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Ch- Venture Capital Financing

Meaning

A form of equity financing , designed specially for funding high risk and high reward projects .it Plays a

important role in financing high tech Projects & helping Research and Development. A typical private

equity investment, in a growth oriented small/medium business

Dr. Neil Cross : Venture capital investment is defined as the provision of high risk bearing capital,

usually in the form of a participation in equity, to companies with high growth potential. The venture

company also provides some value added service, in the form of management advice and contribution

to overall strategy.

Features

New Ventures Continuous involvement Mode of Investment Objective High Risk-return ventures. Liquidity Nature of the firms

Venture Capital and Development Capital:

- VCC remains interested in the overall management till commencement to production andefficient marketing of the products, thus finally making available an exit route for the liquidating

the investments.

Development capital is granted in the form of loans for setting up industrial units, and forexpansion also. The lender takes special care to ensure the end use of the loan, and requires

prompt payment of interest.

Venture capital , Seed Capital and Risk Capital

No differences between venture capital, seed capital and Risk capital. Both are components ofVenture Capital.

Seed and Risk Capital provided by all India financial institutions in the form of promoterscontribution to the project.


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Seed Capital

Start up Financing

Financing at the product development, stage includes providing finance for initial marketing, and the

establishment of product facilities.

Provided to projects which have been selected for commercial production, and where the potential to

fulfill effective demand is there.

Follow on Financing

A later stage of venture capital financing. Provision of capital to a firm, who has previously received

external capital, but whose financial needs have subsequently expanded. Considered to be the most

attractive stage of venture capital financing.

Other forms

Expansion financing :

- the finance provided to fund the expansion or growth of a company which is breaking even ortrading at a small profit. here venture capitalists provide funds for adding production capacity.

Replacement Financing:

Also known as money out deal, whereby venture capitalists extend financing for the purchase ofthe existing shares from an entrepreneur or their associates in order to reduce their holdings in

the unlisted company.

Turnaround financing :

- provided by venture capitalists in the event of an enterprise becoming unprofitable after thelaunch of commercial production.Provided in the form of a relief package with specialist skills to

recover.

Management Buy Outs (MBOs)

acquisition of a company from the existing owners by a team of existingmanagement/employees. The team acquiring is actively involved in running the venture. The

owners may or may not be actively involved in running the firm.

Management Buy Ins

Involves bringing in management team who are outsiders. Defined as Funds provided toenable a manager or group of managers from outside the company to buy-in the company with

the support of venture capital investors.


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Mezzanine Finance

Is supplied as a layer which ranks behind secured lending but before ordinary share capital. So supplied either as debt or as high ranking equity(preference shares).It is intended as a bridge

finance and has a maturity period of less than 2 years. sWhile structuring an MBO themezzanine finance helps the management to retain greater share of the business, than what

they could otherwise afford.

CH - Leasing

Lease - definition

A lease is an agreement whereby the lessor conveys to the lessee , in return for rent, the right to use an

asset for an agreed period of time.

Characteristics of lease

The Parties

The Asset

The Term

The Lease Rentals

Types of Lease

Financial Lease

Operating Lease

Conveyance Type lease

Leveraged Lease

Sale and Leaseback

Partial Pay-Out Lease

Consumer Leasing

Balloon Lease

Close end leasing

Swap Leasing


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Wrap Leasing

Import Leasing

Cross Border leasing

International Leasing

Financial lease...

It is non-cancelable in nature. The lessee is responsible for the maintenance of the asset leased. The

lease generally provides for the renewal of the lease on expiry of the lease contract.Also called CapitalLease

Operating Lease

Short term lease on a period to period basis. The lease is cancelable at short notice by the lessee. The

lessee has the option of renewing the lease after the expiry of the lease period Asset maintenance andinsurance etc. is the responsibility of the lessor and he charges for the same. It is a high risk lease to the

lessor, as any time it may be cancelled by the lessee.

