

Project NOAH

INP

UT

OUTPUT

CITIZEN SCIENCE


59

HOW I SUPPORT THE PARKWHO I MET WHAT I LEARNED

WHERE I HIKED

WHAT I SAW

FRANCOIS

PICSICONS: SIMON CHILD, MONIKA CIAPALA, EALANCHELIYAN S

BASE IMAGE: NATIONAL PARK FOUNDATION

VIDEO FIRE SWIMMING TRACKINGXU

LAUREN

CLARK

MY PARK EXPERIENCETHE PERSONALIZED PARK EXPERIENCE

The digital platform has the current ability to collect and organize a persons individualized experience throughout the park system. A large variety of data can be automatically collected and additional information can be supplemented with the goal of generating a takeaway that reminds the visitor of their experience, the relationships they developed, and the knowledge that they acquired while visiting.

Pictures, videos, linking to new friends via social networking, and an account of the trails and locations that they visited are all captured in this living document which grows with each subsequent park visit. Each park unit visit adds to the experience and the story that people relate to our national park units. This living document places value on the place of our national parks and the resources that we strive to protect.

60

HOW I SUPPORT THE PARKWHO I MET WHAT I LEARNED

WHERE I HIKED

WHAT I SAW

FRANCOIS

PICSICONS: SIMON CHILD, MONIKA CIAPALA, EALANCHELIYAN S

BASE IMAGE: NATIONAL PARK FOUNDATION

VIDEO FIRE SWIMMING TRACKINGXU

LAUREN

CLARK

MY PARK EXPERIENCETHE PERSONALIZED PARK EXPERIENCE

The digital platform has the current ability to collect and organize a persons individualized experience throughout the park system. A large variety of data can be automatically collected and additional information can be supplemented with the goal of generating a takeaway that reminds the visitor of their experience, the relationships they developed, and the knowledge that they acquired while visiting.

Pictures, videos, linking to new friends via social networking, and an account of the trails and locations that they visited are all captured in this living document which grows with each subsequent park visit. Each park unit visit adds to the experience and the story that people relate to our national park units. This living document places value on the place of our national parks and the resources that we strive to protect.

61

President RooseveltSept. 2 1940Park Dedication

1900

2000

Educational and historical platforms can provide visitors with an unique user specific experience.

INTERESTS VISUALIZED

Decades of historical information swim around our national monuments and in our national parks. The decreasing funding to our national parks reduces the ability of our park staff to interact with visitors. Having the opportunity to more fully understand the cultural and historical significance of our treasured lands and landmarks is available.

The Roosevelt Monument is one example of technologies ability to present the decades of events that surround the monument. Visitors can learn about the grassroots movement to secure the lands for the park from the timber industry, the dedication of the park, the efforts of the CCC throughout the park, how the Appalachian trail crosses through this location, and how the weather fluctuates atop this wondrous gap.

Visitors can watch events such as the 75th anniversary celebration or view images from the original park dedication by President Roosevelt. Previously input personal preferences would highlight specific info over others. If a visitor is more interested in plants or animals instead of history this would be shown.


image credit: ADAM BRIMER/NEWS SENTINELimage credit: NPSColor calender credit: https://www.behance.net/Emigo

62

President RooseveltSept. 2 1940Park Dedication

1900

2000

Educational and historical platforms can provide visitors with an unique user specific experience.


Decades of historical information swim around our national monuments and in our national parks. The decreasing funding to our national parks reduces the ability of our park staff to interact with visitors. Having the opportunity to more fully understand the cultural and historical significance of our treasured lands and landmarks is available.

The Roosevelt Monument is one example of technologies ability to present the decades of events that surround the monument. Visitors can learn about the grassroots movement to secure the lands for the park from the timber industry, the dedication of the park, the efforts of the CCC throughout the park, how the Appalachian trail crosses through this location, and how the weather fluctuates atop this wondrous gap.

Visitors can watch events such as the 75th anniversary celebration or view images from the original park dedication by President Roosevelt. Previously input personal preferences would highlight specific info over others. If a visitor is more interested in plants or animals instead of history this would be shown.


image credit: ADAM BRIMER/NEWS SENTINELimage credit: NPSColor calender credit: https://www.behance.net/Emigo

63

Rangers would now have additional assistance in educating visitors on the dangers of approaching and feeding wildlife through on-screen prompts.

