Reign of Mary (1553-58)

Anthonis Mor1554, Prado

After MorRoyal Coll.

La Peregrina- The “pilgrim” or “wanderer” (African slave to English Queen to African Queen (Cleopatra))

• Found by an African slave in Panama• Given by Philip to Mary in anticipation of his

marriage. • Returned to Spain. • Taken by Joseph Bonaparte to France. • Came to future Napoleon III. • Sold in England.• Auctioned by Sotheby’s and bought by Richard

Burton for Elizabeth Taylor. • Auctioned by Christies for $11.8 million

Job of a Queen

• Male successor

• Reestablish the Church

• Foreign policy and domestic economy

Evaluation of the Reign

• “Bloody” deserved?

• Over obedient to foreign husband?

• Accomplishments?

Education of a Queen or Queen Consort

Designed by Vives at the behest of Catherine

State and society: Erasmus Institutio ChristianiPrincipis, Plato’s Dialogues and Thomas More’s Utopia

History: Plutarch, Justinus and Valerius Maximus

Collect stories and phrases for conversation

Marriage: Erasmus Christani matrimonii Instituti

Education of “Princess of Wales”

1525 Giles Duwes French grammar with examples of forming of alliances and signing peace treaties

1527 Isolationfrom court

Ludlow Castle, Shropshire

Palace of Beaulieu

Palace of Beaulieu

1491 Granted to earl of Ormond as New Hall

1516 Sold by Thomas Boleyn to Henry VIII for £1,000

Palace rebuilt at cost of £17,000

1533 taken from Mary to give to George Boleyn

1537 use given to Mary; willed to her in 1547

Site of negotiations with the HRE ambassador for marriage with Philip

Framlingham Castle, Acquiring the throne

Tudor Brickwork

1551 Delegation of Edw. VI to Mary

Order: Give up the Catholic mass

Mary: She will ever bee his Majesty’s most humble and most obedient subject

Rather than give up the mass she

would lay her head on a bloake and suffer death

When the King’s Majesty shall come to such yeares that he maybe able to judge these things himself, his Majesty will finde me ready to obey his orders.

You should show more favour to me for my father’s sake which made the most part of you almost of noething.

Monarchy

...Be it declared...that the lawe of thys realme is, and ever hath bene...that the kingely or regal offyceof the realme ... being invested eyther in male or female, are, and be, and ought to be, as fullye, wholye, absolutelye and enteerlye demed, iudged, accepted, invested and taken in thone as in thother

Parliament 1554• Privy Council• Household government - Privy Chamber

– Presents petitions– Controls access

Monarchy – Privy Chamber

Henry VII – Privy Chamber for private life of the monarch, drawn from low-born servants

Henry VIII – Privy Chamber drawn from high-born jousting companions and other favorites

Edward VI – Privy Chamber controlled by the Protector and then by protestants chosen by Northumberland

Mary – Inner circle went beyond the Privy Chamber to include loyal male favorites

Mary’s Inner Circle

• Catholic

• Active in organizing popular support for Mary– Robert Rochester became Comptroller

– Edward Waldegrave, Master of the Wardrobe

– Henry Jerningham, Vice-Chamberlain

– Edward Hastings, Master of the Horse,

• Imprisoned for continuing Catholic rites in Mary’s household during Edward’s reign– Francis Englefield, Master of the Wards

Act for the Marriage of Queen MaryTo Philip of Spain; 1554

Act for the Marriage of Queen MaryTo Philip of Spain; 1554

Philip will have the title of King

'all the benefits and offices, lands, revenues, and fruits' of the realm were to remain in Mary's hands and to be granted only to native Englishmen.

May not remove Mary from England without her consent or bring their children out

Neither he nor his other children would succeed if Mary died first

Foreign Circle

• Simon Renard, ambassador from Charles V

• Direct contacts by Mary to restore relationship with the pope

• Support for Philip in war with Spain against adviceof household and Council

Heresy Laws

• 282 burnt as a consequence

– 232 in the dioceses of London, Canterbury, Norwich, and Chichester

– About half these in London

Censorship

• Forbid printing seditious rumors, “plying of interludes and false fond books, ballads, rhymes and other lewd treatises”

• Henry’s English Bible remained permissible reading with emphasis on liturgy

• In practice Protestant works remain

Parliament

• Restraint of trade

– Retail Trades Act (1554) protects merchants operating in cities from outside competition

– Woollen Cloth Act (1557) protects manufacturers operating under city or guild rules

• Confiscation of estates of exiled protestants –rejected (1555)

Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands

• Chartered 1551

• Founders Richard Chancellor, Hugh Willoughby and Sebastian Cabot

• Seeks Northeast Passage

1553 Merchant Adventurers Northeast Passage

• Willoughby becomes frozen in the ice in Lapland and crew die

• Chancellor reaches Moscow overland from White Sea

• Chancellor was drowned in a later voyage in 1556

Muscovy Company

Charter 1555

Export: woolens

Import: wax, whale oil, furs, felt, yarn

Wheat PricesFamines, Disease

Fisher, F. J. "Influenza and inflation in Tudor England." The Economic history review 18.1 (1965): 120-129.

Forced Loans for War

• Final account 1558 £109.269.

• £2,123 for the expenses of the operation

• £42,100 on repaying a previous loan,

• £65,000 was paid either into the Exchequer or into the Queen’s own hands

Will

I Marye by the Grace of God Quene of Englond, Spayne, France, both Sicelles, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defender of the Faythe, Archduchesse of Austriche, Duchesse of Burgundy, Millayne and Brabant, Countesse of Hapsburg, Flanders and Tyroll, and lawful wife to the most noble and virtuous Prince Philippe, . . .. Thinking myself to be with child in lawful marriage . . . otherwise in good helthe, yet foreseeing the great danger which by Godd'sordynance remaine to all whomen in ther travel of children, have thought good, both for discharge of my conscience and continewance of good order within my Realmes and domynions to declare my last will and testament.

Codicil October, 1558

[Recognizing that there is no heir of her body she recognizes that her dominions] must remayne, descend, and goo unto my next heyre and Successour, accordyng to the Lawes and Statuts of this RealmeI praye that yt may please his Majesty to shewhymself as a Father in his care, as a Brother or member of this Realme in his love and favour, and as a most assured and undowted frend in his powreand strengthe to my said heire and Successour, and to this my Country and the Subjects of the same,

Mary the Queen

• Foreign marriage increased English xenophobia

• Worked well with a divided Council and Parliament

• Faced bad weather and harvest

• Continued upkeep of navy and improvement of the militia

Mary the Queen

• New customs rates stabilized income

• Reduced household expenses and kept grants level

– Further disbursement of former Church lands

• Kept Church revenues for the Church over parliamentary demands

Funeral

• Catholic mass

• “A queen and by the same title a king also. She was a syster to her that by the like title and wryght is both king and quene at this present of this realme”

John White, bishop of Winchester

Mary in Death

Consorts in realm and tomb, here we sleep, Elizabeth and Mary, sisters, in hope of resurrection.