Sale and Leaseback:

Owner of the asset sells it to the lessor, and gets the asset back under the lease agreement. Ownership

transfer from the original owner to the lessor, who again leases out the asset.Immediate financing to

the seller company, whose funds are tied up in the asset.

Types of lease

Partial pay out lease: Full payment of the lease in several leases.

Consumer Leasing :Leasing of consumer durables like Refrigerator, televisions, etc.

Balloon Lease : a lease which has zero residual value at the end of the lease period. i.e. low lease rentals

at the inception, high in the mid years, and low again at the end of the lease.

Close end leasing : the asset is reverted to the lessor at the end of the lease.

Open end leasing : the lessee guarantees a minimum value to the lessor , from the sale of the asset at

the end of the lease term. If on sale of the asset, the residual value is less , then lessee pays to the

lessor the difference amount.

Import Leasing : leasing of imported capital goods. beneficial to the lessee, because arranging other

sources of funds takes long. Lenders do not usually finance the import duty which forms sizable portion

of the cost. during which the prices of imported goods may rise + fluctuation in exchange rates may

happen.


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Cross Border Leasing :A lease where the lessor is in one country and lessee in another.The Jurisdiction of

lessors and lessees are in two different countries.Eg. Leasing of airplanes.

International Leasing :A case where the leasing company is operating in various countries through its

branches. International leasing is active in countries like U.S., Japan, HongKong etc.

Regulatory framework of leasing

Lease Documentation and Agreement

Lease Approval Process:

Appraisal of the Lease proposal. Sanctioning of the credit amount.

Letter of Offer, with stipulated time for acceptance.

Acceptance of Offer by lessee within stipulated time, with Board Resolution for acceptance of the offer.

Documents required:

Purchase Order, Invoice, Bill of Sale from supplier, delivery note, insurance policies, import license, copy

of shops and establishments registration certificate, copies of Audited balance Sheet and P&L A/c. for

3yrs, M of A and Articles of Assocation, Provisional results for the first 6 mths, IT returns/Salary certificat

CH_ - Factoring and Forfaiting

Factoring - Meaning

Is a fund based financial service. Institution called Factor which

C.S. Kalyansundaram a continuing arrangement under which a financing institution assumes thecredit and collection functions for its client, purchases receivables as they arise, maintains the sales

ledger, attends to other book keeping duties relating to such accounts and performs other auxiliary

functions.

Mechanism


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Characteristics

The Nature The Form

The Assignment Fiduciary Position

Professionalism Credit Realizations

Less Dependence. Compensation

Recourse Factoring Non Recourse

Types of Factoring

Domestic Factoring

- Factoring that arises from transactions relating to domestic sales is known as DomesticFactoring. Three Types : Disclosed Factoring, Undisclosed Factoring, Discount Factoring.

Disclosed Factoring :

Name of proposed Factor mentioned on the invoice, made by the seller of goods. Buyer to pay directly

to the Factor.Could be recourse or non Recourse.

Undisclosed Factoring :

Name of the proposed Factor not disclosed by the seller in the invoice. But all sales realization done by

the Factor in the name of the seller. Control of all the monies with the Factor. Quite popular in the U.K.

Discount Factoring :

Is a process where the Factor discounts the Invoices of the seller at a pre-agreed credit limit with a

financing institution. Book debts and receivables serve as securities for obtaining financing

accommodation.

Export Factoring

Where the claims of an exporter are assigned to a bank/financial institution, and the exporter obtains

finance on the strength of export documents and guaranteed payments, it is Export Factoring

The Factor bank is in the country of the exporter. It admits upto 50-75%, advance on the export claims.

If importer does not honor claims, the exporter has to make the payment to the Factor. Export Factoring

offered as both Recourse and Non Recourse factoring.

Cross Border Factoring

It involves the claims of an exporter assigned to a bank/financial institution in the importers country, on

the strength of the export documents and guaranteed payments.