WILDLIFE EDUCATION

Millions of visitors enter our park each year looking to view wildlife. Wildlife viewing is one of the largest recreational industries in our nation and in the world. In-ear tracking can be used by the parks to embed information for veterinary care. This information can be pared with visitor programs which provided educational material to visitors.

Visitors can learn about the habitat, feeding habits, hibernation patterns, and even the history of the specific animal. This helps the visitor view the animal as something worth protecting and communicates value of the animal in the overall system of the park.

Some may worry that this would encourage visitors to get closer to the animals. This would be untrue. Locating technology would be at a far distance and would actually encourage responsible visitor behavior through on screen warnings and educational material. When visitors tap the more info tab, an on screen prompt would pop up which required a type of interaction indicating that visitors have read and understand the danger of wild animals and the potential impacts that the human presence can have.

WILDLIFE EDUCATION

64

Rangers would now have additional assistance in educating visitors on the dangers of approaching and feeding wildlife through on-screen prompts.

WILDLIFE EDUCATION

Millions of visitors enter our park each year looking to view wildlife. Wildlife viewing is one of the largest recreational industries in our nation and in the world. In-ear tracking can be used by the parks to embed information for veterinary care. This information can be pared with visitor programs which provided educational material to visitors.

Visitors can learn about the habitat, feeding habits, hibernation patterns, and even the history of the specific animal. This helps the visitor view the animal as something worth protecting and communicates value of the animal in the overall system of the park.

Some may worry that this would encourage visitors to get closer to the animals. This would be untrue. Locating technology would be at a far distance and would actually encourage responsible visitor behavior through on screen warnings and educational material. When visitors tap the more info tab, an on screen prompt would pop up which required a type of interaction indicating that visitors have read and understand the danger of wild animals and the potential impacts that the human presence can have.

WILDLIFE EDUCATION

65

VISITOR CENTERS

Over 9 million visitors enter the Great Smoky Mountains National Park each year. Numerous visitors stop at the Oconaluftee and Sugarlands visitor centers. These two visitors centers are among numerous information hubs located throughout the park.

Visitor centers, heritage centers, research facilities, educational facilities, and even basic facilities offer opportunities for the park to reach out to visitors and provide education, information, and resources.

Current information curation within these facilities and at outdoor centers allow for limited user engagement. An information center like the one pictured below on the far wall is only able to receive the 6-8 people comfortably. Other than the TV. the information presented is static and unlayered.

If paired with digital technology a visitor could use the display from across the room, watch videos, download interactive educational material, download maps, they could even share the information with their friends and social media networks.

Digitally curated information is the future. Presenting layered information multiplies the reach of the park staff and diversifies the information available.

VISITORCENTERS

66

VISITOR CENTERS

Over 9 million visitors enter the Great Smoky Mountains National Park each year. Numerous visitors stop at the Oconaluftee and Sugarlands visitor centers. These two visitors centers are among numerous information hubs located throughout the park.

Visitor centers, heritage centers, research facilities, educational facilities, and even basic facilities offer opportunities for the park to reach out to visitors and provide education, information, and resources.

Current information curation within these facilities and at outdoor centers allow for limited user engagement. An information center like the one pictured below on the far wall is only able to receive the 6-8 people comfortably. Other than the TV. the information presented is static and unlayered.

If paired with digital technology a visitor could use the display from across the room, watch videos, download interactive educational material, download maps, they could even share the information with their friends and social media networks.

Digitally curated information is the future. Presenting layered information multiplies the reach of the park staff and diversifies the information available.

VISITORCENTERS

67

INTERACTIVE INFO

Current visitor center displays can be enhanced with additional layered information. The 3d topo and trails/road map below can be enhanced by introducing an overhead projection system which projects user generated information onto the surface below. This resource would augment the presence and abilities of volunteers within the visitor center.

Park visitors could visit this table for traffic directions, trail information, areas to avoid due to traffic jams or icy road conditions, and most popular sites within the park. Features like this can also serve the park by providing visitors with recommended alternative destinations so they can avoid overcrowded and stressed resource sites.

The information panels, as well as the table as a whole, can be embedded with mobile interactivity. As visitors walk around the table they can hold their mobile device between the table and themselves. They will then see options to learn more about the geology or phenology of the park. They could learn about the history of the parks original inhabitants (Native Americans) and their displacement by European settlers.