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International factoring always works on Non recourse factoring model. They handle the overseas credit

sales of the exporter. Complete protection to the exporters against bad debts loss on credit approved

sales. Factors take assistance and avail the facilities provided by the exporting country. For the exporter,

once the goods are shipped , his sole debtor is the Factor.

Methods of dealing:

Export factor : exporter informs the the export factor about the export of goods, to an import client,

regarding goods sold on credit.

Import Factor : export factor writes to the import factor enquiring about the credit worthiness ,

reputation of the importer.

Delivery : exporter delivers the goods to the importer. Then he delivers the relevant

documents(invoices, bill of lading, other supporting documents) to the export factor.

Credit Information: the export factor works with the import factor , for credit checking, sales ledgering

& collection in importers country.

Payment: the export factor makes the payment to the exporter upon assignment/collection of export

receivables, depending upon the type of factoring arrangement between them.

Full Service Factor

Also known as Old Line FactoringFactor has no recourse to the seller, in case of default by buyer.

With Recourse Factoring: Factor has recourse to the client firm for irrecoverable book debts. Factor

entitled to recover dues from advance payment if customer defaults. They charge the client for

maintenance of sales ledger, collecting customers debt etc.

Without Recourse factoring : Factor does not have recourse to the client (seller) in case of default.

Factor bears the loss of irrecoverable debts. For which they charge Del Credere Commission as

compensation for the loss. Factor actively involves in the process of grant of credit to customers.

Collection /Maturing Factoring

No advance payment by the Factor. Payment by the Factor on the Guaranteed date or Date of

collection. Guaranteed date fixed after considering the previous ledger experience of the client , and

date of collection being reckoned after due date of the invoice.

Advantages of Factoring

Cost Savings Leverage Enhanced Return Liquidity Credit Discipline Credit Certification


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Information Flow Prompt Payment Infrastructure Boon to SSI sector Efficient Production Reduced Risk

INDIAN FACTORING

Features :

Domestic Factoring

With recourse undertakes collection & credit services Advance upto 80% of receivables maintenance of sales ledger, with monthly sales and invoice overdue analysis. Factors provide payment reports to the clients. Factors charge by way of service charges/fee without guarantee being insisted upon.

Export Factoring:

ECGC has been approved by RBI to provide non fund based export factoring service. ECGC grants 100% credit protection to bills drawn on approved overseas buyers through

endorsement to the policy.

ECGC enters into a tripartite agreement with the exporter and the authorized dealer .OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS

Lack of access to common source of information. Lack of experience and database to take on jobs such as credit evaluation of clients. Expensive system of multiple databases maintained by Individual factors. Lack of uniformity in the specialized credit information agencies. High stamp duty on assignment of debt to Factors. High cost of operations and resulting less profitability for the factors.

FORFAITING

A form of financing of receivables arising from international trade is knows as Forfaiting.


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Bank/financial Inst. Purchases the trade bills/promissory notes without recourse to the seller. Purchase through discounting of the documents . Entire risk of non payment at the time of

selection, covered.

All risks become the full responsibility of the forfaiter(purchaser). Forfaiter pays cash ondiscounting the bills/notes, to the seller.

Steps

Commercial contract signing:

between exporter and importer , including basic terms such as cost of forfaiting, margin to coverrisk, days of grace, fee to compensate the forfaiter for loss of interest due to payment delays,

etc.

Transaction

Exporter sells and delivers the goods to the importer.Notes Acceptance

The importer accepts a series of bills /promissory notes in favour of the exporter for paymentincluding interest charges. The accepted notes sent to the exporter ,with bank guarantee in

respect of the promissory notes/bills.

Factoring Contract

Exporter and forfaiting agent enter into a forfaiting contract .The forfaiter, is usually a reputedbank, including the exporters bank.

Sale of notes

The exporter sells the notes/bills to the forfaiter(bank) at a discount without recourse.Payment

the forfaiter makes payment to the exporter for the face value of the bill/note , less discountcharges .The forfaiter may either hold these bills/notes, or sell them in the secondary market

Forfaiting in India Permitted since 1992

essentially a method of post shipment export finance. Here also it is non recourse finance, which converts credit sale into cash sale.Does not lock up

any bank limits.

Considered valuable medium to long term post shipment finance for large size exports


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CH - Credit Cards and Debit Cards

Meaning of Credit Cards : Any card that is used as a payment device to access the financial resources of

the customer is referred to as a credit card. The card may be used during travel , at home, for purchases,

or at the ATMs for credit or debit transactions. Also known as Plastic Money and can be used for

purchase of all kinds of goods and services.

Drivers of Growth in India

Rising consumerism

Caused by economic reforms, high economic growth and globalization.

Improved payment infrastructure:

Most Indian banks have been widening their networks of automated teller machines (ATMs) . Banks

have also been installing increasing numbers of point of sale (POS) terminals (electronic data-capture

swipe machines for accepting debit and credit card payments) at merchant establishments in order to

expand their business. In 2006 ATMs 21000, POS:3,00,000.

Competition and lower costs:

With so many banks offering credit and debit cards, the competition among them to attract potential

customers to apply for new cards or to switch their loyalties has intensified. For many types of credit

cards, banks no longer charge an annual fee.

Credit card holders who make large purchases can pay for these over a period of time through equated

monthly installments (EMIs) offered by the card-issuing banks. The interest rate on such EMIs is kept

lower than the normal credit card interest rate

Modern features of credit cards

Owner Identification Credit Limit Wide usage Technology Dependent

Credit Cards -Facilities and Services

Risk Coverage

Emergency Cash Withdrawal

Twenty four hour service


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Photocard Option

Travel Privileges

Credit Line Increase

Credit Card Cycle

Credit Purchase Credit Card Processing Bill Raising Payment : Issuing bank pays the amount to the merchant establishment. Bill to cardholder Card Payment

Credit Card Structure

Issuer Bank

Handles all aspects of cardholder relationship includig marketing, card processing, card issuance,incoming interchange , cardholder billing, payments , processing of payments, customer service,

collections from defaulters, fraud control etc.

Acquirer Bank

The acquirer bank is concerned with the merchant side of the card business. It maintains themerchant relationship and receives all transactions from them. Their functions include, Risk

Management (evaluating merchant -applications, credit worthiness and monitoring fraud),

Merchant Operations, Merchant Authorizations, Merchant Sales, and Marketing.

Credit Card Frauds

Fraudulent applications that result in cards being issued to imposters who have adopted theidentity of a real person.

Lost, stolen and never received cards Counterfeit merchants Collusive merchants True cardholder where the true cardholder perpetrates the fraud Employee fraud


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CH_- Housing Finance

Housing Finance: Meaning : A set of all financial arrangements that are made available by Housing

Finance Companies (HFCs) to meet the requirements of housing is called Housing Finance

Popular Models of land and Housing

Town Planning Schemes

Prepared by the Town Planning Department for improvement of a certain area.Scheme comprises

improvement of roads, open spaces, civic amenities and some social facilities.

Development Authority Projects

Development Authority have citywide jurisdication while a few have it statewide. ( eg. AUDA, GUDA,

HUDA etc.)They carry out projects under the city Master Plan.

Projects include housing projects, industrial estates, markets, shopping complexes etc.

Land acquired through the Central Land Acquisition Act and funded by the national funding agencies like

National Housing Bank, HUDCO.

Housing Board Projects

State level organization with main objective of developing housing. Done by acquiring land and

executing the project on No-Profit-No Loss bases with funds obtained from funding agencies and

purchasers themselves.