WEATHERSnow and rain can set in fast in the Smokies. Be prepared with the proper hiking supplies and always know your abilities and the forecast.

DANGER:Numerous people have lost their lives attempting to get near dangerous features. Always exercise caution around cliffs, water, and in the park.

The availability of information allows people to act with a more informed mindset. Delivering this information in a variety of ways is essential to accomplishing this.

INTERACTIVE INFO

Traffic

heritage centergrassy

baldgreat views

68

INTERACTIVE INFO

Current visitor center displays can be enhanced with additional layered information. The 3d topo and trails/road map below can be enhanced by introducing an overhead projection system which projects user generated information onto the surface below. This resource would augment the presence and abilities of volunteers within the visitor center.

Park visitors could visit this table for traffic directions, trail information, areas to avoid due to traffic jams or icy road conditions, and most popular sites within the park. Features like this can also serve the park by providing visitors with recommended alternative destinations so they can avoid overcrowded and stressed resource sites.

The information panels, as well as the table as a whole, can be embedded with mobile interactivity. As visitors walk around the table they can hold their mobile device between the table and themselves. They will then see options to learn more about the geology or phenology of the park. They could learn about the history of the parks original inhabitants (Native Americans) and their displacement by European settlers.

WEATHERSnow and rain can set in fast in the Smokies. Be prepared with the proper hiking supplies and always know your abilities and the forecast.

DANGER:Numerous people have lost their lives attempting to get near dangerous features. Always exercise caution around cliffs, water, and in the park.

The availability of information allows people to act with a more informed mindset. Delivering this information in a variety of ways is essential to accomplishing this.

INTERACTIVE INFO

Traffic

heritage centergrassy

baldgreat views

69

Defending the Fort:a vision for Knoxvilles Fort Sanders Neighborhood

One of the lost treasures in Knoxville Tennessee is the historic inner-city neighborhood of Fort Sand-ers. The site of an important Civil War battlefield and one of the citys first street car neighborhoods, the community is a playground for history buffs and residential architecture fanatics alike. Beauti-ful old homes in various states of repair, along with narrow, charming streets, all being close to the University of Tennessees campus and downtown Knoxville - the community should be one of the hottest and most beloved neighborhoods in town.

Unfortunately, much of the neighborhood has fallen into disrepair. Dr. Ron Foresta, an urbanist and instructor at the nearby University of Tennes-see, refers to the community as Knoxvilles most defeated neighborhood. Students who dont live there are generally afraid to step foot there, considering the numerous assaults and burglaries reported and publicized.

What has gone wrong? Is the area a hopeless victim of inner city downward filtration, never to exude charm again? Or is there hope for neighbor-hood revitalization and a new appreciation from residents and the larger city?

Being a Landscape Architect, I never think it too late. There is always hope for a new wave of energy and opportunity, even in the most run down, de-feated neighborhood in town. The question is, how could we apply innovative, creative, and appropri-ate strategies in order to imagine an incredibly defended Fort Sanders?

Caroline Sneed

image: library of congress70

wealthywilling & able to mobilize

high social capitallarge skill pool

poorlack of social mobilization

encroaching institutionsunwanted facilities

defeatedneighborhoods

defendedneighborhoods

Photo by Josh Flory/News Sentinel The Pickle Mansion, at 1633 Clinch Avenue

http://allaroundktown.com72

wforesta

sneedforesta

foresta

sneed

sneed

Knoxvilles Ultimate Defeated Neighborhood

HResidents InstitutionsStudent renters overwhelm-ingly comprise the resident population. In addition, a homeless population, a small homeowner population, and a few landlords have a presence as well.

Institutions in the Fort can be divided into two categories: invasive and non-invasive. The invasive institutions include the hospital and the University of Tennessee. These establish-ments arent bad in and of themselves, but they invade the space and quality of life of the neighborhood.

lack of identitylack of prideunsafedisrepair

fort sanders forestaforesta

sneed

73

A Defended Fort Sanders

BRAND

badass young grass roots stick it to the man quirky & unique scruffy entrepreneurial creative & stealthy do it yourself

The Fort is currently :: a community of

learning uts counterculture proud to not be fancy experimental &

exploratory (to young people)

Increase Neighborhood

Defenses

CITY PLANNERS

building guidelines increase safe

connectivity mixed use zoning diversify residential

population

target students + empty nesters

+young professionals

EMPOWER LOCALS

tactical urbanism

movement thru

ROW painting

small, quirky,

original, unique

businesses

RESIDENTS BUSINESS OWNERS

to claim the fort as their own!