Cooperative Society Projects

Popular form of land and housing development where people come together and form a society. Either

the land is allotted by the development authorities or sometimes the society arranges for land and

constructs houses on its own.

Private Real Estate Developers

The real estate developer purchases land from the landowner.

After getting all the required permissions, the developer does the booking for the houses and collects

advance money from the purchasers. The construction is then carried out and handed over to the

purchaser-end user.

Public Private Partnership

Partnership between the government organization and private sector for housing development.

Objective being better management, access to capital, speedier delivery and better quality.

Slum Board Projects


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Built on the lines of Housing Boards, they are state level organizations, which carry out slum clearance

and improvements, with emphasis on re-settlement and up gradation.

Government Employees Housing

Government organizations at state and central level provide housing to their employees as a part of

salary perquisites. Examples include Railways, Post and Telegraph Departments, Defence etc.

Housing Finance Institutions: NHB (National Housing Bank)Till 1988 housing finance provided mostly by the Govt. of IndiaIn 1988 National Housing Bank (NHB) set

up as apex institution . A fully owned subsidiary of RBI.

Objective to operate as a principal agency to promote housing finance institutions(HFIs) at both local

and regional levels. -- also providing finance for housing either directly or indirectly.

Guidelines for extending Equity support to HFCs

Refinance schemes for HFCs

Scope : refinance provided only for direct lending to individuals/groups of individuals. Overdue loans,

bought over loans from any other HFCs/banks , loans for purchasing old houses not eligible for refinance

Eligibility Criteria : - compliance with NHB Refinance Guidelines, Overdue(3 mths) housing loans not to

exceed 10% of total housing demand for preceding 12 mths. - NPAs not more than 5%.

Scale of Refinance : for individual housing loans not exceeding Rs.50 lakhs. - For upgradation/repairs

refinance restricted to 25% of total refinance obtained. - Refinance provided upto 100% of housing loanssanctioned and disbursed by the HFC.

Housing Finance System.

Central and State Government National Housing Bank HUDCO Insurance Organizations/Corporations Commercial Banks Cooperative Banks Specialized Housing Finance Institutions(HFIs). NHB as apex since 1988, has fulfilled the long term need for having a well set housing

Financing Industry in India.At present 320 HFCs in India, out of which 26 registered withthe NHB, and account for 98% of the total housing loan disbursed.

HUDCO

Principal mandate to facilitate the housing conditions of the low income group and economically weaker

sections .


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Form of Assistance

Housing : rural housing, cooperative housing, urban employment through housing and shelter

upgradation.

Infrastructure: land acquisition, basic sanitation, and environmental improvement of slums.

Consultancy services : Building centres for technology transfer, building materials industries, and

building technology.

Training : provides training in human settlements and technical assistance to all borrowing agencies.

Financial assistance to govt. bodies like state housing boards, rural housing boards, slumclearance boards,etc,.

Differential interest rate adopted for various categories of households , which provides anincentive to executing agencies to promote housing for less privileged. The loan terms

10-15 years.

In case of EWS sites, where the unit cost is less than Rs.7500/- HUDCO finances theentire project cost.

Extent of financing of the house cost is 90% for EWS, 85% for LIG, 75% for MIG, 60% for HIG.

Urban Infrastructure : Also finances the urban infrastructure projects like water supply,sewerage, drainage, solid waste management, transport terminals, roads /bridges etc.

Insurance Organization/Corporations

LIC & GIC support housing activity directly and indirectly. They subscribe to the bonds of the StateHousing Boards, HUDCO and grant loans to State govt. for rural housing programmes. LIC Home Finance

Ltd.(1989), GIC housing Finance Ltd.(1990).

Commercial Banks

As per RBI guidelines, 1.5 % of incremental deposits to disbursed as housing finance. Of this allocation ,

20% to be way of direct housing loans, 30% for indirect lending by way of term loans to housing finance

institutions , HFCs, and public housing agencies . Balance 50% , is for subscription to the HUDCO and

NHB bonds.

Specialized HFIs

A Lead player HDFC ltd, other HFCs which are sponsored by banks like SBI Home Finance ltd., Canfin

Homes Ltd, Indbank Housing Finance Ltd, Citihome etc.

Housing Finance features

For purchase/construction of new house


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For Renovation of existing house For upgradation of existing house(will include construction of new floors etc.) For purchase of old house For Purchase of land for residential purpose Buyover of housing loans from other HFIs.

Housing Finance Process

Application Form Filling

Collection of Identification,Income and Basic Property Document. Collection of Partial Processing Fee.

Financial Appraisal : Sanction of Loan Amount and Acceptance of offer by customer.

Legal Appraisal of Property

Technical Appraisal of Property

Disbursement Process

Collection of Original Property Documents and Post Dated Cheques. Collection of Margin Money Payment Receipt from customer Disbursement of Housing Loan in proportion to the Construction completion.

Application Process:

Filling up of application form by all applicants which has details regarding name, DOB,address, family details, property details, employment/business details etc., and signatures

of the applicants. Application form is supported by photographs and identification and age proof

documents of the applicants.

Signatures are matched with signatures on the processing fee cheque, for verification.Collection of Financial Documents for financial appraisal and loan sanction:

Income Proof: (salaried class)

For Fixed Income: last month's salary slip or salary certificate, with details of salary break up and

deductions.

For variable income: last 3-6 months salary slip/certificate with details of variable components of salary,

deductions.

Additional Income documents :Form 16, Salary Increment letter if any, details of any loans taken from

organization or elsewhere, loan repayment certificate/ track record/ account statements, last

employment salary proof in case of recent job change.


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Bank Statements of all bank accounts for last six months,

Credit Card statements of last three months.

Income Proof ( Self Employed)

All additional documents plus Last 3 years IT returns and Financial statements of the business for the

last three years.

Concepts of parameters used for Credit Appraisal of Housing Loan

EMI (Equated Monthly Installment)

It is equated so that the installment remains the same throughout the tenure of the loan. It consists of Interest and Principal Interest payable on annual rests on the outstanding principal every year.

EMI CALCULATION : Calculated on annual rests on basis of following formula:

EMI = P X R (1+R)^N-------------------- x 1/12

(I+R)^N-1

P= Loan amount R = Rate of Interest , N = Loan Tenure in yearIIR (Installment to Income Ratio)

IIR = EMI------------- X 100

Appraised Income

Maximum permissible range of IIR is 40% This means that upto 40% of the income is treated as one's repayment capacity towards a

housing loan obligation.

For lower income category lower IIR is considered, depending upon the post loan takehome income vis -a vis applicants' liabilities.

FOIR ( Fixed Obligation to Income Ratio)

FOIR= EMI Repayments of other loans +EMI of housing loan------------------------------------- X100

Appraised Income


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Thus FOIR is the ratio of the total monthly repayment liabilities of the borrower plus thehome loan monthly installment liability of the borrower to the income.

The maximum permissible limit of the FOIR is 45%. LCR (loan to cost ratio) LCR = Loan Amount

----------------- X 100

Total Cost

It is the ratio of the document cost of the property with the loan amount.Legal and Technical Appraisal

Legal Appraisal

Since housing loans are granted normally against the property, therefore the legal titleclearence of the property is of primary importance

The legal appraisal includes:- Authenticity of the chain of transfer of ownership- the property is clear of all encumberances- the applicant has a clear and marketable title to the property.

Technical Appraisal:

Undertaken to ascertain the value and cost of property, authenticity and validity ofconstruction, progress of construciton and marketability of property.

Will include the sutdy of approved building plan, location of property in authorized area,availability of civic amenities etc.

Interest Rates on Home Loans

Fixed Rate Floating Rate Base Rate

Current Trends in Products

Mortgages Home Loan Deposit Schemes

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