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Identity Pride Safety Beauty

VALUE-GENERATIVE

DESIGN

STUDENTSTOURISTSEXPERIMENTATION

aimed at

outdoor libraries safe open space

networks free space for

gathering & recreation

history attraction parks &

monuments home tours more signage

infrastructural demonstrative entrepreneurial productive social ecological

CALL UPON SUPERIOR

POWERS

POLICY MAKERS

regulate home inspections

rent caps for student living

maintain streetcar

neighborhood aesthetic

connect to downtown + campus

+ happy holler

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fort sanders

Brand

First, I propose a rebranding of Fort Sanders. Having a reputation for a certain character or aura will address the communitys lack of identity and ownership among residents. So the question is: What is Fort Sanders? What sort of character does the neighborhood have? How can we pull positive characteristics of the area and amplify them into a new identity for the neighborhood?

Even though the neighborhood is not officially associated with the university, it is primarily a young community of learning. The majority of residents primary occupation is to glean knowledge from Tennessees flagship university for a few short years. But, the people here are a sort of counter culture to the typical university population. This area is not fraternity row, or the newly constructed Sorority Village, or the high-end Woodland apartments or

another fancy student living conglomeration. The fort is Knoxvilles scruffy student living neighborhood. The neighborhood has a sort of pride for being rough around the edges, and alums have a nostalgia for the good ole days of poverty and student life.

With many of these student residents out on their own for the first time, an underlying theme to the Forts culture is exploration and experimentation. This leads to a brand for the neighborhood that is very grass roots. A sort of stealthy, do-it-yourself with what you have, entrepreneurial feeling should permeate any and all interventions or suggestions for the neighborhood. Even if policy changes or city interventions happen, it should feel like it comes from the bottom up.

badass young grass roots stick it to the man quirky & unique scruffy entrepreneurial creative & stealthy do it yourself

The Fort is currently :: a community of

learning uts counterculture proud to not be

fancy experimental &

exploratory (to young people)

grass roots operation

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Call Upon Superior Powers

Some changes in the Fort Sanders neighborhood simply must come from the top-down. Perhaps once the tactical urbanism strategies begin to pick up momentum (discussed in detail later), city officials and planners will begin to see benefit in investing time and energy into Fort Sanders.

First, city planners should create building guidelines that standardize future construction on historic homes in the neighborhood. Often, landlords will jam as many students into a house as possible, in order to maximize rental profit. Instead of enclosing porches or constructing uncharacteristic add-ons to create one more tiny apartment, form based codes should protect the charm and beauty of these early 20th century homes. Also, for current rental properties, home inspections must be regulated, not only to preserve the architecture of the house but also to protect the rights of (student) renters. The goal here is to preserve neighborhood character by preserving the architectural charm.

Second, city planners should work to diversify the residential population - in other words, to partially gentrify the area. Making the neighborhood appealing to young professionals and empty

nesters will increase the number of permanent residents, increasing the social capital and the skill pool for the neighborhood. A pivotal manifestation of this strategy is to increase safe connectivity of Fort Sanders to other downtown areas, so that residents who move downtown are able to easily access the amenities of Gay Street, Market Square, the Old City, and the Happy Holler areas. Better and more efficient public transportation, bike lanes, and pedestrian corridors are the ideal solution to better connectivity.

Lastly, the area should be a true mixed-use of spaces. Small, entrepreneurial businesses should feel welcomed, as well as specialty shops and small artist galleries. This is a neighborhood for experimental entrepreneurs hopefully, this would be the sort of community that would support such business models.

We must be careful to not completely gentrify the area. The neighborhood is currently a scruffy community of learning, and should continue to be. Rent caps could be a possible defense against complete gentrification, to ensure the majority of rental properties are still affordable to students.

taxjusticeblog.org

policies + planning

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Empower Localstactical urbanism

Imagine.

It is the first Friday evening after classes have started back up at the University of Tennessee. It is warm and clear, energy is high from a summer off, and students are excited to be back with their college friends. There is much anticipation for a new year, for new classes, for new experiences, for new jobs, for a new football season, new roommates, and perhaps a new apartment. People are out walking around, visiting old friends and meeting new ones. As dusk begins to settle in, students, locals, and store own-ers emerge from their front porches with paintbrush and paint bucket in hand. This years color is cyan if you forgot to purchase your gallon of bright blue, your neighbor can probably share. If you cant af-ford a new paintbrush, your roommate or the res-taurant owner down the road probably has an extra. The festivities begin, and the streets become sub-merged beneath a blanket of blue.

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Empower Locals

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Empower Localstactical urbanism

google earth

In the morning, from above, the Fort Sanders neigh-borhood is a mosaic of freshly painted cyan on top of former years colors magenta, chartreuse, in-digo, gold they create a stained-glass map of the current and former Fort Sanders inhabitants. Over the years, an observer would eventually be able to tell the boundaries of the Fort Sanders neighbor-hood by the presence of new or old brightly col-ored paint on the streets. The neighborhood would be defining itself and its boundaries. Hopefully, this tactical urbanism strategy would generate pride and ownership among residents, even if only for the year of cyan.

2015: coral

2016: blue

2017: gold

2018: green

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Empower Locals

google earth81

Social

Entrepreneurial/Social

Value Generative Designaimed at experimentation

The next proposal Ill talk about is this idea of val-ue-generative design. This is a sort of framework for any future development, construction, or re-purposing of properties. I propose that any sort of future design should be aimed at students, tourists, or experimentation. All of these, I believe, will build defenses in Fort Sanders.

The first goal of the Forts value-generated design is to be experimental. Say an open lot is up for de-velopment, or a home must be torn down, or a sur-face parking lot is removed how could we use this land? Being that the brand of the neighborhood is this DIY experimentation mentality, it could be-come a space for experimental use by the city, by residents, or by local business owners.

Having open spaces that are used for non-tradi-tional purposes will create an attraction in and of itself. This will bring in ally defenses from other user groups not currently associated with the Fort Sand-ers neighborhood.

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Productive/Social

Productive/InfrastructuralDemonstrative/Social

Ecological/Infrastructural

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Value Generative Designaimed at tourists

parkingvacancies

parksBattle of Fort Sanders History Trail

existing land use

proposed land use

The second target group of value-generative de-sign is tourists specifically, history buffs. Fort Sanders is the site of an important civil war battle, and all that is left to tell the story are a few markers squeezed alongside the buzz of traffic.

I propose to create an attraction in the midst of Fort Sanders one that commemorates the battle held on the grounds during the civil war. If we convert-ed all surface parking and vacant lots into an open space system, there is immense opportunity to cre-ate such a trail. Interested tourists could come visit the neighborhood and either ride their bikes or walk along this history trail that has been laid out by local historians.

Creating attractions in neighborhoods builds de-fenses. Not only would people who live in the neigh-borhood rally around the importance of this sort of trail system, but also people not associated with the neighborhood would want to invest in the area as well. I foresee organizations associated with the uni-versity and other history groups around Knoxville rallying around the upkeep of a Battle of Fort Sand-ers History Trail. In a sense, wed be rallying the ally defenses, which are the history geeks.

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library of congress

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aimed at studentsValue Generative Design

complete street user groups

pedestrians bikers drivers

The final target group of the Fort Sanders value-generative design is students. It is widely known that students make up the majority of the Forts population. This population is constantly changing faces. The general attitude from students about the Fort Sanders area is very short term why should they invest in or take care of this property that they dont own and they wont be around for much lon-ger?

I think that creating neighborhood spaces that cater to students will begin to generate a sense of owner-ship and pride for the community from the student

population. Students who walk through the neigh-borhood probably value a sense of safety as they commute this goal could manifest into a network of safe sidewalks and safe open spaces, in the forms of parks, greenways, or small plazas. Also, in the open spaces there should be a series of covered outdoor libraries, which consist of tables, chairs, charging stations and Wi-Fi access so students can comfortably work or study on their computers when the weather is nice. These moves would hopefully create a sense of pride and generate ownership among students who live in the Fort.

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free event space

outdoor libraries

open recreation

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A Defended Fort Sanders

Increase Neighborhood

Defenses

BRAND

CALL UPON SUPERIOR

POWERS

EMPOWER LOCALS

building neighborhood

value

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VALUE-GENERATIVE

DESIGN

In summary, I am dreaming of ways to defend Knoxvilles most defeated neighborhood. I think that rebranding Fort Sanders, that calling upon the higher ups, that empowering local residents, and that using value-generative design tactics would be a good place to start. It is my hope and goal that these strategies Ive outlined would bring about pride, identity, safety, and beauty for the Fort Sand-ers neighborhood, and ultimately, would make it an incredibly defended community.

Identity Pride Safety Beauty

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Urban Wildnesseco-literacy in the urban landscape

We cannot separate ourselves from nature. We are undoubtedly part of the ecology of this planet. Yet, as a species, humans have grown to believe that nature is out there in the wild, separate from our human ecosystems. We tend to see our urban areas as being void of nature.

The truth is, humans are nature and we can have a big impact on the natural world we live in. Were helping to shape new types of ecosystems across the planet.

However, without a clear understanding of how we are connected to the Earth, we have no understanding of our place within it.

But it doesnt have to be that way. We can change the way we see ourselves in nature. We can learn to see the complex interconnections between ourselves, other organisms, and our physical surroundings.

Whitney Tidd

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GIS sources: NLCD 2011 land use data; 2010 U.S. Census

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median age 24-35

highly intense humandevelopment

low intensity human development

human population density

median age of population

dense settlements

industrial development

forested

water body

intensity of human development

pasture

7,000-10,000people per SQMI

49.5-84

highlow

0-24

0-750people per SQMI

Knoxville: an anthromeThis map shows an anthropogenic biome, or an anthrome. Over this area there is a grouping of similar physical characteristics, as well as similarities in species, vegetational communities and climate. Its also dominated by humans. Within it are different types of ecosystems and habitats. Because its an anthrome, its full of novel ecosystems. We can use these novel ecosystems as tools to communicate our message. Theyre really the backbone of the lesson were trying to teach here - humans and nature are inseparable.There are many different conditions that create novel ecosystems. This map shows the overlapping of different characteristics that can lead to some typical types of novel ecosystems. Some of these are highlighted in the call-outs. Many of them are in the highly developed and densely populated areas - like downtown Knoxville.So how do we use these novel ecosystems to increase eco-literacy? We need a strategy.

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Its important to consider what has been done in the past so we can improve our strategies. We can learn from both successes and failures.

Several different groups have attempted to educate the public about ecology and our connections to natural systems. Landscape architects, for example, have tried to reveal ecological function through design, but have not always succeeded.

Non-profit organizations, like the Center for Eco-Literacy, contribute tremendous knowledge to the subject. They often focus on educating youth, but do not reach a wide audience.

Contrast this with the mass media industry, who are obvious experts in reaching and influencing a wide audience. The mass media is a persuasion powerhouse, relying on tried-and-true communication strategies to educate the public on important issues. What can we learn from these communicate experts? What tools can we borrow from them to help increase eco-literacy?

green infrastructure + interpretive signage

eco-revelatory design

outdoor classroom

lets build a strategypublic education

center for eco-literacy

mass media

landscape architecture

image sources: William E. Clark Presidential Park Wetlands: www.ecologicaldg.com; NC Office of Environmental Education: http://eenewstips.blogspot.com94

public education

center for eco-literacy

mass media

landscape architecture

Outdoor classroomsNature-based learningScience - chemistry, biology, physicsEducating future generations

Very limited demographic

Create ecologically rich, educational spacesGreen infrastructure and ecological restoration projectsHelp bring people outside

Message is not always clearParks can perpetuate idea that nature is separateLandscape architects not trained to educate

Oversaturation of informationIncreasing audience fragmentation

Wide reachExperts in persuasionEffective communicationFully leverage existing technologiesYears of communication research

ResearchContributes to body of knowledgePurpose is to increase eco-literacyEducating future generations

Small demographicNot trying to reach new audiencesContent is static - not visual or interactive

+

+

-

-

+-

+-

vs

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Effective communication:the relational process of conveying and interpreting messages that elicit the intended response

In order to teach people, we must be able to communicate effectively with them. If the intent behind our message is not perceived accurately, then weve missed our chance at communicating.

senders intent

ineffective communication

effective communication

senders intent

receiversperception

receiversperception

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develop a common languageSo whats our strategy?

when individuals communicate, they adjust their speech, vocal patterns, gestures, and message types to accommodate others1

Convergence is the process of adjusting your communication style to more closely resemble the communication style of your audience. In essence, you develop a common language in which to communicate with.

communication a

Framing/Programming Student Projects F2014

Documents

Transcript of Framing/Programming Student Projects F2014